National Unity Party of Canada Parti de l'unité nationale du Canada | |
|---|---|
| Abbreviation | NUPC (English) PUNC (French) |
| Leader | Adrien Arcand |
| Founded | February 22, 1934 (1934-02-22) (as the PNSC); July 1938 (as the National Unity Party) |
| Dissolved | July 27, 2016 (2016-07-27)[a] |
| Merger of | Several fascist groups, notably the PNSC |
| Headquarters | 7337 Chemin Parkinson Rawdon, Quebec J0K 1S0 |
| Newspaper |
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| Paramilitary wing | Blueshirts |
| Ideology |
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| Political position | Far-right |
| Religion | Christianity |
| Slogan | "Canada for Canadians" |
| Party flag | |
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TheNational Unity Party of Canada (NUPC)[b] was a Canadianfar-right political party which based its ideology onAdolf Hitler'sNazism andBenito Mussolini'sfascism. It was founded as theParti national social chrétien du Canada (PNSC)[c] by Nazi sympathizerAdrien Arcand on February 22, 1934. The party's activities were originally limited toQuebec, but it later expanded toOntario andWestern Canada. Party membership swelled in the mid-to-late 1930s as the party absorbed smaller fascist groups across the country. Following the outbreak ofWorld War II, the Canadian government banned the NUPC on May 30, 1940, under theDefence of Canada Regulations of theWar Measures Act. Arcand and many of his followers were consequently arrested andinterned for the duration of the war.
The ban on the NUPC was lifted following the war's end in 1945, and the party resumed its activities shortly afterwards. However, its public presence greatly diminished after the war and all but disappeared following Arcand's death in 1967. The1949 federal election was the only election ever contested by the NUPC; Arcand ran in the Quebecriding ofRichelieu—Verchères and placed second, receiving just over 29 percent of the vote.
Arcand founded theParti national social chrétien du Canada (PNSC) on February 22, 1934.[1] It was known as the "Christian National Socialist Party" in English.[2] A fascist andantisemite, Arcand describedJews in Canada as "cockroaches and insects", decriedliberal democracy as a "Jewish invention" and lauded Hitler as the "saviour of Christianity".[3] Arcand looked towardNazi Germany andFascist Italy for ideological inspiration.[1] His supporters referred to him as the "CanadianFührer", a reference to the title held by Hitler.[4]
TheCanadian Nationalist Party, a fascist group based in thePrairie provinces by the mid-1930s claimed to have a few thousand members, mainly concentrated inQuebec,British Columbia andAlberta, worked closely with the PNSC after 1934. The PNSC later expanded intoOntario and changed its English name to the "National Christian Party of Canada".[3]
On July 2, 1938, fascist groups from across Canada attended a conference hosted by the PNSC at Forester's Hall in Toronto, though the groups claimed to have met inKingston, Ontario in defiance of a ban by Kingston City Council. Delegates then drove to Kingston and took pictures of themselves to release to the press "for no other purpose than to claim they had successfully met in that city in defiance of the city council".[5][6][7] The attendees agreed to unite under a single organization and consequently established the National Unity Party of Canada (NUPC).[7] Arcand announced that "a flaming torch [would] be the new party's emblem, 'Canada for Canadians' its slogan, theupraised arm its salute and 'King, Country and Christianity' its program."[7] At a time of mounting English-French Canadian tension, Arcand hoped to unite the two groups and create awhite nationalist movement under the leadership of the NUPC.[8] Arcand was affirmed as the new party's leader and Joseph C. Farr, the Ontario chairman of the Canadian Nationalist Party, became the NUPC's secretary.[5] At this point, CNP leader William Whittaker was in declining health, having suffered astroke in March 1938. He would die by the end of the year.[9][10][11]
Following the conference, Arcand and Farr held a rally atMassey Hall attended by around 2,500 people with the NUP newspaper,Le Combat National claiming that 850 people joined the NUP on the spot.[5][6] Arcand was accompanied by 85 "Blueshirts", armed members of the NUPC's paramilitary force.[7] Theanti-fascistCanadian League for Peace and Democracy simultaneously held a counter-rally of 10,000 people atMaple Leaf Gardens in opposition to the NUPC.[7] A smaller protest of up to 800 people was organized byWilliam Krehm and the Provisional Anti-Fascist Committee resulting in several arrests.[5] The NUPC described the anti-fascists as "the Jews and the organizations that they control", "Judeo-communist forces", and "the forces of Israel and Moscow", claiming that the protestors had planned to enter the meeting and break it up by force.[5]
The outbreak ofWorld War II prompted the Canadian government to ban the NUPC on May 30, 1940, under theDefence of Canada Regulations of theWar Measures Act. Arcand and many of his followers were consequently arrested andinterned for the duration of the war.[12] The party resumed its activities after its ban was lifted following the end of the war in 1945.
Arcand contested the1949 federal election in theQuebecriding ofRichelieu—Verchères as a candidate for the NUPC. He placed second, receiving 5,590 votes (29.1 per cent of the total).[13][14] He came in second again with 39 per cent of the vote when he ran as a "Nationalist" inBerthier—Maskinongé—Delanaudière in the1953 federal election.[14]
The NUPC's last known event was a banquet held in honour of Arcand on November 14, 1965, insideMontreal'sPaul Sauvé Arena.[15] About 800[15] to 850[14] attendees toasted the sickly Arcand, who had prepared a final speech praising his "loyal student" Gérard Lanctôt.[15] By December 1966, Arcand had becomebedridden byinsomnia andedema; his condition worsened in April 1967 and he suffered from severe pain in hislarynx.[16] Arcand died shortly afterwards on August 1, 1967.[16] His funeral was held at a church inLanoraie and attended by hundreds of his supporters, many of whom gave Arcand a finalRoman salute.[16] Lanctôt subsequently inherited Arcand's position as leader of the NUPC, a position which he held until his death in 2003.[15]
The NUPC was registered as aprivate enterprise with theGovernment of Quebec from March 13, 1978, to July 27, 2016.[17]
| Election | Leader | Seats | Votes | % | Rank | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1949 | Adrien Arcand | 0 / 262 | 5,590 | 0.1% | 12th | No seats |
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