National Revolutionary Movement for Development Mouvement révolutionaire national pour le développement | |
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| President | Juvénal Habyarimana (1975–1994) Théodore Sindikubwabo (1994) |
| Vice President | Eduoard Karemera |
| Founder | Juvénal Habyarimana |
| Founded | 5 July 1975 (50 years, 140 days) |
| Banned | 15 July 1994 (31 years, 130 days) |
| Preceded by | Parmehutu |
| Succeeded by | Army for the Liberation of Rwanda (not legal successor) |
| Headquarters | Kigali,Rwanda |
| Newspaper | Kangura RTLM (Radio) |
| Youth wing | Interahamwe[1] |
| Ideology | Hutu Power Ultranationalism Ethnonationalism Totalitarianism[2] Social conservatism[3] Anti-communism[4] |
| Political position | Far-right[1] |
| International affiliation | Christian Democrat and People's Parties International |
| Colours | Black |
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Judiciary |
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United Nations in Rwanda |
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1973–1994
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TheNational Revolutionary Movement for Development (French:Mouvement révolutionnaire national pour le développement, MRND) was the ruling political party ofRwanda from 1975 to 1994 under PresidentJuvénal Habyarimana, running with first Vice PresidentÉdouard Karemera. From 1978 to 1991, the MRND was the only legal political party in the country. It was dominated byHutus, particularly from President Habyarimana's home region of Northern Rwanda. The elite group of MRND party members who were known to have influence on the President andhis wife are known as theakazu.[5] In 1991, the party was renamed theNational Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (French:Mouvement républicain national pour la démocratie et le développement, MRND or MRNDD).
Following theRwandan genocide in 1994, the party was banned.
The party was established by Habyarimana on 5 July 1975,[6] exactly two years after hehad ousted the first post-independence presidentGrégoire Kayibanda in acoup d'état. Habyarimana established atotalitarian state and banned theParmehutu party, which had been dominated by Hutus from southern Rwanda.[7] The MRND replaced Parmehutu as thesole legally permitted party in Rwanda.[8] A new constitution was approved in a1978 referendum. It codified the MRND's status as the only legal party, and declared that every Rwandan citizen was automatically a member of the MRND.[9][10]
Presidential elections were held in 1978 with Habyarimana as the sole candidate. He was re-elected with 99% of the vote.[11]Parliamentary elections followed in 1981, with two MRND candidates contesting each of the 64 seats. Habyarimana was re-elected again in1983 and1988, whilst parliamentary elections were held under the same system in1983 (with the National Assembly enlarged to 70 seats) and1988.
The party's name was changed after the legalisation of opposition parties in 1991. The youth wing of the party, theinterahamwe, later developed into a militia group that played a key role in theGenocide against Tutsi.[8] After Habyarimana's death in April 1994, hardline elements of the party were among the chief architects of the genocide; theCoalition for the Defence of the Republic (CDR), which played a significant role, was originally a hard-line faction of the MRND that became a separate party.
After Rwanda was conquered by the rival Tutsi-dominatedRwandan Patriotic Front led byPaul Kagame, both the MRND and the CDR were driven from power and banned in July 1994.[12]
Habyarimana was described as relativelymoderate,[13][14] though he (and his regime) are said to have used propaganda methods,ethnically discriminating against theTutsi (albeit less extreme than their predecessors),[14][15] advanced a conservative social agenda[3] and wereanti-communist.[4]
Habyarimana was the president of the party, and as such was the only candidate for president of the republic. However, in a minor concession to democracy, voters were presented with two MRND candidates at Legislative Assembly elections.
| Election | Party candidate | Votes | % | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | Juvénal Habyarimana | 98.99% | Elected Y | |
| 1983 | 99.97% | ElectedY | ||
| 1988 | 99.98% | ElectedY |
| Election | Party leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Position | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1981 | Juvénal Habyarimana | 2,100,770 | 100% | 64 / 64 |  64 | 1st | Sole legal party |
| 1983 | 2,364,592 | 100% | 70 / 70 | 6 |  1st | Sole legal party | |
| 1988 | 2,701,682 | 100% | 70 / 70 | | 1st | Sole legal party |
On 5 July 1975, exactly two years after the 1973 Rwandan coup d'état, the far right National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND) was founded under president Juvénal Habyarimana. [...] The Interahamwe was formed around 1990 as the youth wing of the MRND and enjoyed the backing of the Hutu Power government.
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