 | |
Other name | NIT or NITs (plural) |
|---|---|
| Type | Public Technical Institute |
| Established | 15 August 2007 (2007-08-15) (via National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007) |
Parent institution | Ministry of Education,Government of India |
| Budget | ₹5,687.47 crore (US$670 million) (FY2025-26 est.)[1] |
| Location | 32 cities in India |
| Language | English |
| Website | http://nitcouncil.org.in/ |
TheNational Institutes of Technology (NITs) arecentrally funded technical institutes under theownership of theMinistry of Education,Government of India. They are governed by theNational Institutes of Technology, Science Education, and Research Act, 2007, which declared theminstitutions of national importance and laid down their powers,duties, andframework for governance. The act lists 32 NITs Including IIESTS.[2] Each NIT is autonomous and linked to the others through a common council known as theCouncil of NITSER, which oversees their administration. All NITs are funded by theGovernment of India.[3]
In 2020,National Institutional Ranking Framework ranked twenty four NITs in the top 200 in engineering category.[4] The language of instruction is English at all these institutes.[5][6] As of 2024, the total number of seats for undergraduate programmes is24,229[7] and the total number of seats for postgraduate programmes is11,428.[8][9]
During the second five-year plan (1956–60) in India, a number of industrial projects were contemplated. The Regional Engineering Colleges (RECs) were established by the central government to mimic the IITs at a regional level and act as benchmarks for the other colleges in that state. The admission used to be highly selective. Students topping the respective state's 12th board exam could be admitted at the REC of their state. Thus, 17 RECs were established from 1959 onwards in each of the major states. Each college was a joint and cooperative enterprise of the central government and the concerned state government. The government opened 9 RECs in 1960, 2 on average in each region, as follows:
| Region | Regional Engineering Colleges (REC) |
|---|---|
| Eastern Region | Durgapur andJamshedpur |
| Western Region | Nagpur,Surat, andBhopal |
| Southern Region | Warangal andSurathkal |
| Northern Region | Srinagar andAllahabad |
Later on, 6 more were added by 1967. The early 15 institutes wereSrinagar,Warangal,Calicut,Durgapur,Kurukshetra,Jamshedpur,Jaipur,Nagpur,Rourkela,Surathkal,Surat,Tiruchirappalli,Bhopal,Allahabad, andSilchar. It established 2 more, one inHamirpur in 1986, and another inJalandhar in 1987.
These were large-sized institutions judged by the standards then prevailing in the country. The considerations that weighed in this decision were:
A large-sized college would be more efficient than the equivalent small colleges, the proposed colleges have to meet the additional requirements of the country as a whole and for that purpose should have to function on an all-India basis. Therefore, the smaller they are in number and the larger in size, the better, and for the same reason their location is important from an all-India point of view.
The RECs were jointly operated by the central government and the concerned state government. Non-recurring expenditures and expenditures for post-graduate courses during the REC period were borne by the central government while recurring expenditure on undergraduate courses was shared equally by central and state governments. They were considered to be the best government engineering colleges after the IITs in India even before their upgrade to National Institutes of Technology.
The success of the technology-based industry led to high demand for technical and scientific education. Due to the enormous costs and infrastructure involved in creating globally respectedIndian Institutes of Technology (IITs), in 2002Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) MinisterMurli Manohar Joshi decided to upgrade RECs to "National Institutes of Technology" (NITs) instead of creating IITs. The central government controls NITs and provides all funding. In 2002, all RECs became NITs.
The upgrade was designed along the lines of the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) after it was concluded that RECs had potential as proven by the success of their alumni and their contributions in the field of technical education and that they were on par with the IITs. Subsequently, funding and autonomy for NITs increased, and they award degrees that have raised their graduates' perceived value. These changes implemented recommendations of the "High Powered Review Committee" (HPRC). The HPRC, chaired byR. A. Mashelkar, submitted its report entitled"Strategic Road Map for Academic Excellence of Future RECs" in 1998.
By 2006, MHRD issued NIT status to 3 more colleges, located atPatna (Bihar Engineering College, a 110-year-old college),Raipur (Government Engineering College, Raipur), andAgartala (Tripura Engineering College). Based on the request of state governments and feasibility, future NITs are either converted from existing institutes or can be freshly created. In 2010, the government announced setting up ten more new NITs in the remaining states/territories, leading to a total of 30 NITs. This would lead to every state in India having its own NIT.
With the technology-based industry's continuing growth, the government decided to upgrade twenty National Institutes of Technology to full-fledged technical universities. Parliament passed enabling legislation, theNational Institutes of Technology Act in 2007 and took effect on 15 August of that year. The target is to fulfill the need for quality manpower in the field of engineering, science, and technology and to provide consistent governance, fee structure, and rules across the NITs. The law designates each NIT anInstitute of National Importance (INI).[10]
TheParliament of India on 1 August 2016 passed a bill to establish the 31st as well as thenewest NIT,NIT Andhra Pradesh, on a day members of parliament of the rulingTelugu Desam Party from the state staged a protest to demand special category status. The National Institutes of Technology, Science Education and Research (Amendment) Bill, 2016 was passed byRajya Sabha by voice vote. The bill was passed inLok Sabha on 21 July 2016.[11]
IIEST Shibpur, originally established in 1856 as theCalcutta Civil Engineering College, is one of the oldest engineering institutions in India. Initially affiliated with the University of Calcutta and located in Kolkata, it moved to its current campus in Shibpur, Howrah, in 1880. Renamed asBengal Engineering College in 1921, it grew into a premier institute offering various engineering disciplines. In 2004, it was upgraded to a university and became Bengal Engineering and Science University (BESU). Finally, in 2014, it was declared anInstitute of National Importance and transformed into the Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur (IIEST Shibpur) under theNIT Act.
The idea of upgrading BESU to a national-level institute began gaining momentum in the early 2000s. The Prof.S.K. Joshi Committee formed by the Ministry of Education (then MHRD), recommended BESU’s elevation to an institute of national importance. During the conversion of IT-BHU to IIT (IIT BHU) in 2010, BESU was alsoshortlisted for a similar upgrade. While IIT status was debated, the final recommendation was to create a new category of elite institutions IIESTs and BESU was selected as the first to receive the IIEST tag. This led to its formal conversion intoIIEST Shibpur in 2014 under the NIT Act, placing it under the governance of theNIT Council while retaining its distinct heritage and commitment to advanced education and research in engineering and science.[12]
ThePresident of India is theex officiovisitor of all the NITs. The NIT Council works directly under him/her and it includes the minister-in-charge of technical education in Central Government, the chairmen and the Directors of all the NITs, the Chairman ofUniversity Grants Commission (UGC), the Director-General ofCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), the Directors of other selected central institutions of repute, members of Parliament, Joint Council Secretary ofMinistry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), nominees of the Central Government,All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), and the Visitor.
Below the NIT Council is each NIT's Board of Governors. The Board of Governors of each NIT consists of the following members:
The Director serves under the Board of Governors and is the school's chief academic and executive officer. Academic policies are decided by its Senate, which is composed of some professors and other representatives. The Senate controls and approves the curriculum, courses, examinations, and results. Senate committees examine specific academic matters. The teaching, training, and research activities of various departments of the institute are periodically reviewed to maintain educational standards. The Director is the ex officio Chairman of the Senate. The deputy director is subordinate to the Director. Together they manage the Deans, Heads of Departments, Registrar, President of the Students' Council, and Chairman of the Hall Management Committee. Deans and Heads of Departments in NITs are administrative postings rather than career paths. Faculty members serve as Deans and Heads of Departments for limited periods, typically 2 to 3 years, then returning to regular faculty duties. The Registrar is the chief administrative officer and overviews day-to-day operations. Below the Head of Department (HOD), are the various faculty members (professors, assistant professors, and lecturers). The Warden serves under the Chairman of the Hall Management Committee.[16]
TheNational Institutes of Technology, Science Education and Research (NITSER) Act, 2007 was enacted by theParliament of India to declare India's National Institutes of Technology asInstitutes of National Importance. The Act received the assent of the President of India on 5 June 2007 and became effective onIndependence Day, 2007. The Act is the second law fortechnical education institutions after theInstitutes of Technology Act of 1961.[17][18]
The Council of NITSER is the supreme governing body of India's National Institutes of Technology (NIT) system. The Council of NITSER consists of chairmen, directors of all NITs along with the government nominees from various sectors with theMinister of Education as the chairman of the council. The Council of NITSER is the highest decision-making body in the NIT fraternity and is answerable only to the Government of India. The Council of NITSER is expected to meet regularly and take steps conducive for maximum growth of the NITs as whole in the near future.[19][3]
_of_the_institute.jpg)
The NITs along with the IITs receive comparatively higher grants than other engineering colleges in India. Average NIT funding increased to₹100 crores ($15.4 million) by 2011. On average, each NIT also receives₹ 20-25 crore ($3-3.8 million) under World Bank fundedTechnical Education Quality Improvement Programme (TEQIP I and TEQIP II). Other sources of funds include student fees and research funding from industry and contributions from the alumni. The faculty-to-student ratio in the NITs is between 1:7 and 1:9. The cost borne by undergraduate students is around₹ 250,000 (~$3600) per annum.[20] After students from SC and ST categories, physically challenged students will now be the beneficiaries of fee waiver at the NITs in India.
The various NITs function autonomously, and their special status asInstitutes of National Importance facilitates the smooth running of NITs, virtually free from both regional as well as a studentpolitics. Such autonomy means that NITs can create their owncurricula and adapt rapidly to the changes in educational requirements, free from bureaucratic hurdles. The medium of instruction in all NITs is English. The classes are usually held between 8:30 am and 5:30 pm, though there are some variations within each NIT. All the NITs have public libraries for the use of their students. In addition to a collection of prescribed books, the libraries have sections for fiction and otherliterary genres. Electronic libraries allow students access to online journals and other periodicals through theAICTE-INDEST consortium, an initiative by the Ministry of Human Resource Development.[21] Students also have access toIEEE documents and journals.
The academic policies of each NIT are decided by itsSenate. This comprises all professors of the NIT and student representatives. Unlike many western universities that have an elected senate, the NITs have an academic senate. It controls and approves the curriculum, courses, examinations and results, and appoints committees to look into specific academic matters. The teaching, training and research activities of the institute are periodically reviewed by the senate to maintain educational standards. TheDirector of NIT is the ex-officio Chairman of the Senate.
Stringent faculty recruitment and industry collaboration also contribute to NIT success. Faculty other than lecturers must have aDTech and relevant teaching and industry experience. Existing faculty who do not meet these criteria enroll under a Quality Improvement Programme (QIP) atIITs andIISc.
All the NITs follow the credits system of performance evaluation, with a proportional weighting of courses based on their importance. The total marks (usually out of 100) form the basis ofgrades, with a grade value (out of 10) assigned to a range of marks. Sometimes, relative grading is done considering the overall performance of the whole class. For each semester, the students are graded on a scale of 0 to 10 based on their performance, by taking a weighted average of the grade points from all the courses, with their respective credit points. Each semester evaluation is done independently and then the weighted average overall semesters is used to calculate the cumulativegrade point average (CGPA).
TheBachelor of Technology (BTech) degree is the most common undergraduate degree in the NITs in terms of student enrollment. The BTech course is based on a 4-year programme with eight semesters, while the Dual Degree and Integrated courses are 5-year programmes with ten semesters. In all NITs, the first year of BTech and Dual Degree courses are marked by a common course structure for all the students, though in some NITs, a single department introduction related course is also included. The common courses include the basics from most of the departments like electronics, mechanics, chemistry, electrical, and physics. At the end of the first year, some NITs offer an option to the meritorious students to change departments on the basis of their performance in the first two semesters.[22] Few such changes ultimately take place as the criteria for them are usually strict, limited to the most meritorious students. Few NITs also offer 5-yearBachelor of Architecture (BArch) and 4-yearBachelor of Science (BSc) degrees.
From the second year onwards, the students study subjects exclusively from their respective departments. In addition to these, the students have to take compulsory advanced courses from other departments in order to broaden their education. Separate compulsory courses fromhumanities andsocial sciences department, and sometimes management courses are also enforced. In the last year of their studies, most of the students are placed into industries and organisations via the placement process of the respective NIT, though some students opt out of this either when going for higher studies or when they take up jobs by applying to the companies directly.
The NITs offer a number of postgraduate programmes includingMaster of Technology (MTech),Master of Business Administration (MBA),Master of Science (MSc) andMaster of Computer Applications (MCA). Some of the NITs offer an M.S. (by research) programme; the MTech and M.S. are similar to the US universities' non-thesis (course-based) and thesis (research-based) masters programmes respectively. Admissions to masters programmes in engineering are made using scores of theGraduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE), while those to masters programmes in science are made using scores of theJoint Admission Test to MSc (JAM).
15 NITs, including NIT Allahabad,[23] NIT Bhopal,[24] IIEST Shibpur , NIT Calicut,[25] NIT Hamirpur,[26] NIT Jaipur,[27] NIT Jalandhar,[28] NIT Kurukshetra,[29] NIT Rourkela,[30] NIT Silchar,[31] NIT Karnataka,[32] NIT Warangal,[33] NIT Durgapur,[34] NIT Tiruchirappalli,[35] and NIT Agartala[36] have separate departments or schools of management offering master's degrees in management or business administration. Additionally, NIT Arunachal Pradesh also offers an Online MBA programme and an M.Tech. in Appropriate Technology and Entrepreneurship, which is perhaps the only one among the NITs.[37]
The NITs also offer an unconventional BTech and MTech integrated educational programme called "Dual Degree". It integrates undergraduate and postgraduate studies in selected areas of specialisation. It is completed in five years as against six years in conventional BTech (four years) followed by an MTech (two years). Integrated Master of Science programmes is also offered at few NITs which integrates the Undergraduate and Postgraduate studies in Science streams in a single degree programme against the conventional university system. These programmes were started to allow NITians to complete postgraduate studies from NIT rather than having to go to another institute.NIT Rourkela,IIEST Shibpur , SVNIT Surat (NIT Surat)and NIT Agartala have such systems..
The NITs also offer the Doctor of Technology degree (D.Tech.) as part of theirdoctoral education programme. In it, the candidates are given a topic of academic interest by the professor or have to work on a consultancy project given by the industries. The duration of the programme is usually unspecified and depends on the specific discipline. DTech candidates have to submit adissertation as well as provide an oral defence for their thesis.Teaching Assistantships (TA) andResearch Assistantships (RA) are often provided. The NITs, along with IITs and IISc, account for nearly 80% of all engineering PhDs in India.[38]
NITs provide on-campus housing to students, research scholars, and faculty members. Students live in hostels, also known as halls, throughout their college life.
Faculties and researchers from IITs, ISM and IISc organise occasional technical seminars and research labs.
Some NITs individually conduct elections to elect student body a general secretary and vice president. These representatives are generally responsible for communicating with the college management and media, organising festivals, and also for various development programmes in their college. Some NITs (such asNIT Rourkela,NIT Surat,IIEST Shibpur andNIT Nagpur) have recently adopted online voting process. The committee which monitors the flow of funds has a student body representative. This committee also includes the chairman of board, an MHRD representative, and NIT professors. Due to some disturbance in the voting process, student elections were stopped in 2008 inSVNIT, Surat. They were, however, resumed in 2015 and are continuing hence.
The Disciplinary Committee (DISCO) consists of the Director, the student affairs officer, and professors. and reports to MHRD. DISCO regulates student activities and combats student harassment and illegitimate student politics. After a series of harassment incidents, all NITs took strict measures especially to protect first-year students.
Popular extra curricular activities includeNational Cadet Corps (NCC),National Service Scheme (NSS),Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE), and annual college festivities. Students at NITs run hobby clubs such asLinux User Groups (LUGs), music clubs, debate clubs, literary clubs, and web design teams. Students also publish campus magazines which showcase student creativity and journalism. The first Linux User group in India, Bharat Linux User Group, was formed in early 1997 atNIT Surat (SVNIT). Students conduct regular quizzes and cultural programmes. They also present research papers and participate in national level technical festivals atIITs,IISc and NITs. Most NITs promote entrepreneurship by creating on-campusincubation centers under the STEP programme.
All NITs organise annual technical festivals, typically lasting three or four days. The technical festivals are Avishkar (NIT Allahabad),Technosearch (NIT Bhopal), Tathva (NIT Calicut), Terratechnica (NIT Delhi), One of oldest "Rebeca" (IIEST Shibpur) , Gyanith (NIT Puducherry),Aarohan (NIT Durgapur), Nimbus (NIT Hamirpur), Sphinx (NIT Jaipur), TechNITi (NIT Jalandhar),Ojass (NIT Jamshedpur),Techspardha (NIT Kurukshetra), AXIS (NIT Nagpur),Corona (NIT Patna), Aavartan (NIT Raipur), Innovision (NIT Rourkela), Tecnoesis (NIT Silchar), Techvaganza (NIT Srinagar),MindBend (NIT Surat), Engineer (NIT Karnataka),Pragyan (NIT Tiruchirappalli),Technozion (NIT Warangal), Technival (NIT Goa), Morphosis (NIT Mizoram), Cognitia (NIT Meghalaya), Technovya (NIT Nagaland), Addovedi (NIT Arunachal Pradesh), AAYAM (NIT Agartala), Cliffesto (NIT Uttarakhand) and Abhiyantran (NIT Sikkim). Most of them are organised in the months of January or March. Pragyan (NIT Tiruchirappalli) the first student-run organisation in the world and the third overall next only toLondon 2012 Summer Olympics andManchester United to get anISO 20121:2012 Certification for Sustainable Event Management.[39] It is also the largest in terms of Sponsorship amounts and also branded as a techno-management festival due to its emphasis on both technology and management.
Many NIT alumni have achieved leading positions in corporations, such as:
NIT alumni have also pursued careers in public service; for example:
Notable alumni in academics and research include:
| Institutes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Admissions | |||||
| Fests |
| ||||
| Notable alumni | |||||
| Legal status | |||||
| Related subjects | |||||
