| 中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会 | |
 Logo of the National Development and Reform Commission | |
.jpg) Headquarters of the NDRC | |
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | November 1952; 73 years ago (1952-11) |
| Preceding agencies |
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| Type | Constituent Department of the State Council (cabinet-level) |
| Jurisdiction | Government of China |
| Headquarters | 38 Yuetan South Street,Xicheng District, Beijing |
| Minister responsible | |
| Parent agency | State Council |
| Child agency | |
| Website | en |
| National Development and Reform Commission | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simplified Chinese | 国家发展和改革委员会 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 國家發展和改革委員會 | ||||||
| Literal meaning | State Development and Reform Commission | ||||||
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| Commonly abbreviated as | |||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 发改委 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 發改委 | ||||||
| Literal meaning | Develop-Reform-Commission | ||||||
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TheNational Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) is the third-rankedexecutive department of theState Council of the People's Republic of China, which functions as amacroeconomic management agency. Established as the State Planning Commission, the NDRC has broad administrative and planning control over theeconomy ofmainland China, and has a reputation of being the "mini-state council".[1]
The body was first established in November 1952 as the State Planning Commission of theCentral People's Government. It was modeled afterGosplan.[2]: 109 Gao Gang was its first director.[2]: 109 In 1954, it was transformed to the State Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China. The NDRC's functions are to study and formulate policies for economic and social development, maintain the balance of economic development, and to guide restructuring of the economic system of mainland China.[3]
In March 1998, the commission was renamed into the State Development Planning Commission. It was renamed again in March 2003 to its current name, the National Development and Reform Commission.[citation needed]
In 2005, the NDRC issued acircular economy-focused policy document requiring maximization of recycling and reuse of wastewater, exhaust gas, and water residue generated duringmining and smelting.[4]: 12
In 2008, the NDRC issued a set of policies designed to further development the economies of central regions of China, consistent with theHu-Wen administration's efforts to balance regional development.[5]: 217
In 2016, the NDRC andAlibaba Group signed an agreement to promote rurale-commerce development.[6]: 129
In 2017, the NDRC announced the creation ofChina's national carbon emissions trading system.[7]: 76
Prior to 2018, it was also responsible for enforcing China'santitrust law, but this function has been transferred to theState Administration for Market Regulation as part of thedeepening the reform of the Party and state institutions. In February 2015, the NDRC completed an investigation intoQualcomm, finding that violated the Anti-Monopoly Law by imposing unreasonable requirements for patent licensing.[8] Qualcomm was fined the equivalent of US$975 million.[8] Also in 2018, the NDRC's climate policymaking functions were transferred to the newly createdMinistry of Ecology and Environment.[9]: 95
On 19 December 2020, the NDRC published rules for reviewing foreign investment on national security grounds.[10][11] The rules allow government agencies "to preview, deny and punish foreign investment activities in areas that are deemed as important to national security."[11] In October 2021, the NDRC published rules restricting private capital in "news-gathering, editing, broadcasting, and distribution."[12]
On 4 September 2023, the NDRC announced it established the Private Economy Development Bureau in order monitor the country's private economy, as well as establish regular communication with private businesses.[13]
The NDRC is China's main macroeconomic control institution,[14]: 102 as well as the top organization in the State Council in matters related to economic policymaking. It oversees the planning system in China, including producing theChinese Communist Party'sfive-year plans.[15] The NDRC has responsibilities over economic targets, price policies, market policies, supply-side structural reform, overseas investment, domestic investment policy, regional development strategies, industrial development strategies, major infrastructure projects, consumption policy, innovation-driven development, scientific and technological infrastructure, high-tech industries, social development, basic public services and social development.[15] NDRC's responsibility for large infrastructure is intended to prevent the economy from becoming too hot or cold, as well as to address China's overcapacity in production for sectors like aluminum, iron, steel, and energy.[14]: 106
The NDRC works with other departments to formulate policies, including drafting laws and regulations.[16]: 39 It monitors Chinese businesses' outboundforeign direct investment to ensure they do not invest in blacklisted projects.[17]: 80 The NDRC must approve sensitive projects, including projects in countries that do not recognize the People's Republic of China, projects in countries experiencing civil war or other major domestic difficulties, or projects involving sensitive subject matter like cross-border water issues or weapons production.[17]: 80 The NDRC maintains the Negative List for Market Access, which identifies the economic sectors which cannot receive private investment.[18]: 194
The NDRC works with theNational Health Commission to research demographic trends and formulate policies on population.[15] It promotessustainable development strategies.[16]: 39 The NDRC is involved in theforeign aid process through coordinating aid to other countries for climate cooperation.[17]: 73 The NDRC is also one of the main government agencies responsible for data collection for theChinese Social Credit System.[19] The NDRC's Social Development Division has a planning role in cultural industries including sports, tourism, and mass media.[20]: 100
The NDRC manages the General Offices several leading groups, including theNational Defense Mobilization Commission, the State Council Leading Group for Western Development, and the State Council Leading Group for the Revitalization of Old Industrial Bases in Northeast China; all of these are led by the premier.[15] It also hosts the General Offices of the State Council Leading Group for Promoting the Belt and Road Initiative, the Leading Group for Coordinated Development of theBeijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, the Leading Group for Promoting the Development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the Leading Group for Promoting the Development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and the Leading Group for Promoting Comprehensive Deepening of Reform and Opening in Hainan; these are led by thefirst-ranking vice premier, with the NDRC chairman usually being the Office director.[15]
The National Development and Reform Commission has the following structure:[21][22][23]
Officially, the candidate for the chairperson of the NDRC is nominated by thepremier of the State Council, who is then approved by theNational People's Congress or itsStanding Committee and appointed by thepresident.[24] The commission has been chaired byZheng Shanjie since March 2023.
| No. | Name | Office | Took office | Left office | Premier |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gao Gang | Chairman of the Central People's Government State Planning Commission | November 1952 | August 1954 | Independent of the Premier Zhou Enlai |
| 2 | Li Fuchun | Chairperson of the State Planning Commission | September 1954 | January 1975 | Zhou Enlai |
| 3 | Yu Qiuli | January 1975 | August 1980 | Zhou Enlai Hua Guofeng | |
| 4 | Yao Yilin | August 1980 | June 1983 | Zhao Ziyang | |
| 5 | Song Ping | June 1983 | June 1987 | ||
| 6 | Yao Yilin | June 1987 | December 1989 | Zhao Ziyang Li Peng | |
| 7 | Zou Jiahua | December 1989 | March 1993 | Li Peng | |
| 8 | Chen Jinhua | March 1993 | March 1998 | ||
| 9 | Zeng Peiyan | Chairperson of the State Development Planning Commission | March 1998 | March 2003 | Zhu Rongji |
| 10 | Ma Kai | Chairperson of the National Development and Reform Commission | March 2003 | March 2008 | Wen Jiabao |
| 11 | Zhang Ping | March 2008 | 16 March 2013 | ||
| 12 | Xu Shaoshi | 16 March 2013 | 24 February 2017 | Li Keqiang | |
| 13 | He Lifeng | 24 February 2017 | 12 March 2023 | ||
| 14 | Zheng Shanjie | 12 March 2023 | Incumbent | Li Qiang |
Officially, the candidate for the chairperson of the NDRC is nominated by thepremier of the State Council, who is then approved by theNational People's Congress or itsStanding Committee and appointed by thepresident.[24] The commission has been chaired byZheng Shanjie since March 2023.
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