From the top, clockwise: Skyline of the city, Morro do Careca in Ponta Negra beach, Praia dos Artistas beach, Natal City Park Tower,Newton Navarro Bridge and Alberto Maranhão Theatre
Flag
Coat of arms
Nicknames:
"A Noiva do Sol" ("The Sun's Bride"), "Cidade do Sol" ("The City of the Sun") and "Cidade das Dunas" ("The City of Dunes")
The Brazilian coast has long been home to indigenous peoples, generally members of theTupi language family. While written records do not exist, archeological evidence suggests that pre-European inhabitants moved from the Amazon to the coasts approximately 2,900 years ago.[6]
Near the Rio Grande de Norte, thePotiguara people were the most numerousindios encountered by the Portuguese. It is believed that in 1500, prior to contact with the Europeans, there were over 1 million people living in coastal Brazilian among all of the local groups. This nearly equaled the population of Portugal at the time.
The northeastern tip of South America, 20 miles (32 km) to the north of Natal and the closest point to Europe from Latin America, was first visited by European navigators in 1501, as part of the 1501–1502 Portuguese expedition led byAmerigo Vespucci. Vespucci renamed the area after the saint of the day,Cape São Roque; the prior indigenous name is unknown.
For decades, there was no permanent European settlement in the area. In 1597, after some years during which French pirates, led by Jacques Riffault, established regular commercial activities with the native population, the ninth Portuguese Governor-General of Brazil,Francisco de Sousa, ordered the expulsion of the buccaneers. The successful expedition against 50 Frenchmen and their Amerindian allies was led by the Captain-Major of the Captaincy ofPernambuco, Manuel de Mascarenhas Homem, with the assistance of Jerônimo de Albuquerque Maranhão. On 6 January 1598,Epiphany, Albuquerque Maranhão began construction of the Fort of the Holy Kings or of the Magi-Kings ("Forte dos Santos Reis" or "Forte dos Reis Magos"), named after theThree Wise Men. Natal (which translates to "Nativity" or "Christmas" in Portuguese) was founded on 25 December 1599, giving the village outside the fort the modern name of the city.[7]
From 1633 to 1654, the fort, city, and surrounding areas wereoccupied by Dutch forces. The fort was renamed Fort Ceulen, after one of their commanders.
The sandy soil of Natal prevented the city from becoming a producer of sugarcane during the colonial times. For centuries, the economy of the state was based on the raising of cattle in the dry interior lands. Cattle were sent alive to the larger centers, to be used as traction, or were turned into jerked beef, for food; the most typical food of Natal, "carne de sol" (sun meat), has origins in that jerked beef.
Natal Air Force Base
In the last century, Natal has benefited from the growth of the salt industries (the north of Rio Grande do Norte is the largest producer in Brazil) and petroleum (the largest inland Brazilian reserves are in the State). Natal grew quickly, but in a somewhat planned way (compared to other major Brazilian cities). Tourists (first Brazilians, more recently foreigners) discovered the city, which became one of the major tourist destinations in Brazil.
Because of its strategic position (Natal is one of the cities in Brazil nearest to Western Europe and Africa, especiallyDakar, Senegal), an American air base was built in a suburb of Natal namedParnamirim during World War II, as part of the so-called Operation Rainbow. This base provided support for allied troops fighting in north Africa. Thousands of American soldiers were sent to Natal. Their presence left traces in the culture of the city. The city also held thePotenji Conference, which took place right after theCasablanca Conference and defined theactive participation of Brazil in the war, being the only Latin American country to send troops overseas to fight in Europe.
In the context of the Dutch invasions in Brazil, between 1624 and 1661, the current city of Natal, in Rio Grande do Norte, is called Nova Amsterdam.
In 1633, the Dutch took the city of Natal in Northeast Brazil from the Portuguese and renamed it New Amsterdam. During this period the city grew and because of its geographically privileged region it was very precious to the Dutch, where they could observe if any enemy approached the region and protect the important sugar trade in the Brazilian Northeast. The city remained with this name until Portuguese troops, helped mainly by Pernambucans, who founded the city of Natal, and allied Indians expelled the invaders and restored Portugal's dominance in the region. Although it was named after the main Dutch city, Natal was not the main nucleus of the protectorate – it was in third place among the three largest nuclei, but it was the second largest nucleus in the northern part of it (New York City and Natal were the only ones to receive such a name at such longitudes).
Natal has a typicaltropical climate, specifically atropical wet and dry climate (Köppen climate classification:As), with warm to hot temperatures and high relative humidity all throughout the year. However, these conditions are relieved by a near absence of extreme temperatures and pleasant trade winds blowing from the ocean. February is the warmest month, with mean maximum of 30.7 °C or 87.3 °F and minimum of 24.6 °C or 76.3 °F, while July is the coolest with mean maximum of 28.4 °C or 83.1 °F and minimum of 21 °C or 69.8 °F. Rainfall is heavy at around 1,690 millimetres (67 in) per year, but there is a dry season between about September and January that is more distinct than further south on the Atlantic coast. The greatest amount of rain falls between March and July.[8]
Known as the "City of theSun"[9] and also as "The City of theDunes", Natal is located in the northeastern tip ofBrazil. Lying about six degrees south of the equator the sun shines on for more than 3,000 hours every year. The average temperature in Natal is about 27 °C or 80.6 °F. During the summer season it normally reaches above 30 °C (86 °F) with the water at 26 °C (79 °F).
Climate data for Natal, Rio Grande do Norte (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1931–1970 and 1983–present)
According to the IBGE of 2022, there were 751,300 people residing in the city,[3] and 1.8952 million people residing in theGreater Natal (metropolitan area).[22] This is the second smallest capital the country in territorial extension,[23] therefore, the population density is high, 4.488 inhabitants per square kilometre (11.62/sq mi). It is the 21st-largest city in the country and the sixth largest in thenortheastern region. The racial makeup of the city in 2022 was 46.6%Pardo (Multiracial), 43.2%White, 9.8%Black, 0.2%Asian and 0.2%Amerindian.[24]
With its dozens of sandy, white beaches, such asPonta Negra and its famousMorro do Careca – the cliff of dolphins,Pirangi do Norte,Redinha,Pipa andGenipabu with its famous fixed sand dunes and importeddromedaries, tourism is the most important industry of Natal, attractingBrazilians, Europeans (many from Spain, England,Scandinavia, Germany,Portugal,Italy and France), andU.S. citizens alike. There has been an increase of 211% in foreign tourism in Natal between 2002 and 2007 (for the same time period the increase of foreign tourism inBrazil was 62,8%); This is a due to the accessibility of Natal and the appeal Brazil has for an increasing number of tourists, clearly showing that Natal is the area leading the Brazilian tourism boom. Natal is the number one area receiving internationalinvestments in Brazil. Natal will benefit enormously from the massive future investments on thecoastline.
View of the city centre of NatalA commercial center in Natal
It is also a relevant administrative center for the oil industry (Rio Grande do Norte being the second largest oil-producing state in Brazil). Thus, itsFederal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) is a national scientific research pole on Oil Sciences (ranging from Geophysical to Law studies), supported mostly byPetrobras financing.
The fishing industry is strong (sharkcartilage being a major export to Japan) as is the cultivation of tropical fruit, especiallymangos,guavas, andcashews (the fruit and the nuts).
In fact, the largest cashew tree in the world is located near the coast in the neighborhood of Pirangi, south of the city center. This tree has a circumference of 500 metres and occupies an area of 7,300 m2, making it 70 times the size of average cashew trees.
TheGDP for the city was R$206,832,516,000 (2019).[25]
Portuguese language is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. But English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum.
TheNatal Dunes State Park is considered the second largest urban park inBrazil.[29] It includes 1,172 hectares of land, and allows observation of several vegetal and animal species, which are typical of theAtlantic Forest. The tour is along a trail, accompanied by trained guides. The park also has a jogging track, and stays open for visitors from Tuesday to Sunday.
Museums
Museums in Natal include: Museu de Arte Sacra, Museu de Cultura Popular, Espaço Cultural Palácio Potengi, Instituto Histórico e Geográfico do Rio Grande do Norte, Pinacoteca do Rio Grande do Norte, Museum Camara Cascudo, Memorial Camara Cascudo.
The NatalAquarium was founded and is run by a family of biologists and retired environmentalists. Besides the exhibit, the aquarium also serves as a surgery center for sea animals. The Aquarium is located between the Oceânica Avenue and the beach. The Aquarium exhibits about 60 marine species.[30] There are about 30 small aquariums, where the species are put individually or in small groups of two or three species. Most species were collected at the Brazilian andRio Grande do Norte coast. Species include several kinds of fish (including piranhas),sea horses,shrimps,lobsters,stingrays,octopus, etc. In a refrigerated aquarium, there is a couple ofpenguins.
TheCashew of Pirangi is the biggestcashew tree in the world. In 1994, it entered theGuinness book as the tree which covers the largest area, 8,400 square meters;[31] it is larger than a typical football pitch. Due to a genetic mutation, the branches of this tree grow outwards rather than upwards; thus when a branch touches the ground, roots are not created, rather a newramification starts to grow.[32] There is even a gazebo located in the cashew, a popular attraction among tourists.
Forte dos Reis Magos
Forte dos Reis Magos or Fortaleza dos Reis Magos is a medievalfortress that was the first milestone of the city – founded on 25 December 1599 – on the right side of the bar of the river Potenji (today near the Ponte Newton Navarro). It received its name based on the date of commencement of its construction, 6 January 1598, at Epiphany Catholic calendar.
The Natal City Park Dom Nivaldo Monte, or simply the City Park is an urban park. Inaugurated on 21 July 2008, with architectural project ofOscar Niemeyer. It has a unique, monumental tower, and has a museum and restaurant.
Festa Junina (Saint John Festival)
Festa Junina was introduced to NortheasternBrazil by thePortuguese for whom St John's day (also celebrated asMidsummer Day in several European countries), on the 24th of June, is one of the oldest and most popular celebrations of the year. Differently from what happens on the EuropeanMidsummer Day, the festivities in Brazil do not take place during thesummer solstice but during the tropicalwinter solstice. The festivities traditionally begin after the 12th of June, on the eve of St Anthony's day, and last until the 29th, which is Saint Peter's day. During these fifteen days, there arebonfires,fireworks, and folk dancing in the streets. Typical foods and beverages are served. As during Carnival, these festivities involve wearing costumes (in this case, peasant costumes), dancing, heavy drinking, and visual spectacles (fireworks display and folk dancing). Similar to what happens onMidsummer and St John's Day in Europe,bonfires are a central part of these festivities in Brazil. Festa Junina in other cities of the state, especially in the city ofMossoró which gathers thousands of people during the month of June.
TheNewton Navarro bridge is one of the highest bridges in Brazil and has over a gorgeous sunset seen fromPotengi River. It makes the connection with the beaches of the north coast of the state. In addition to unburden the city traffic, the bridge became a tourist attraction because of its large size.
Historic Center
The Natal Historic Center it comprises an area of approximately 201,278 m2 (2,166,538.36 sq ft), which are included 150 buildings of various styles, including colonial architecture, neoclassical, art-deco and modernist. This area comprises the districts of Ribeira andCidade Alta, which are the oldest neighborhoods of the city, which have characteristics of the first centuries of the history of Brazil, highlighting important aspects of Portuguese colonization.
Barreira do Inferno
TheBarreira do Inferno Launch Center is the first base to launch rockets from Brazil. With the construction of another center in Brazil, today, it only launches rockets, small and medium businesses and is open to visitation of tourists to know the rockets, but must make an appointment to visit the center.
The Parrachos deMaracajaú of coral reefs are the seven kilometers (4.3 miles) of beach in Maracajaú, forming natural pools. Occupy an area of 13 km (8 mi), excellent for snorkeling in the coral diving underwater that, at low tide, touch the surface. It is one of the places in Brazil where the sea is the most crystalline and suitable for diving. The beach of Maracajaú is 60 km (37 mi) from Natal. In Maracajaú also a water park, the Ma-Noa Park.
Genipabu (or Jenipabu) is a beach, a complex of dunes, a lagoon and an area of environmental protection (APA) located in Natal capital city, one of the most famous post-cards of the Brazilian state Rio Grande do Norte. It is a huge dunes and a lagoon of fresh water, with strong attraction for tourism. The region has a good infrastructure of hotels, inns, restaurants,beachtents, tours of "buggies", rafts and dromedaries. It is played in the dunes around the lake called "esquibunda" stakeholders sit down the dunes on top of planks of wood, to dive in the waters of the lagoon. The tours of "buggies" are offered in the local "with emotion" or "no emotion", according to the degree of risk, it is recommended, however, are chosen accredited professionals responsible for security not only of tourists, but the middle environment.
Ponta Negra is a famous beach and a neighborhood located in the Brazilian city of Natal in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. In the extreme south of the beach, is located inMorro do Careca (Bald Hill), a large dune. The extreme north of the beach, is located at Via Costeira (Coastal Way), a road in the middle of coastal dunes that connect the various beaches of the city. The beach is completely urbanized and there are several points shops, restaurants, bars and night clubs. The sand itself is lined with "tents", or huts, that serve food and drinks to beachgoers day and night. A common sight on the beach are "jangadas", simple, multicolored, local fishing boats typical of northeastern Brazil. TheVia Costeira (Coastal Way) is a great avenue built next to the dunes and beaches of the city, including making the connection of several beaches in the state.
ThePipa Beach is located 85 kilometres (53 miles) from Natal and completely away from urban centers. A beach Paradise that attracts thousands of tourists every year.
Other attractions
As Natal means Christmas in Portuguese, possibly in December are some attractions such as concerts, plays, meeting writers and the traditional burning of fires, and the city be decorated with Christmas purposes.
Cape São Roque, point of the Brazilian coast close of Africa.
Carnival in Natal, known as "Carnatal", is one of the largest off-season carnivals inBrazil.[33] Carnatal takes place sometime in November or December, in the streets around the Arena das Dunas Stadium (traffic around the stadium changes radically during Carnatal days). The transit department isolates about three kilometres (two miles) of streets,[34] creating a ring, along which the party takes place. During the days of party, a huge truck (called "trio elétrico"), with aband on the top and sound boxes all around, drives slowly along the streets. The crowd follows the trio elétrico singing, dancing, jumping to thesound of the music.
Natal is also home to the "Mada", a national festival ofpop rock national, and the "Verão de Todos", a summer festival.
BR-101 highway as Salgado Filho Avenue in December
Federal HighwayBR-101 is the most important access to Natal, coming from theSouth of Brazil, through the boundary with the municipality of Parnamirim. For those who come from the State ofCeará, the principle access is by the Federal Highway BR-304, through the boundary with the municipality of Macaíba, where you pick up BR-226 taking people to Natal. Leaving Natal, an important access to the southern Potiguar coast is the "Sun Route" (Rota do Sol) as RN-063 is known by, and which takes you to thebeaches of Pirangi, Búzios, Tabatinga, up to the municipality of Nísia Floresta. The North Shore is accessible from theNewton Navarro bridge, following the Praia do Forte to Genipabu, and the Igapó Bridge, following the district of Igapó by BR-101 to Touros, and by BR-406 to Macau.
Natal is connected to all the 167municipalities of Rio Grande do Norte and dozens of locations and Potiguar districts, through the PassengerBus Terminal of Natal (Terminal Rodoviário de Passageiros de Natal), located in the Eastern Zone of the city. All the accesses to the countryside of the state are through the Metropolitan region of Natal, composed of the municipalities of Ceará-Mirim, Emaús, Extremoz, Macaíba, Monte Alegre, Nísia Floresta, Parnamirim e São Gonçalo do Amarante.Buses with direct destinations to various Brazilian capitals also leave from the Passenger Bus Terminal of Natal. The cities with regular weekly schedules are: Belo Horizonte, Fortaleza, Goiânia, João Pessoa, Palmas, Recife, Salvador, São Luiz e Teresina.[36]
Buses are the cheapest way to move around Natal. Passes or magnetic cards can be purchased beforehand, but it is easiest to pay the conductor. There are large buses, micro buses[37] and vans, driving along the same streets, charging the same fares.
All the main touristic spots within Natal are well served by buses. People may expect to travel standing up on the big buses (not so with micros and vans). Typical waiting time is 15 min during the peak hours, up to one hour.[38]
There are plenty oftaxis in the city. Taxis are white cars and have a red plate. Fares are the same, regardless of how new and comfortable the car is.Fares are regulated by the government. From 10:00 pm to 6:00 am at weekdays, and all hours at weekends (and, depending on a decree by the mayor, all times during the month of December), there is a 20% increase in fare prices,[40] this is indicated by a number 2 showing in the fare meter. There are several tele-taxis companies in Natal.[41]
Thedune buggy is the vehicle used most to drive along thebeaches.[42] Some companies offer tours in Land Rovers and other 4WD vehicles, these cars offer much more comfort, but buggy drivers claim that the buggy is more flexible. Riding a buggy, people feel thesun and the wind. Buggies are safe, accidents with buggies are much less frequent than accidents with other cars (mostdune buggy drivers are certified by the Tourist Authority).
ThePort of Natal is specialized in cold storage cargo such as fruit, fish andshrimp, among others. It has its own customs facilities and is connected to Europe by direct navigation lines, mainly to the ports ofVigo,Rotterdam andSheerness.
Natal will be the first Brazilian city to host a World Maxibasketball Championship. The 11th World Maxibasketball Championship will occur in July 2011,[46] winning among the cities which also wanted to host the event:Punta del Este inUruguay;Vancouver inCanada andEugene in the United States.[47] The facilities of the modern Nélio Diasgymnasium should be used to house the event that will bring to the capital of Rio Grande do Norte about 3,500 athletes from around the world.[48]
^Destination360.com."Climate of Natal".Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved25 Jun 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^"Insolação Total (horas)".Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived fromthe original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved25 May 2024.
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