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Nasrid dynasty

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sunni Muslim dynasty in Spain (1232–1492)

This article is about the dynasty that ruled Granada. For the history of their state, seeEmirate of Granada. For the Iranian dynasty that ruled Sistan, seeNasrid dynasty (Sistan).

Nasrid dynasty بنو نصر

Parent house	Banu Khazraj
Country	Emirate of Granada
Founded	1232; 793 years ago (1232)
Founder	Muhammad I of Granada
Final ruler	Muhammad XII of Granada
Titles	Sultan
Deposition	2 January 1492; 533 years ago (1492-01-02) (Treaty of Granada)

TheNasrid dynasty (Arabic:بنو نصرbanū Naṣr orبنو الأحمرbanū al-Aḥmar;Spanish:Nazarí) was an Arab dynasty that ruled theEmirate of Granada from 1232 to 1492.^[1]^[2] It was the last Muslim dynasty in theIberian Peninsula. Twenty-three sultans ruled Granada from the founding of the dynasty in 1232 byMuhammad I until 1492, whenMuhammad XII surrendered all lands toIsabella I of Castile. Today, the most visible evidence of the Nasrid dynasty is theAlhambra palace complex built under their reign.

Historical background

[edit]

Historical Arab states and dynasties

Northern Ancient Arab states

Kingdom of Qedar	800 BC–300 BC
Kingdom of Lihyan	600 BC–100 BC
Nabataean Kingdom	400 BC–106 AD
Abgarid dynasty (Osroene)	134 BC–242 AD
Emesene Dynasty	64 BC–300s AD
Kingdom of Hatra	100s–241 AD
Tanukhids	196–1100 AD
Ghassanids	220–638 AD
Salihids	300s–500s AD
Lakhmids	300s–602 AD
Kingdom of Kinda	450 AD–550 AD

Southern Ancient Arab states

Kingdom of Awsan	800 BC–700 BC
Kingdom of Saba'	1200 BCE–275 CE
Kingdom of Ḥaḑramawt	1000 BC–290 CE
Kingdom of Qatabān	1000 BC–200 CE
Kingdom of Ma'in	600 BC–150 CE
Kingdom of Ḥimyar	110 BCE–525 CE

Arab empires and caliphates

Rashidun	632–661
Umayyads	661–750
Abbasids	750–1258
Fatimids	909–1171
Caliphate of Córdoba	929–1031
Omani Empire	1696–1856
Sharifian Caliphate	1916–1931

Eastern dynasties

Emirate of Armenia	654–884
Emirate of Tbilisi	736–1122
Emirate of Crete	824–961
Dulafids	840–897
Habbari Emirate	854–1011
Emirate of Multan	855–1010
Kaysites	860–964
Shirvanshah	861–1538
Alid dynasties of northern Iran	864–14th century
Hashimids	869–1075
Hamdanids	890–1004
Mazyadids	961–1150
Jarrahids	970–1107
Uqaylids	990–1096
Numayrids	990–1081
Mirdasids	1024–1080
Munqidhites	1025–1157
Muzaffarids	1314–1393
Ma'nids	1517–1697
Turabays	1480–1677
Harfushs	1517–1865
Shihabs	1697–1842

Western dynasties and caliphates

Salihids	710–1019
Fihrid Emirate	745–757
Emirate of Córdoba	756–929
Muhallabids	771–793
Idrisids	788–974
Aghlabids	800–909
Sulaymanids	814–922
Muslim Sicily	831–1091
Kanzids	1004–1412
Bakrids	1012–1051
Tujibids	1013–1039
Amirids	1020–1086
Abbadids	1023–1091
Yahsubids	1023–1062
Hammudids	1026–1057
Muzaynids	1027–1063
Jawharids	1031–1091
Hudids	1039–1110
Sumadihids	1041–1091
Tahirids	1049–1078
Nasrids	1230–1492
Saadids	1554–1659
Alawis	1631–present
Senussids	1837–1969

Arabian Peninsula

Imamate of Oman	751–1970
Ziyadids	819–1138
Yufirids	847–997
Ukhaidhirds	865–1066
Rassids	897–1962
Wajihids	926–965
Sharifate of Mecca	968–1925
Sulayhids	1047–1138
Sulaymanids	1063–1174
Uyunids	1076–1253
Zurayids	1083–1174
Nabhanids	1154–1624
Mahdids	1159–1174
Rasulids	1229–1454
Usfurids	1253–1320
Jarwanids	1305–1487
Kathirids	1395–1967
Tahirids	1454–1526
Jabrids	1463–1521
Kingdom of Khaza'il	1534–1921
Qasimids	1597–1872
Ya'arubids	1624–1742
Emirate of Dir'iyah	1744–1818
Upper Yafa	1800–1967
Muscat and Oman	1820–1970
Rashidids	1836–1921
Qu'aitids	1858–1967
Emirate of Beihan	1903–1967
Idrisids	1906–1934
Mutawakkilite Kingdom	1926–1970

East Africa

Makhzumi dynasty (Shewa)	896–1279
Nabahani dynasty (Pate Island)	1203–1894
Mahdali dynasty (Kilwa Sultanate)	1277–1495
Sultanate of Darfur	1448–1874
Omani Empire	1698–1856
Mazrui dynasty (Mombasa)	1746–1828
Sultanate of Zanzibar	1856–1964
Nabahani dynasty (Wituland)	1858–1895
Tippu Tip's State	1860–1887
Mahdist State	1885–1899

Current monarchies

'Alawis (Morocco)	1631–present
Al Qasimi (Ras al Khaymah)	1727–present
Al Qasimi (Sharjah)	1727–present
Al Saud (Saudi Arabia)	1744–present
Al Said (Oman)	1749–present
Al Sabah (Kuwait)	1752–present
Al Nahyan (Abu Dhabi)	1761–present
Al Mualla (Umm al-Quwain)	1775–present
Al Khalifa (Bahrain)	1783–present
Al Nuaimi (Ajman)	1810–present
Al Maktoum (Dubai)	1833–present
Al Thani (Qatar)	1868–present
Al Sharqi (Fujairah)	1879–present
Hashemites (Jordan)	1921–present

The dynasty founded byMuhammad I of Granada held a territory that includedGranada,Jaén,Almería, andMálaga.Valencia,Játiva, and Jaén were conquered by Christians during the campaigns of theReconquista and for the most part, the Nasrids were made into tribute-payingvassals from 1243. Granada continued as a center ofIslamic culture. The Nasrids later formed alliances with theMarinids ofMorocco.^[3]

Nasrid crafts like textile work such asceramic overglaze used techniques from 9th century Baghdad and were applied to makelusterware, first inMálaga,Murcia, andAlmería, and then by the 15th century inManises. This style of pottery produced first under Muslim patronage, then Christian, influenced the later style of colorful and glazed Italian ceramics known asmaiolica. Throughout the 14th century, the Nasrids are noted for their palace architecture like theAlhambra, which was a product of the efforts ofIsmail I andMuhammad V.^[3]

In 1469,Ferdinand II of Aragon marriedIsabella I of Castile, resulting in the union of the Christian kingdoms ofCastile andAragon. The monarchs shared a common cause of conquering the last Muslim kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula. During the time the Christians were launching a campaign against the Emirate of Granada that would effectively end the Nasrid dynasty, the Nasrids were engaged in a civil war over the throne of Granada. WhenAbu l-Hasan Ali, Sultan of Granada, was ousted by his sonMuhammad XII, Abu l-Hasan Ali retreated toMálaga and civil war broke out between the competing factions. Christians took full advantage of this and continued capturing Muslim strongholds. Muhammed XII was caught by Christian forces in 1483 atLucena, Córdoba. He was freed after he swore an oath of allegiance toFerdinand II of Aragon andIsabella I of Castile. Abu l-Hasan Ali finally abdicated in favor of his brotherMuhammad XIII, Sultan of Granada, known as Al-Zaghal (the valiant), and a power struggle with Muhammad XII continued. Al-Zaghal prevailed in the inner struggle but was forced to surrender to the Christians. Muhammad XII surrendered Granada to Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492 and was given a lordship in theAlpujarras mountains, but instead took financial compensation from the Spanish crown to leave the Iberian Peninsula.^[4] The remaining Muslim population was given the status ofmudéjar.^[3]

Coat of Arms of the Emirate of Granada on a wall in theAlhambra, Nasrid dynasty (1013–1492)
Contemporary coat of arms (upper right) of the Nasrid dynasty of Granada with garbled Arabic inscription (Wernigerode Armorial).
A silk textile fragment from the last Muslim dynasty of Al-Andalus, the Nasrid Dynasty (1232–1492), with the epigraphic inscription "glory to our lord the Sultan".^[5]^[6]
Painting in the ceiling of the Hall of Kings of the Alhambra, depicting the ten Sultans of Granada.^[7]

Lineage

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The Nasrid dynasty was descended from the ArabBanu Khazraj tribe,^[8] and claimed direct male-line descent fromSa'd ibn Ubadah, the chief of the tribe and one of thecompanions of the Islamic prophetMuhammad.^[9]

Family tree

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The family tree below shows the genealogical relationship between each sultan of the Nasrid dynasty.^[10]^[11] It starts with their common ancestor, al-Ahmar. Daughters are omitted, as are sons whose descendants never reigned. During times of rival claims to the throne, the family tree generally recognizes the sultan who controlled the city of Granada itself and the Alhambra palace.

Nasrid dynasty

al-Ahmar

Nasr ibn
al-Ahmar

Ahmad
ibn Nasr

Muhammad
Ibn Ahmad

Yusuf Ibn
Muhammad

Muhammad I
c. 1195-1273
Sultan of
Granada
r. 1232-1273

Isma'il
Ibn Yusuf

Muhammad II
c. 1235-1302
Sultan of
Granada
r. 1273-1302

Muhammad III
1257-1314
Sultan of
Granada
r. 1302-1309

Fatima bint
Muhammad
1260/1-1349

Abu Sa'id
Faraj ibn
Isma'il
1248-1320

Nasr
1287-1322
Sultan of
Granada
r. 1309-1314
King of Guadix
r. 1314-1322

Isma'il I
1279-1325
Sultan of
Granada
r. 1314-1325

Muhammad
Ibn Faraj

Muhammad IV
1315-1333
Sultan of
Granada
r. 1325-1333

Yusuf I
1318-1354
Sultan of
Granada
r. 1333-1354

Isma'il Ibn
Muhammad

Muhammad V
1339-1391
Sultan of
Granada
r. 1354-1359,
1362-1391

Isma'il II
1339-1360
Sultan of
Granada
r. 1359-1360

bint Yusuf

Muhammad VI
1333-1362
Sultan of
Granada
r. 1360-1362

Yusuf II
c. 1356-1392
Sultan of
Granada
r. 1391-1392

Nasr ibn
Muhammad

Muhammad
ibn al-Mawl

bint
Muhammad

Muhammad VII
c. 1377-1408
Sultan of
Granada
r. 1392-1408

Yusuf III
1376-1417
Sultan of
Granada
r. 1408-1417

Ali ibn
Yusuf

Ahmad
ibn Yusuf

Muhammad IX
1396-1454
Sultan of
Granada
r. 1419-1427,
1430-1431,
1432-1445,
1448-1453

Yusuf IV
d. 1432
Sultan of
Granada
r. 1431-1432

Muhammad VIII
1411-1431
Sultan of
Granada
r. 1417-1418,
1427-1429

Uthman
ibn Yusuf

Sa'd
d. 1465
Sultan of
Granada
r. 1455-1462,
1463-1464

Yusuf V
d. 1463
Sultan of
Granada
r. 1445-1446,
1462

Muhammad XI
d. 1454
Sultan of
Granada
r. 1453-1454

Muhammad X
1415-1454
Sultan of
Granada
r. 1445,
1446-1447

Muhammad XIII
c. 1444-c. 1494
Sultan of
Granada
r. 1485-1486

Ali
d. 1485
Sultan of
Granada
r. 1464-1482,
1483-1485

A'isha bint
Muhammad
al-Hurra

Muhammad XII
c. 1460-1518/36
Sultan of
Granada
r. 1482-1483,
1487-1492

List of Nasrid sultans of Granada

[edit]

First dynasty (al-dawla al-ghalibiyya)

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Sources:^[12]^[13]

S. n.	Name	Birth date	Death date	Reign
1	Abu Abdallah Muhammad Ial-Ghalib bi'llah	c. 1194	22 January 1273	1232 – 22 January 1273
2	Abu Abdallah Muhammad IIal-Faqih	c. 1235	8 April 1302	22 January 1273 – 8 April 1302
3	Abu Abdallah Muhammad IIIal-Makhlu	15 August 1257	21 January 1314	8 April 1302 – 14 March 1309
4	Abu'l-Juyush Nasr	1 November 1287	16 November 1322	14 March 1309 – 8 February 1314

Second dynasty (al-dawla al-isma'iliyya al-nasriyya)

[edit]

Sources:^[12]^[13]

S. n.	Name	Birth date	Death date	Reign	Notes
5	Abu'l-Walid Ismail I	3 March 1279	8 July 1325	February 1314 – 8 July 1325
6	Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV	14 April 1315	25 August 1333	8 July 1325 – 25 August 1333
7	Abu'l-Hajjaj Yusuf Ial-Muayyad bi'llah	29 June 1318	19 October 1354	August 1333 – 19 October 1354
8	Abu Abdallah Muhammad Val-Ghani bi'llah	4 January 1339	16 January 1391	October 1354 – August 1359
9	Abu'l-Walid Ismail II	4 October 1339	24 June or 13 July 1360	23 August 1359 – 24 June/13 July 1360
10	Abu Abdallah Muhammad VIal-Ghalib bi'llah	1333	25 April 1362	June/July 1360 – April 1362	known as "The Red King" (el rey Bermejo)
11	Abu Abdallah Muhammad Val-Ghani bi'llah (2x)	4 January 1339	16 January 1391	April 1362 – 16 January 1391
12	Abu'l-Hajjaj Yusuf IIal-Mustaghni bi'llah	c. 1356	5 October 1392	15 January 1391 – 5 October 1392
13	Abu Abdallah Muhammad VII	c. 1377	13 May 1408	3 October 1392 – 13 May 1408
14	Abu'l-Hajjaj Yusuf IIIal-Nasir li-Din Allah	1376	9 November 1417	May 1408 – 9 November 1417
15	Muhammad VIIIal-Mutamassik	1411	1431	November 1417 – 1419	known as "the Little One" (al-Saghir/el Pequeño)
16	Abu Abdallah Muhammad IXal-Ghalib bi'llah	1396	1454	1419–1427	known as "the Left-Handed" (al-Aysar/el Zurdo)
17	Muhammad VIIIal-Mutamassik (2x)	1411	1431	1427–1429	known as "the Little One" (al-Saghir/el Pequeño)
18	Abu Abdallah Muhammad IXal-Ghalib bi'llah (2x)	1396	1454	1430–1431	known as "the Left-Handed" (al-Aysar/el Zurdo)
19	Abu'l-Hajjaj Yusuf IV	unknown	1432	1431–1432	known as Ibn al-Mawl or Abenalmao
20	Abu Abdallah Muhammad IXal-Ghalib bi'llah (3x)	1396	1454	1432–1445	known as "the Left-Handed" (al-Aysar/el Zurdo)
21	Abu Abdallah Muhammad X	1415	1454	1445	known as "The Lame" (al-Ahnaf/el Cojo)
22	Yusuf V	unknown	1463	1445–1446, 1462	known as Ibn Ismail or Aben Ismael
23	Abu Abdallah Muhammad X (2x)	1415	1454	1446–1447	known as "The Lame" (al-Ahnaf/el Cojo)
24	Ismail III^[14]	unknown	1448	1447–1448
25	Abu Abdallah Muhammad IXal-Ghalib bi'llah (4x)	1396	1454	1448–1453	known as "the Left-Handed" (al-Aysar/el Zurdo)
26	Muhammad XI	unknown	1454	1453–1454	known as "The Little Fellow" (el Chiquito)
27	Abu Nasr Sa'dal-Mustain bi'llah	unknown	1465	1454–1462	known as Ciriza and Muley Zad
28	Ismail IV^[15]	unknown	1463	1462–1463
29	Abu Nasr Sa'dal-Mustain bi'llah (2x)	unknown	1465	1463–1464	known as Ciriza and Muley Zad
30	Abu'l-Hasan Ali	unknown	1485	1464–1482	known as Muley Hacén
31	Abu Abdallah Muhammad XII	c. 1460	1533	1482	known as Boabdil
32	Abu'l-Hasan Ali (2x)	unknown	1485	1482–1485	known as Muley Hacén
33	Abu Abdallah Muhammad XIII	c. 1444	c. 1494	1485–1486	known as "The Brave" (al-Zaghal/el Zagal)
34	Abu Abdallah Muhammad XII (2x)	c. 1460	1533	1486–1492	known as Boabdil

References

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^Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996)."The Nasrids or Banu 'l-Ahmar".The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 22–23.ISBN 978-0748696482.
^Boloix-Gallardo, Bárbara (2021)."Granada, Capital of al-Andalus and Core of the Nasrid Kingdom (7th–9th/13th–15th Centuries)".A Companion to Islamic Granada. Brill. p. 122.ISBN 978-90-04-42581-1.
^^a ^b ^c"The Art of the Nasrid Period (1232–1492)".Metropolitan Museum of Art. October 2002. Retrieved17 September 2019.
^Barton, Simon (2009).A History of Spain. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 104.ISBN 978-0-230-20012-8.
^"Textile Fragment". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved14 December 2018.
^Ekhtiar, Maryam (2011).Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 82.
^Trevelyan, Raleigh (1985).Shades of the Alhambra. Secker & Warburg. p. 125.ISBN 978-0-436-53401-0.
^Harvey 1992, p. 21.
^Hitti, Philip K. (2002).History of The Arabs. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 549.ISBN 978-1-137-03982-8.
^Prescott, William Hickling (1995). McJoynt, Albert D. (ed.).The Art of War in Spain: The Conquest of Granada, 1481–1492 (Edited extract from Prescott'sHistory of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic published in 1838). Greenhill Books.ISBN 978-1-85367-193-7.
^Lane-Poole, Stanley (1894).The Mohammedan Dynasties: Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions. Westminster: Archibald Constable and Company. p. 29.OCLC 1199708.
^^a ^bFernández-Puertas 1997, p. 4.
^^a ^bLatham & Fernández-Puertas 1993, p. 1020.
^Castro 2018,https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/27719/ismail-iii.
^Castro 2018a,https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/27720/ismail-iv.

Bibliography

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Fernández Puertas, Antonio (1997).The Alhambra. Vol 1. From the Ninth Century to Yusuf I (1354). Saqi Books.ISBN 0-86356-466-6.
Fernández Puertas, Antonio (1997).The Alhambra. Vol. 2. (1354–1391). Saqi Books.ISBN 0-86356-467-4.
Harvey, Leonard Patrick (1992).Islamic Spain 1250 to 1500. University of Chicago Press.ISBN 0-226-31962-8.
Watt, W. Montgomery (1965).A History of Islamic Spain. Edinburgh University Press.ISBN 0-7486-0847-8.
Arié, Rachel (1990).L'Espagne musulmane au Temps des Nasrides (1232–1492) (in French) (2nd ed.). De Boccard.ISBN 2-7018-0052-8.
Bueno, Francisco (2004).Los Reyes de la Alhambra. Entre la historia y la leyenda (in Spanish). Miguel Sánchez.ISBN 84-7169-082-9.
Cortés Peña, Antonio Luis; Vincent, Bernard (1983–1987).Historia de Granada. 4 vols (in Spanish). Editorial Don Quijote.
Miranda, Ambroxio Huici (1970). "The Iberian Peninsula and Sicily". In Holt, P.M; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard (eds.).The Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 2A. Cambridge University Press.
Fernández-Puertas, Antonio (April 1997). "The Three Great Sultans of al-Dawla al-Ismā'īliyya al-Naṣriyya Who Built the Fourteenth-Century Alhambra: Ismā'īl I, Yūsuf I, Muḥammad V (713–793/1314–1391)".Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Third Series.7 (1):1–25.doi:10.1017/S1356186300008294.S2CID 154717811.
Latham, J.D. & Fernández-Puertas, A. (1993)."Naṣrids". InBosworth, C. E.;van Donzel, E.;Heinrichs, W. P. &Pellat, Ch. (eds.).The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1020–1029.ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911)."Nasrides, The" .Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 249–250.
Castro, Francisco Vidal (2018)."Ismail III". Real Academia de la Historia.
Castro, Francisco Vidal (2018a)."Ismail IV". Real Academia de la Historia.

External links

[edit]

Media related toBanu Nasr at Wikimedia Commons

v t e Nasrid dynasty topics
Sultans (1232–1492)	Abu Nasr Sa'd of Granada Abu'l-Hasan Ali of Granada Ismail I of Granada Ismail II of Granada Muhammad I of Granada Muhammad II of Granada Muhammad III of Granada Muhammad V of Granada Muhammad VI of Granada Muhammad VII of Granada Muhammad VIII of Granada Muhammad IX of Granada Muhammad XI of Granada Muhammad XII of Granada Muhammad XIII of Granada Muhammad IV of Granada Muhammad X of Granada Nasr of Granada The Sigh of the Moor Yusuf I of Granada Yusuf II of Granada Yusuf III of Granada Yusuf IV of Granada Yusuf V of Granada
Architecture	Alhambra Madrasa of Granada Corral del Carbón (Funduq al-Jadida) Alcaicería of Granada Dar al-Horra Maristan of Granada Cuarto Real de Santo Domingo (Dar al-Manjara al-Kubra)
Media

v t e Royal houses ofAl-Andalus
Umayyad State of Córdoba Almoravid Almohad Abbadid Amirids Baktrid Banu Hayy Banu Hud Banu Sabur Banu Sumadih Banu Tujib Banu Wazir Dhulnunids Harunid Mundirid Muzaymid Nasrid Emirate of Granada Qasid

v t e Lists of monarchs of the Iberian Peninsula
Umayyad governors of al-Andalus Almohad caliphs Almoravid emirs co-princes of Andorra monarchs of Aragon (family tree) monarchs of Asturias monarchs of Castile (family tree) princes of Catalonia (Catalan counts) emirs and caliphs of Córdoba monarchs of Galicia (including Suebi, Visigoths and Asturia) sultans of Granada Imperator totius Hispaniae monarchs of León monarchs of Majorca monarchs of Navarre (family tree) monarchs of Portugal (family tree) monarchs of Spain (family tree) monarchs of Valencia monarchs of Viguera Visigothic kings
See also:Taifa kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula

Lists of monarchs of the Iberian Peninsula