| Naro | |
|---|---|
| Nharo | |
| Native to | Botswana,Namibia |
| Ethnicity | Ncoakhoe |
Native speakers | roughly 10,000 (2011)[1] 8,000 in Botswana (2014)[2] and 1,000 in Namibia (2011)[1] about as many L2 speakers in Botswana[1] |
Khoe–Kwadi
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | nhr |
| Glottolog | naro1249 |
| ELP | Naro |
| This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. | |
Naro/ˈnɑːroʊ/, alsoNharo, is aKhoe language spoken inGhanzi District ofBotswana and in easternNamibia. It is one of the most-spoken of the Tshu–Khwe languages. Naro is a trade language among speakers of different Khoe languages inGhanzi District. There exists adictionary.
Naro has the following consonant inventory (in theIPA) as described by Miller (2011), whereas the orthographic symbols were proposed by Visser (2001):[3]
| Labial | Dental click | Alveolar | Lateral click | Palatal click | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stop | affricate | click | |||||||
| Aspirated | pʰ⟨ph⟩ | ᵏǀʰ⟨ch⟩ | tʰ⟨th⟩ | tsʰ⟨tsh⟩ | ᵏǃʰ⟨qh⟩ | ᵏǁʰ⟨xh⟩ | ᵏǂʰ⟨tch⟩ | kʰ⟨kh⟩ | |
| Tenuis | p⟨p⟩ | ᵏǀ⟨c⟩ | t⟨t⟩ | ts⟨ts⟩ | ᵏǃ⟨q⟩ | ᵏǁ⟨x⟩ | ᵏǂ⟨tc⟩ | k⟨k⟩ | |
| Voiced | b⟨b⟩ | ᶢǀ⟨dc⟩ | d⟨d⟩ | dz⟨z⟩ | ᶢǃ⟨dq⟩ | ᶢǁ⟨dx⟩ | ᶢǂ⟨dtc⟩ | ɡ⟨gh⟩ | |
| Nasal | m⟨m⟩ | ᵑǀ⟨nc⟩ | n⟨n⟩ | ᵑǃ⟨nq⟩ | ᵑǁ⟨nx⟩ | ᵑǂ⟨ntc⟩ | |||
| Glottalized | ᵑǀˀ⟨cʼ⟩ | ᵑǃˀ⟨qʼ⟩ | ᵑǁˀ⟨xʼ⟩ | ᵑǂˀ⟨tcʼ⟩ | |||||
| Fricated | ǀkχ⟨cg⟩ | tχ⟨tg⟩ | tsχ⟨tsg⟩ | ǃkχ⟨qg⟩ | ǁkχ⟨xg⟩ | ǂkχ⟨tcg⟩ | (kχ⟨kg⟩) | ||
| Fricatedejective | ǀkχʼ⟨cgʼ⟩ | tsʼ⟨tsʼ⟩ | ǃkχʼ⟨qgʼ⟩ | ǁkχʼ⟨xgʼ⟩ | ǂkχʼ⟨tcgʼ⟩ | kχʼ⟨kgʼ⟩ | |||
| Fricative | f⟨f⟩ | s⟨s⟩ | x⟨g⟩ | h⟨h⟩ | |||||
| Flap | ɾ⟨r⟩ | ||||||||
The phonemes/kχ/ and/kχʼ/ (spelt ⟨kg⟩ and ⟨kgʼ⟩) only contrast for some speakers:kgʼám ‘mouth’ vs.kgʼáù ‘male’. The flap /ɾ/ only occurs word-medially except in loan words. The lateral /l/ is only found in loans, and is generally substituted by/ɾ/ medially, and by/n/ initially. Medial[j] and[w] may be/i/ and/u/; they occur initially only inwèé ‘all, both’ and inyèè (an interjection).
Naro has five vowel qualities, /a e i o u/, which may occur long (/aː eː iː oː uː/ spelt ⟨aa ee ii oo uu⟩), nasalized(/ã ẽ ĩ õ ũ/),pharyngealized(/aˤ eˤ iˤ oˤ uˤ/ , spelt ⟨a̱ e̱ i̱ o̱ u̱⟩, and combinations of these (/ãˤ ẽː/ ⟨ã̱ ẽe⟩ etc.). There are threetones: high, mid, and low
Syllables are in general simple in Naro, with the maximal shape CV(V)C, where VV is a long vowel or diphthong. The only consonant that occurs in coda position is/m/, as in/ᵏǁám̀/xám̀ ‘to smell’. However, long nasal vowels such as/ãː/ may occur with anexcrescent[ŋ] as in[ãŋ].Syllabic/mn/ also occur, as in/n̩.nā/nna. Nasals such as/m/ can also form syllable nuclei, as in/hḿḿ/.
Naro orthography uses theLatin alphabet, and is partially based on the systems forZulu andXhosa, especially as far as clicks are represented.Digraphs are used for clicks, and to represent affricates. Vowel length is represented by doubling of the vowel, whereas the orthography utilizes the tilde to represent nasality (⟨ã ẽ ĩ õ ũ⟩), and underline to represent pharyngealization. Tones are written with diacritics both on vowels and nasal consonants, with the exception of the mid tone, which is not represented (e.g. ⟨á a à ḿ m̀ ń ǹ⟩).
Below is an overview of Naro clicks in both orthography and IPA (Visser 2001). Thedental click is represented byc.alveolar click byq,palatal click bytc, andlateral click byx. All examples are from Visser (2001).
| Orthography | IPA | Example | Orthography | IPA | Example | Orthography | IPA | Example | Orthography | IPA | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c | ǀ | cõose 'owl' | q | ǃ | qaò 'rise (sun, moon)' | tc | ǂ | tcúú 'head' | x | ǁ | xòa 'cave' |
| cg | ǀχ | cgàa 'flesh' | qg | ǃχ | qgóé 'to run' | tcg | ǂχ | tcgáí 'eye' | xg | ǁχ | xgóà 'angry' |
| cg' | ǀχʼ | cg’õè 'name' | qg' | ǃχʼ | qg’áó 'neck' | tcg' | ǂχʼ | tcg’áì 'sharp, spicy' | xg' | ǁχʼ | xg’ari 'to squeeze' |
| ch | ǀʰ | cóá 'child' | qh | ǃʰ | qhàò 'people, tribe, kind' | tch | ǂʰ | tchàà 'wide' | xh | ǁʰ | xhãya 'West, Namibia' |
| c' | ǀ̃ˀ | c’áò 'blood' | q' | ǃ̃ˀ | q’óà 'afraid' | tc' | ǂ̃ˀ | tc’ubi 'egg' | x' | ǁ̃ˀ | x’áà 'light (n.)' |
| dc | ǀ̬ | dcoàbà 'spider' | dq | ǃ̬ | dqàne 'chin' | dtc | ǂ̬ | dtcìì 'fat (adj.)' | dx | ǁ̬ | dxàí 'cheek' |
| nc | ⁿǀ̃ | nco̱à 'red' | nq | ǃ̃ | nqàrè 'foot' | ntc | ǂ̃ | ntcùú 'black' | nx | ǁ̃ | nxào 'joke' |
Naro is adialect cluster.
and possiblyǂHaba.
The Naro Language Project is a project currently being undertaken by the Reformed Church inD'kar that aims to describe and develop an understanding of the Naro language, increase literacy by teaching Naro speakers to read and write their language and translate theBible into Naro. The project was started in the 1980s. The Naro language project has, as of 2007, translated 70% of the Bible into the Naro language.
Below are Naro numerals, from Visser (2001). Only 'one', 'two', and 'three' are native Naro numerals, while the rest have been borrowed fromNama. Orthography is given first, followed by IPA in brackets.
