Naram-Sin, also transcribedNarām-Sîn orNaram-Suen (Akkadian:𒀭𒈾𒊏𒄠𒀭𒂗𒍪:DNa-ra-amDSîn, meaning "Beloved of the Moon GodSîn", the "𒀭" a determinative marking the name of a god; diedc. 2218 BC), was a ruler of theAkkadian Empire, who reignedc. 2255–2218 BC (middle chronology), and was the third successor and grandson of KingSargon of Akkad. Under Naram-Sin, the kingdom reached its maximum extent. He was the first Mesopotamian king known to have claimed divinity for himself, taking the title "God of Akkad", and the first to claim the title "King of the Four Quarters". His military strength was strong as he crushed revolts and expanded the kingdom to places likeTurkey andIran. He became the patron city god of Akkade asEnlil was in Nippur.[1] His enduring fame resulted in later rulers,Naram-Sin of Eshnunna andNaram-Sin of Assyria as well as Naram-Sin of Uruk, assuming the name.[2][3]
Naram-Sin was a son ofManishtushu. He was thus a nephew of KingRimush and grandson of Sargon andTashlultum. Naram-Sin's aunt was the High PriestessEn-hedu-ana. Most recensions of the Sumerian King List show him following Manishtushu but The Ur III version of the king list inverts the order of Rimush and Manishtushu.[4][5] To be fully correct, rather than Naram-Sin or Naram-Suen "in Old Akkadian, the name in question should rather be reconstructed as Naram-Suyin (more precisely, /narām-tsuyin/) or Naram-Suʾin (/narām-tsuʾin/)".[6]
Terracotta brick stamp of Naram-Sin (Naram-Suen). Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul
Naram-Sin defeated Manium of Magan, and various northern hill tribes in theZagros,Taurus, andAmanus Mountains, expanding his empire up to the Mediterranean Sea. His "Victory Stele" depicts his triumph over Satuni, chief ofLullubi in theZagros Mountains. The Sumerian King List gives the length of his reign as 56 years, and at least 20 of his year-names are known, referring to military actions against various places such asUruk andSubartu. One unknown year was recorded as "the Year when Naram-Sin was victorious againstSimurrum in Kirasheniwe and took prisoner Baba the governor of Simurrum, and Dubul theensi of Arame".[7][8] Other year names refer to his construction work on temples inAkkad, Nippur, andZabala. He also built administrative centers atNagar andNineveh. In general it is not possible to assign an order to Naram-Sin's year name with the exception of his first "The year Naram-Sin received a weapon of heaven/An fr[om] the temple of the god Enlil". It is, however, possible to divide them into those before his deification and after that event (assumed to be shortly after the "Great Revolt") based on the presence of a godhood determinant in his name.
During his reign Naram-Sin increased direct royal control of its city-states. He maintained control over the various city-states by the simple expedient of appointing some of his many sons as key provincial governors, and his daughters as high priestesses. He also reformed the scribal system.[9][10]
A few loyal local governors remained in place. This includedMeskigal, as governor of the city-state ofAdab and Karsum governor of the unlocated Niqqum (suggested to be modernKhanaqin). Another wasLugal-ushumgal ofLagash. Several inscriptions of Lugal-ushumgal, who went on to serve the successor of Naram-Sin,Shar-Kali-Sharri, are known, particularly seal impressions, which refer to him as governor of Lagash and at the time a vassal (𒀵,arad, "servant" or "slave") of Naram-Sin.[11]
Bassetki Statue, 23rd century BC, from Bassetki, Iraq. Iraq Museum.
The pivotal event of Naram-Sin's reign was a widespread revolt against the Akkadian Empire. The empire created by his grandfather, Sargon, first ruler of the Akkadian Empire stretched in the west to Syria in places likeTell Brak andTell Leilan, to the east in Elam and associated polities in that region, to southern Anatolia in the north, and to the "lower sea" in the south encompassing all the traditional Sumerian powers like Uruk, Ur, and Lagash. All of these political entities had long histories as independent powers and would periodically re-assert their interests throughout the lifetime of the Akkadian Empire.[12]
The Bassetki statue inscription in old Akkadian cuneiform
At some point in his reign a widespread uprising occurred, a large coalition of city-states led by Iphur-Kis ofKish (Sumer) and Amar-Girid ofUruk, joined by Enlil-nizu ofNippur, and including the city-states of "Kutha, TiWA, Sippar,Kazallu, Kiritab, [Api]ak and GN" as well as "Amorite [hi]ghlanders". The rebellion was joined by the city ofBorsippa, among others.[13][14] We know of these events from a number of Old Babylonian copies of earlier inscriptions as well as one contemporary record from the Old Akkadian period. TheBassetki Statue, discovered in 1974, was the base of a life-sized copper statue of Naram-Sin. It reads:
"Naram-Sin, the mighty, king of Agade, when the four quarters together revolted against him, through the love which the goddess Astar showed him, he was victorious in nine battles in one in 1 year, and the kings whom they (the rebels[?]) had raised (against him), he captured. In view of the fact that he protected the foundations of his city from danger, (the citizens of his city requested from Astar in Eanna, Enlil in Nippur, Dagan in Tuttul, Ninhursag in Kes, Ea in Eridu, Sin in Ur, Samas in Sippar, (and) Nergal in Kutha, that (Naram-Sin) be (made) the god of their city, and they built within Agade a temple (dedicated) to him. As for the one who removes this inscription, may the gods Samas, Astar, Nergal, the bailiff of the king, namely all those gods (mentioned above) tear out his foundations and destroy his progeny."[15]
In the aftermath, Naram-Sin deified himself as well as posthumously deifying Sargon and Manishtushu but not his uncle Rimush.[16][17] The echoes of the revolt were reflected in later Sumerian literary compositions such as theGreat Revolt against Naram-Sin, "Naram-Sin and the Enemy Hordes" and "Gula-AN and the Seventeen Kings against Naram-Sin".[18][19][20]
Naram-Sin campaigned fromElam in the east, toEbla andArmanum in the west
Elam came under the domination ofAkkad in the time ofSargon though it remained restive. The 2nd ruler of Akkad, Rimush,campaigned there afterward adding "conqueror of Elam and Parahsum" to his royal titulary. The 3rd ruler, Manishtushu, conquered the city ofAnshan inElam and also the city ofPashime, installing imperial governors in those places.[21]
Naram-Sin added "commander of all the land of Elam, as far as Parahsum," to his royal titulary. During his rule, "military governors of the country of Elam" (shakkanakkus) with typically Akkadian names are known, such as Ili-ishmani or Epirmupi.[21][22][23][24] This suggests that these governors of Elam were officials of the Akkadian Empire.[21] Naram-Sin exercised great influence over Susa during his reign, building temples and establishing inscriptions in his name, and having the Akkadian language replace Elamite in official documents.[25]
Alliance Naram-Sin Awan Louvre Sb8833
An unknown Elamite king (sometimes speculated to beKhita) is recorded as having signed a peace treaty, in Old Elamite language written in an Old Akkadian ductus, with Naram-Sin (not deified in the text), stating: "The enemy of Naram-Sin is my enemy, the friend of Naram-Sin is my friend".[26][27][28][29] Old Elamite is poorly understood (all other texts being very short) as yet making interpretation of the text challenging. The text mentions about twenty gods, mostly Elamite but with a few Sumerian and Akkadian, includingInshushinak,Humban,Nahiti,Simut, andPinikir. It has been suggested that the formal treaty allowed Naram-Sin to have peace on his eastern borders, so that he could deal more effectively with the threat fromGutium.[30][31]
Naram-Sin mace head, c. 2254-2218 BC - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago
The conquest ofArmanum (location unknown but proposed asTall Bazi) with its ruler Rid-Adad andEbla (55 kilometers southwest of modern Aleppo) by Naram-Sin (Ebla was also defeated by his grandfather Sargon) is known from one of his year names "The year the king went on a campaign in Amarnum" and from an Old Babylonian copy of a statue inscription (IM 85461) found atUr. There are also three objects, a marble lamp, a stone plaque, and a copper bowl, inscribed "Naram-Sin, the mighty, king of the four quarters, conqueror of Armanum and Ebla.".[32][33] In 2010 a new stele fragment (IM 221139) describing the campaign was found atTulul al-Baqarat (thought to be the ancient city ofKesh.[6]
"Whereas, for all time since the creation of mankind, no king whosoever had destroyed Armanum and Ebla, the god Nergal, by means of (his) weapons opened the way for Naram-Sin, the mighty, and gave him Armanum and Ebla. Further, he gave to him the Amanus, the Cedar Mountain, and the Upper Sea. By means of the weapons of the god Dagan, who magnifies his kingship, Naram-Sin, the mighty, conquered Armanum and Ebla."
Among the known sons of Naram-Sin were his successorShar-Kali-Sharri, Nabi-Ulmaš, who was governor ofTutub, and a Ukin-Ulmash. Excavations atTell Mozan (ancient Urkesh) brought to light a sealing of Tar'am-Agade, a previously unknown daughter of Naram-Sin, who was possibly married to an unidentifiedendan (ruler) of Urkesh.[34] A recently found cylinder seal, looted fromUrasagrig, shows that the governor there, Sharatigubishin, was also a son.[35] Other known children include Enmenana the "zirru priestess of the god Nanna, spouse of the god N[anna], entu priestess of the god Sin at Ur", Šumšani ēntum-priestess ofShamash at Sippar, a son who was governor at Marad, an unnamed daughter who was ēntum-priestesses at Nippur, Bin-kali-šarrē, Lipit-ilē (governor atMarad), Rigmuš-ālsu, Me-Ulmaš, and Ukēn-Ulmaš and a granddaughter Lipus-ia-um.[36][37] One daughter, Tuṭṭanabšum (Tudanapšum), held the position of high priestess of Enlil at Nippur, the most important religious position in the empire. She was also deified, the only female and only non-king to be made a god.[38][39]
Naram-Sin stele, inscription of Naram-Sin in theAkkadian language. The name Naram-Sin (𒀭𒈾𒊏𒄠𒀭𒂗𒍪) appears vertically in the upper right.
Naram-Sin'sVictory Stele depicts him as a god-king (symbolized by his horned helmet) climbing a mountain above his soldiers, and his enemies, the defeatedLullubi led by their kingSatuni. The stele was broken off at the top apparently when it was carried away fromSippar and carried off by theElamite forces ofShutruk-Nakhunte in the 12th century BC along with a number of other monuments.[40] The stele seems to break from tradition by using successive diagonal tiers to communicate the story to viewers, however the more traditional horizontal frames are visible on smaller broken pieces.[41] It has been suggested that it contains the first depictions ofbattle standards andplate armor.[42] The stele is 2 meters tall and 1.05 meters wide and is made from pinkish limestone. For contrast see theVictory Stele of Rimush over Lagash or the Victory stele ofSargon.[43][44] The stele was found byJacques de Morgan atSusa, and is now in theLouvre Museum (Sb 4).[45]
The inscription over the head of the king is in theAkkadian language and very fragmentary, but reads:
"[Nar]am-Sin, the mighty, <Lacuna> ..., Sidu[r-x] (and) the highlanders of Lullubum assembled together ... bat[tle]. For/to <Lacuna> the high[landers ...] <Lacuna> [heap]ed up [a burial mound over them], ... (and) dedicated (this object) [to the god ...] <Lacuna>[15]
"I am Shutruk-Nahhunte, son of Hallutush-Inshushinak, beloved servant of the godInshushinak, king of Anshan and Susa, who has enlarged the kingdom, who takes care of the lands of Elam, the lord of the land of Elam. When the god Inshusinak gave me the order, I defeatedSippar. I took the stele of Naram-Sin and carried it off, bringing it to the land of Elam. For Inshushinak, my god, I set it as an offering."[46]
Detail, stele of Naram-Sin from Pir Hüseyin, near Diyarbakır, Turkey. 2254-2215 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul.
A similar stele fragment (ES 1027), 57 centimeters high by 42 centimeters wide by 20 deep, depicting Naram-Sin was found a few miles north-east ofDiarbekr, at Pir Hüseyin in a well, though this was not its original context. It is said to have been first found Miyafarkin, a village about 75 kilometers northeast of Diarbekr.[47]
Fragments of an alabaster stele representing captives being led by Akkadian soldiers is sometimes attributed to Narim-Sin (orRimush orManishtushu) on stylistic grounds.[48] In particular, it is considered as more sophisticated graphically than the steles ofSargon of Akkad or those of Rimush or Manishtushu[48] Two fragments (IM 55639 and IM 59205) are in theNational Museum of Iraq, and one (MFA 66.89) is theBoston Museum.[48] The stele is quite fragmentary, but attempts at reconstitution have been made.[49][48] Depending on sources, the fragments were excavated inWasit, al-Hay district,Wasit Governorate, or inNasiriyah, both locations in Iraq.[50]
It is thought that the stele represents the result of the campaigns of Naram-Sin toCilicia orAnatolia. This is suggested by the characteristics of the booty carried by the soldiers in the stele, especially the metal vessel carried by the main soldier, the design of which is unknown in Mesopotamia, but on the contrary well known in contemporary Anatolia.[48]
Soldier with sword, on the Nasiriyah stele of Naram-Sin
Naked captives, on the Nasiriyah stele of Naram-Sin
One Mesopotamian myth, a historiographic poem entitled "The curse of Akkad: the Ekur avenged", explains how the empire created bySargon of Akkad fell and the city of Akkad was destroyed. The myth was written hundreds of years after Naram-Sin's life and is the poet's attempt to explain how the Gutians succeeded in conquering Sumer. After an opening passage describing the glory of Akkad before its destruction, the poem tells of how Naram-Sin angered the chief godEnlil by plundering theEkur (Enlil's temple inNippur.) In his rage, Enlil summoned theGutians down from the hills east of the Tigris, bringing plague, famine and death throughout Mesopotamia.Food prices became vastly inflated, with the poem stating that 1 lamb would buy only half asila (about 425 ml or 14.4 US fl oz) of grain, half asila of oil, or half amina (about 250 g or 8.8 oz) of wool.[51] To prevent this destruction, eight of the gods (namelyInanna,Enki,Sin,Ninurta,Utu,Ishkur,Nusku, andNidaba) decreed that the city of Akkad should be destroyed in order to spare the rest of Sumer and cursed it. The story ends with the poet writing of Akkad's fate, mirroring the words of the gods' curse earlier on:
Its chariot roads grew nothing but the 'wailing plant, Moreover, on its canalboat towpaths and landings, No human being walks because of the wild goats, vermin, snakes, and mountain scorpions, The plains where grew the heart-soothing plants, grew nothing but the 'reed of tears, Akkad, instead of its sweet-flowing water, there flowed bitter water, Who said "I would dwell in that" found not a good dwelling place, Who said "I would lie down in Akkad" found not a good sleeping place.
Afoundation deposit of Naram-Sin was discovered and analysed by kingNabonidus, around 550 BC.[52] whoRobert Silverberg thus characterises as the first archaeologist. Not only did he lead the first excavations which were to find the foundation deposits of the temples of Šamaš the sun god, the warrior goddess Anunitu (both located inSippar), and the sanctuary that Naram-Sin built to the moon god, located inHarran, but he also had them restored to their former glory.[53] He was also the first to date an archaeological artefact in his attempt to date Naram-Sin's temple during his search for it. His estimate was inaccurate by about 1,500 years.[54]
King Naram-Sin is a character in the 2021video gameHouse of Ashes, with the main plot occurring in his personal temple.[55] In the game, he is the self-proclaimed "God King" of Akkad, and is engaged in a war with theGutians after being cursed by the godEnlil; whom he angered after the sacking of his temple. Naram-Sin was voiced and motion captured by Sami Karim.
In the 2021 mobilegacha gameBlue Archive, Volume F, the innermost chamber of the large floating quantum supercomputer known as the "Ark ofAtra-Hasis" (itself a reference to the Akkadian myth) is named "Throne of Naram-Sin".
Stele of the Akkadian king Naram-Sin. The "-ra-am" and "-sin" parts of the name "Naram-Sin" appear in the broken top right corner of the inscription.Istanbul Archaeological Museum.
Portrait of Naram-Sin (detail)
The name "Naram-Sin" in cuneiform on an inscription. The star symbol "𒀭" is a silent honorific for "Divine",Sîn (Moon God) is specially written with the characters "EN-ZU" (𒂗𒍪).
Alabaster vase in the name of "Naran-Sin, King of the four regions" '(𒀭𒈾𒊏𒄠𒀭𒂗𒍪 𒈗 𒆠𒅁𒊏𒁴 𒅈𒁀𒅎 DNa-ra-amDSîn lugal ki-ibratim arbaim), limestone,c. 2250 BC. Louvre Museum AO 74.[56]
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![Alabaster vase in the name of "Naran-Sin, King of the four regions" '(𒀭𒈾𒊏𒄠𒀭𒂗𒍪 𒈗 𒆠𒅁𒊏𒁴 𒅈𒁀𒅎 DNa-ra-am DSîn lugal ki-ibratim arbaim), limestone, c. 2250 BC. Louvre Museum AO 74.[56]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aVase_in_the_name_of_Naran-Sin_King_of_the_four_region%2c_limestone%2c_circa_2250_BCE.jpg)
!["Naran-Sin, King of the four regions" '(𒀭𒈾𒊏𒄠𒀭𒂗𒍪 𒈗 𒆠𒅁𒊏𒁴 𒅈𒁀𒅎 DNa-ra-am DSîn lugal ki-ibratim arbaim), limestone, c. 2250 BC. Louvre Museum AO 74.[56]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aNaram-Sin%2c_King_of_the_Four_quarters_of_the_World.jpg)
![This bronze head traditionally attributed to Sargon is now thought to actually belong to his grandson Naram-Sin.[48]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aBronze_head_of_an_Akkadian_ruler%2c_discovered_in_Nineveh_in_1931%2c_presumably_depicting_either_Sargon_or_Sargon%2527s_grandson_Naram-Sin_(Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden).jpg)
![Fragment of a stone bowl with an inscription of Naram-Sin, and a second inscription by Shulgi (upside down). Ur, Iraq. British Museum.[57][58]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aFragment_of_a_stone_bowl_with_2_inscriptions%2c_from_Ur%2c_Iraq._British_Museum.jpg)
![Rock relief image at Darband-i-Gawr originally thought to be of Naram-Sin but since in dispute.[59][60]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aNaram-Sin_Rock_Relief_at_Darband-iGawr_(extracted).jpg)
![Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, c. 2230 BC. It shows him defeating the Lullibi, a tribe in the Zagros Mountains, and their king Satuni, trampling them and spearing them. Satuni, standing right, is imploring Naram-Sin to save him.[61] Naram-Sin is also twice the size of his soldiers.](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aStele_Naram_Sim_Louvre_Sb4.jpg)
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