 Hogshead-Makar in 2017 | |
| Personal information | |
|---|---|
| Full name | Nancy Lynn Hogshead-Makar |
| National team | United States |
| Born | Nancy Lynn Hogshead (1962-04-17)April 17, 1962 (age 63) Iowa City, Iowa, U.S. |
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) |
| Weight | 146 lb (66 kg) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
| Strokes | Butterfly,freestyle,individual medley |
| College team | Duke University |
Medal record | |
Nancy Lynn Hogshead-Makar (néeHogshead, born April 17, 1962) is an American swimmer who represented the United States at the1984 Summer Olympics, where she won three gold medals and one silver medal. She is currently the CEO of Champion Women, an organization claiming to lead targeted efforts to advocate for equality and accountability in sports. Her areas of focus include establishing nationwide equal play, such as traditionalTitle IX compliance in athletic departments, protecting athletes fromsexual harassment, abuse and assault, as well as combatting employment and pregnancy discrimination. In 2012, she began working on legislative changes to ensure that club andOlympic sports athletes were protected fromsexual abuse. In 2018, theProtecting Young Victims from Sexual Abuse and Safe Sport Authorization Act of 2017, which she co-wrote, was enacted. Champion Women advocates for excluding transgender women from women's sports, saying "it is impossible to mitigate the athletic advantages that come with being male, and particularly male puberty. All athletes are included in sport, in their sex category."[1]
Hogshead's family is from Iowa. She was born inIowa City, Iowa, but her family moved to Florida shortly afterwards. When she was 11 years old, her family moved toJacksonville, Florida, where she met coachRandy Reese and was exposed to team-oriented coaching towards nationals. By age 12 she had qualified for the U.S. Senior Nationals and held the national age-group record in the 200 individual medley.[2] Her first American record was in the 100 yardbutterfly in 1977. Hogshead left home to train for the1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow with theUniversity of Florida swim team, or FAST, while still in high school. She qualified for the Olympics in the 200 meter butterfly and the 400 meter individual medley, but did not participate due to themulti-national boycott.
Duke University offered Hogshead its first swimming scholarship. There, she was undefeated in dual meets and set a school record in eight different events; one of which stood until 2011. She was a four-timeACC champion and two-timeAll-American. She was the first woman to be inducted into the Duke Athletics Hall of Fame.[citation needed]
In 1981, Duke Universityred-shirted Hogshead after she was raped while running between campuses and suffered frompost-traumatic stress disorder for several months.[citation needed] In the fall of 1982, her coach persuaded her to return to the pool by offering her a scholarship and a position on the team if she merely showed up at the competitions.[citation needed]
In January 1983, Hogshead left Duke to train full-time for the1984 Olympics in California. This time she switched from butterfly tofreestyle. She won additional national titles on her way to qualifying for the1984 US swimming team.[citation needed]
At the1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, she won three gold medals and one silver medal,[3] becoming the most decorated swimmer at the Games. She competed in the first event of the Games, thewomen's 100m freestyle, where she won in a tie-finish, with American teammateCarrie Steinseifer.[4] They were both awarded gold medals. Hogshead also won golds in the4 × 100 m freestyle[5] and the4 × 100 m medley teams,[6] and a silver medal in the200m individual medley.[7]
Her international career had started in 1977 at the age of 14, when she set her first American record. That year, she was the only American swimmer to be ranked number one in the world in an international event.
Hogshead returned to Duke University to finish her undergraduate degree in 1984. During the summer of 1985, Hogshead interned at theWomen's Sports Foundation, at the urging ofDonna de Varona.[8] The organization had a strong influence on her career direction and she has worked with the organization for thirty years. She served on the board of trustees from 1987 to 1993 and as its president from 1993 to 1994. She was their Legal Adviser from 2003 to 2010, and was their Senior Director of Advocacy from 2010 to 2014.
In 2014, Hogshead-Makar founded Champion Women.
Hogshead is a high-profile advocate of gender equity in sports and a specialist onTitle IX of theEducation Amendments of 1972.[9] After receiving her J.D. degree fromGeorgetown University Law Center, Hogshead returned to Jacksonville for private practice atHolland & Knight, LLP. She represented student-athletes and universities in Title IX matters.
From 2001 – 2013, Hogshead-Makar was a tenured professor on the faculty atFlorida Coastal School of Law (FCSL) in Jacksonville, where she taught first-year torts and sports law courses, including "Gender Equity in Athletics".
From 2004 – 2012 she was the co-chair of theAmerican Bar Association (ABA) Committee on the Rights of Women.
From 2009 – 2013 she was a board member on The Forum for the Scholarly Study of Intercollegiate Athletics in Higher Education, and served on the editorial board of theJournal of Intercollegiate Sport.
Since 2011, she has served as a board member on theAspen Institute, "Sport and Society".
She was an advisory board member of theAssociation of Title IX Administrators from 2011 – 2017.
From 2007 – 2010, she served on the Florida Governor's Council on Physical Fitness. The council provided GovernorCharlie Crist with a state plan of action to promote physical fitness and nutrition, particularly among children.
She was an evaluator for missed drug tests by theUnited States Anti-Doping Agency from 2003 to 2014.
She was a founding member of FCSL's Sports Law Center, offering students a certificate in Sports Law program, from 2004 – 2013.
Hogshead-Makar has testified in Congress numerous times and has served on two Presidential committees on gender in sports.
In 2007, she co-edited the bookEqual Play; Title IX and Social Change with economistAndrew Zimbalist.[10]
She has written numerous scholarly and lay articles. She is widely quoted and interviewed on topics related to gender equity, including participation, treatment, scholarships, sexual harassment and assault, preventing trans women from participating in women's sports, and pregnancy discrimination.
Hogshead marriedScott Makar, a fellow lawyer at Holland & Knight, on October 10, 1999.[11] Her husband served asFlorida Solicitor General upon his appointment by Florida Attorney GeneralBill McCollum in February 2007.[12] He is currently a state appellate judge, a member of theFlorida First District Court of Appeal. They have a son, Aaron, and twin daughters, Helen Clare and Millicent.[13]
As a member of the Women's Sports Policy Working Group, Hogshead has spoken out against transgender athletes competing in women's sports. During testimony before theSouth Carolina legislature, Hogshead said "if [trans women] don't want to go on hormones and they do want to participate as part of girls' and women's sports, surely there are accommodations that we can all agree on that would welcome them into the space but not take the opportunity away from [cisgender] girls and [women]."[14]
After the transgender swimmerLia Thomas gained national attention, Hogshead petitioned lawmakers to reject "blanket transgender inclusion or exclusion" in sports and "prioritize fairness for biological women in sport."[15] She further stated, "If Lia's in a competition, that means a woman is not. If Lia wins, that means a woman does not. If Lia goes to theNCAAs, that means a woman does not go to the NCAAs."[16]
During the 1984 Olympics, she missed winning a fifth medal by 7/100th of a second, when she suffered a bronchial spasm that led to a diagnosis ofasthma. After the initial disbelief, she accepted her condition and learned to monitor and control it.[17] From 1984 to 1996, Hogshead-Makar lectured around the world about asthma management.GlaxoSmithKline sponsored her as she spoke to over 100 groups each year across the US and internationally. Hogshead earned the title of National Spokesperson for theAmerican Lung Association. Hogshead authored the 1990 book,Asthma and Exercise, the first comprehensive book on the topic of asthma and sports. The book tells inspirational stories of athletes who learned to manage their condition.
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