| Nanchan Temple | |
|---|---|
 The Great Buddha Hall of Nanchan Temple | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Buddhism |
| Province | Shanxi |
| Location | |
| Location | Mount Wutai |
  Shown within Shanxi Show map of Shanxi Nanchan Temple (China) Show map of China | |
| Geographic coordinates | 38°42′04″N113°06′50″E / 38.70111°N 113.11389°E /38.70111; 113.11389 |
| Architecture | |
| Completed | 782 Tang dynasty |
Nanchan Temple (Chinese:南禪寺;pinyin:Nánchán Sì) is aBuddhist temple located near the town of Doucun onMount Wutai,Shanxi, China. Nanchan Temple was built in 782 during China'sTang dynasty, and its Great Buddha Hall is currently China'soldest preserved timber building extant, as wooden buildings are often prone to fire and various destruction. Not only is Nanchan Temple an important architectural site, but it also contains an original set of artistically important Tang sculptures dating from the period of its construction. Seventeen sculptures share the hall's interior space with a small stonepagoda.
According to an inscription on a beam, the Great Buddha Hall of Nanchan Temple was first built in 782 CE during theTang dynasty.[1] It escaped destruction during theBuddhist purges of 845, perhaps due to its isolated location in the mountains. Another inscription on a beam indicates that the hall was renovated in 1086 of theSong dynasty, and during that time all but four of the original squarecolumns were replaced with round columns.[2] In the 1950s, the building was rediscovered by architectural historians and, in 1961, was recognized as China's oldest standing timber-frame building. Just five years later in 1966, the building was damaged in anearthquake, and during the renovation period in the 1970s, historians got a chance to study the building piece by piece.[3]
As the oldest extant timber-frame building in China, the Great Buddha Hall is an important building in the understanding ofChinese architectural history. The humble building is a three bay square hall that is 10 metres (33 ft) deep and 11.75 metres (38.5 ft) across the front. The roof is supported by twelve pillars that are implanted directly into a brickfoundation. The hip-gable roof is supported by five-puzuo brackets. The hall does not contain any interior columns or a ceiling, nor are there any struts supporting the roof in between the columns. All of these features indicate that this is a low-status structure. The hall contains several features of Tang dynasty halls, including its longer central front bay, the use of camel-hump braces, and the presence of a yuetai.[3]
Along with nearbyFoguang Temple, Nanchan Temple contains original sculptures dating from the Tang dynasty. The hall contains seventeen statues and are lined up on an inverted U-shaped dais.[4] The largest statue is ofSakyamuni, placed in the center of the hall sitting cross-legged on a sumeru throne adorned with sculpted images of a lion and demigod. Above the large halo behind the statue are sculpted representations oflotus flowers, celestial beings and mythical birds. Flanking him on each side are attendantbodhisattvas with a knee placed on a lotus. A large statue ofSamantabhadra riding an elephant is at the far left of the hall and a large statue ofManjushri riding a lion is on the far left. There are also statues of two of Sakyamuni's disciples (Ānanda andMahākāśyapa), two statues of heavenly kings and four statues of attendants.[5] Of the seventeen original Tang statues, three of them were stolen in 1999 and have not been recovered (left and right side attendant bodhisattvas on lotus, an attendant statue leading the lion).
The Great Buddha Hall also contains one small carvedNorthern Wei stonepagoda that is five levels high. The first level is carved with a story about the Buddha, and each corner contains an additional small pagoda. Each side of the second level is carved with one large Buddha in the center, flanked with four smaller Buddhas on each side. The upper three levels have three carved Buddhas on each side.[6] The stone pagoda was stolen in 2011 and has not been recovered.
