| Namibian German | |
|---|---|
| Südwesterdeutsch | |
| Namsläng | |
| Native to | Namibia |
Indo-European
| |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Namibia |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
Namibia is a multilingual country in whichGerman is recognised as anational language. WhileEnglish has been the sole official language of the country since 1990, in many areas of the country, German enjoys official status at a community level.[1] A national variety of German is also known asNamdeutsch.
German is especially widely used in central and southern Namibia and was until 1990 one of three official languages in what was thenSouth West Africa, alongsideAfrikaans and English, two other Germanic languages in Namibia. German is the mother tongue ofGerman Namibians as well as older black speakers ofNamibian Black German andBlack Namibians who as children grew up in theGerman Democratic Republic (East Germany) during the last decades of theCold War. The German Namibian newspaperAllgemeine Zeitung on its website refers to 22,000 native speakers and of several hundred thousand who know German as a second or third language. German benefits from its similarity to Afrikaans and has a prominent position in the tourism and business sectors. Many Namibian natural features, place and street names have German names. However, Germanic linguistUlrich Ammon sees the future of German in Namibia as threatened.[2]
During the period when the territory was a German colony from 1884 to 1915, German was the only official language inGerman Southwest Africa, as Namibia was then known.Boers, i.e. South African whites who spoke Dutch (South African Dutch would later develop into Afrikaans) already lived in the country alongsideOrlam tribes and mixed-raceRehobothBasters.
South Africa took over administration of the country in 1915. However, German language privileges and education remained in place. In 1916 theAllgemeine Zeitung newspaper was founded under its original name ofDer Kriegsbote. After the end of the First World War the South African attitude to the German Namibians changed, and between 1919 and 1920 about half of the Germans were transferred out of the country. In 1920 Dutch (later to be superseded by Afrikaans) and English replaced German as the official languages of the country.
The German-speaking population wished German to be reinstated as an official language and in 1932 the Treaty of Cape Town encouraged South Africa to do so.[3] It was hoped that this would throw a spanner in the works against South Africa annexing South West Africa into the Union of South Africa. South Africa did not officially recognise German; however, de facto German was added to Afrikaans and English as a working language of the government. In 1984 German was officially added as an official language.
After independence in 1990, English became the sole official language of Namibia. Though German lost its official status, it continues to be used in everyday Namibian life.
About 31,000 Namibians speak German as a mother tongue, and several tens of thousands of Namibians, either white native speakers of English or Afrikaans or metropolitan black Namibians, speak German as a second language. German is taught in many schools, and is the medium for a daily newspaper, theAllgemeine Zeitung, as well as daily programming on theNamibian Broadcasting Corporation. Although German (and for that matter English) is not common as a mother tongue among the black population, a number of public servants especially in the tourism sector speak German to varying degrees.
However, there are many spheres in which the German language is not or barely present at all — spheres with a small number of white people, especially in the north part of the country, but also in many neighbourhoods of Windhoek.
German is used as a medium of communication in a wide range of cultural spheres:
In addition to 32 schools in which about 14,000 pupils learn German as a foreign language, there are about a dozen German-medium schools, including theDeutsche Höhere Privatschule Windhoek (DHPS), German schools inOmaruru andOtjiwarongo as well as five government schools. There are several additional elementary schools, German-medium high schools and a German-mediumGymnasium in Windhoek.
TheUniversity of Namibia also offers German medium education inGerman studies andbusiness administration.
Signs for shops, restaurants and services are often in English and German, reflecting not only a high proportion of German-Namibian ownership but also the high number of German-speaking tourists that visit the country. However, a customer entering such a shop may well be greeted in Afrikaans; relatively fewer signs are in Afrikaans but the language retains a leading position as a spoken lingua franca in Windhoek and throughout the central and southern parts of the country.
German is also found on signs for tourists, especially those to monuments and historic buildings from the German colonial period. Other signs that include German date back before 1990, when English, Afrikaans and German shared status as official languages of the country.
Unlike other parts of the world with large German immigration and large numbers of German place names, only few places had their name changed, for exampleLuhonono, the formerSchuckmannsburg.[5] Especially in the south, in the regions ofHardap andǁKaras, many place names are German or Afrikaans. Examples includeKeetmanshoop (after German industrialistJohann Keetman [de] and the Afrikaans word for "hope", andLüderitz, named after the German merchantAdolf Lüderitz.[6]
InWindhoek,Swakopmund,Keetmanshoop,Grootfontein andLüderitz many or most street names are German in origin, even though after 1990 many streets were renamed to honor black Namibian people, predominantly but not exclusively from the currently rulingSWAPO party. (See for exampleList of former Swakopmund street names). Streets named before 1990 often end in "Str.", the standard abbreviation in German forStraße, and in Afrikaans forstraat; streets renamed since 1990 often end in "St.", implying the English abbreviation for "Street".[7][8]
Many colonial buildings and structures have retained their original German names. Examples include Windhoek's castlesHeinitzburg,Schwerinsburg andSanderburg, Windhoek'sAlte Feste (Old Fortress) and theReiterdenkmal (Equestrian Statue) stored in its yard. Swakopmund also has many buildings still known by their German names, for instanceAltes Gefängnis (Old Prison).
The German language as spoken in Namibia is characterised by simplification and the adoption of many words fromAfrikaans,South African English, andOvambo and otherBantu languages. This variant of German is called variouslySüdwesterdeutsch (Germansüdwest, southwest, referring to the country's former name,South West Africa); while younger people also call itNamsläng (i.e. Namibian slang) orNamdeutsch.