Language family of Brazil
TheNambikwaran languages are alanguage family of half a dozen languages, all spoken in the state ofMato Grosso inBrazil . They have traditionally been considereddialects of a single language, but at least three of them are mutually unintelligible.
The varieties of Mamaindê are often seen as dialects of a single language but are treated as separate Northern Nambikwaran languages byEthnologue Nambikwara language has been described as having eleven.[ 1]
The total number of speakers is estimated to be about 1,000, with Nambikwara proper being 80% of that number.[ 2] monolingual but some young men speakPortuguese .[ 3] [ 4]
Price (1978) proposes a relationship withKanoê (Kapixaná), but this connection is not widely accepted.[ 5]
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with theAikanã ,Irantxe ,Itonama ,Kanoe ,Kwaza ,Peba-Yagua ,Arawak ,Bororo , andKarib language families due to contact.[ 6]
Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):[ 6]
(† = extinct)
Nambikwaran Sabane Nambikwara, Northern Nambikwara, Southern Below is a full list of Nambikwaran language varieties listed byLoukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[ 7]
Nambikwaran Eastern dialects Central dialects Western dialectsTauité /Tawite - spoken on theCamararé River , state of Mato Grosso.Uaintasú /Waintazú - spoken in Mato Grosso on the right bank of thePimenta Bueno River . (Unattested)Mamaindé - spoken on theCabixi River , state of Mato Grosso. (Unattested)Uamandiri - spoken between theCabixi River andCorumbiara River . (Unattested)Tauandé - spoken on theSão Francisco Bueno River , Mato Grosso. (Unattested)Malondeː - spoken in the same region but exact location unknown. (Unattested)Unetundeː - spoken on the upper course of theDúvida River . (Unattested)Tapóya - language of the same region, exact location unknown. (Unattested) Northern dialects Mason (1950) lists the following varieties under "Nambicuara proper":[ 8]
Nambikwaran NortheasternEastern: Cocozu Northeastern: Anunzé SouthwesternWestern: Tamaindé Central and SouthernUaintazu Kabishi Tagnani Tauité Taruté Tashuité Sabane is listed by Mason (1950) as "Pseudo-Nambicuara" (Northern).
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for various Nambikwaran languages.[ 7]
gloss Tauité Sabané Anunze Elotasu Kokozú Tagnaní Tamaindé Nene Tarundé one améro knakná kenáge etegenõ ganagidzyare banuré kanákero two baléne haːro searu dehaunõ bandyere lauré baʔãdo head ua-negetü dwa-haniːkin toa-nekisú ga-nakitú nuhi-naite nu-naite tongue tayú-hendü uai-lehrú año-heru toái-herú uai-hendé noio-hidnde nuiú-endé nui-edende hand toái-kizeː depibá uai-kizé dwa-hikisu toái-ikisú ua-hité nuhiː-hĩte nuna-noré woman akiːnaʔñazé dusé dosú temoreː ndenore tenoré denõ water ari uarazé iñausu unsazú narutundú nahirinde narundé náru sun utianezeː yóta ikidazé udiʔenikisu uterikisú chondí nahnde naneré maize guyakizeː kayátsu kayátsu giaté kaiate kiakinindé kiáteninde parrot anʔanzí kakaitezé ãhru áhlu aundaré aúndere bow arankizeː ukizé úkisu hukisú huté hute aindé white eːseːnanzeː pãte kuidisú han ahéndesu déʔende hanidzare haniʔna
Proto-Nambikwaran Proto-Nambiquara Reconstruction of Nambikwaran languages
Proto-Nambiquara reconstructions by Price (1978):[ 9]
Proto-Nambiquara reconstructions by Price (1978)
gloss Proto-Nambikwaran ‘maize, corn’ *ka³yat³ ‘tapir’ *hv³¹ũː¹m ‘moon’ *h'e³¹v³ ‘water (n)’ *na1pə̃³¹ ‘now’ *hi¹n ‘water’ *yaut³ ‘to tie’ *t'ait¹ ‘to walk’ *h'ai² ‘that’ *tei²l ‘here’ *tiː¹ ‘bow’ *pok'³ ‘wing’ *n'əi³C ‘to hit’ *su³l ‘to drink’ *naː² ‘animal’ *ha³no³la³ ‘mouth’ *youː² ‘good’ *məu³li⁴ ‘white’ *pãn³ ‘to play’ *ləuː²n ‘head’ *naik³ ‘hair’ *ĩć³ ‘dog’ *waiː³yvl³ ‘to fall’ *hi² ‘road’ *ha³tẽp³ ‘savannah’ *mãl³ ‘to sing’ *pain³ ‘grass’ *sit³ ‘meat’ *sĩn³ ‘house’ *s'ip³ ‘bark, shell’ *kv³ləu³ ‘to dig’ *'uh³ ‘sky’ *h'əu³p(an⁴) ‘to smell’ *nh'õn³ ‘horn’ *na³ ‘rain’ *ha³mə̃i³ ‘ashes’ *Cv³nõn³ ‘snake’ *t'ep³ ‘to scratch’ *kɨn² ‘to eat’ *yain³ ‘long’ *ləː² ‘heart’ *yv³lã¹k ‘string’ *ẽp³ ‘string’ *nu² ‘to run’ *hip³ ‘to chop’ *tau³ ‘child’ *mə̃ić³ ‘to give’ *õː¹ ‘to lie (down)’ *ć'aː¹ ‘tooth’ *wiː³ ‘day’ *lãn²ti³ ‘two’ *p'aː¹l(in¹) ‘to sleep’ *ha³mũ³n'i² ‘he’ *pai³ ‘his’ *na² ‘to rub’ *lɨ¹nɨ³ ‘to listen’ *ain³ ‘I’ *t'ai²l ‘my’ *t'a² ‘knife’ *yu³l ‘to speak’ *sɨ¹ ‘beans’ *ka³mat³ ‘liver’ *p'i⁴l ‘arrow’ *hauːt'¹ ‘flower’ *yãuć³ ‘fire’ *yat² ‘leaf’ *ha⁴ćeih³ ‘leaf’ *n'ãn'⁴ ‘cold’ *liː² ‘fog’ *wi³Ca² ‘tobacco’ *h'əić³ ‘fat’ *pa³nẽit¹ ‘man’ *en³t' ‘to swell’ *wa⁴kaː³n ‘knee’ *kat'³ ‘to throw’ *ta⁴naː¹m ‘there’ *ti⁴paː³t ‘firewood’ *(ha³)ne¹ ‘to clean’ *pəuː¹t ‘to clean’ *han³ ‘tongue’ *pəi³l ‘smooth’ *wa³suː³ ‘worm’ *yõ³yõ³C ‘far’ *uː²l ‘monkey’ *huć³ ‘mother’ *na²C ‘hand’ *pik'² ‘left hand’ *wãt³ ‘husband’ *wei³ćãi¹ ‘to kill’ *hãːn³ ‘forest’ *ća³w'əin³ ‘to bite’ *ĩː³m ‘woman’ *(ha³)t'eh³ ‘to swim’ *həup² ‘nose’ *a⁴miː³ć ‘night’ *ka³na³C ‘to see’ *ẽː²p ‘eye’ *ei³ka³ ‘jaguar’ *ya³na¹l ‘where’ *pai¹ ‘ear’ *n'a⁴ ‘bone’ *soh³ ‘egg’ *nau³ ‘father’ *wãi¹ ‘father’ *mĩː³n ‘bird’ *ai³k' ‘tree, stick’ *ha³piː³ć ‘foot’ *yu³k' ‘stone’ *t'a³pa³l ‘to hold’ *hi³ ‘breast’ *nũn⁴k ‘fish’ *h'ain³ ‘feather’ *w'əit¹ ‘little’ *ći³qi⁴hn ‘leg’ *nəi²k ‘heavy’ *sa³t'ei¹ ‘louse’ *ka³nãip¹ni³ ‘black’ *(ta³)ton³ ‘pull’ *sĩn³ćouː¹ ‘when’ *na³ ‘what’ *Ca¹tei² ‘to burn’ *thəp⁴ ‘hot’ *mãn² ‘round’ *ma³tũ³ma³tũn³ ‘straight’ *wain³ ‘to laugh’ *kãm³li¹ ‘spit’ *ka²sip¹ ‘dry season’ *ka³məi³kəu³n ‘dry’ *lon¹ ‘seed’ *kɨ⁴ ‘to sit’ *yauː² ‘dirty’ *n'aː¹ć'iː³ ‘fear’ *sup³l ‘earth’ *k'ĩp³ ‘earth’ *nu³ ‘crooked’ *ta³ko³ta³kon³ ‘guts’ *ka³nai¹ ‘one’ *ka³naː³ka⁴(nat³) ‘fingernail, claw’ *kai³l ‘achiote ’ *top³ ‘old’ *tĩn³ ‘wind’ *'it³ ‘green’ *sa³t'əiː³sa³i'əin³ ‘red’ *həi³n ‘to come’ *mãː² ‘to live’ *ka³t'en³ ‘to fly’ *h'in³ ‘you’ *w'ai²n ‘your’ *mã⁴ ‘to return’ *wam²l ‘to vomit’ *lop³
Costa, Januacele Francisca da; W. Leo M. Wetzels. 2008.Proto-Nambikwara Sound Structure . Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Araujo, G. A. (2004). A Grammar of Sabanê: A Nambikwaran Language. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. 94. Utrecht: LOT. Gomes, M. A. C. F. (1991). Dicionário Mamaindé-Português/Português-Mamaindé. Cuiabá: SIL. Kroeker, M. H. (1996). Dicionário escolar bilingüe Nambikuara-Português, Português-Nambikuara. Porto Velho: SIL. Price, D. P. (1978). The Nambiquara Linguistic Family. Anthropological Linguistics 20:14-37. ^ Campbell, Lyle (1997).American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America .Oxford ,United Kingdom :Oxford University Press .ISBN 0-19-509427-1 ^ Nambiquaran languages . Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2012-07-29.^ Kroeker, 2001 p. 1 ^ Ethnologue . Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2012-07-29.^ Price, David P. 1978. The Nambiquara linguistic family.Anthropological Linguistics 20 (1): 14–37. ^a b Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016.Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas University of Brasília . ^a b Loukotka, Čestmír (1968).Classification of South American Indian languages ^ Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.).Handbook of South American Indians . Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office:Smithsonian Institution ,Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157– 317.^ Price, D. (1978). The Nambiquara Linguistic Family. In Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 14-37. Published by: Trustees of Indiana University. Accessed fromDiACL , 9 February 2020.
