Nabakalebara also spelled asNavakalevara (Odia:ନବ କଳେବର) is the ritualistic recreation of the wooden icons of fourHindu deities (Jagannath,Balabhadra,Subhadra, andSudarshana) atJagannath Temple, Puri. The ritual is performed during the 8th, 12th, or 19th year after the previous Nabakalebara.

Nabakalebara is an important festival in the HinduOdia calendar, observed in the Jagannath Temple, Puri. It was first organised in 1575 A.D byBhoi KingRamachandra Deva, his eldest son Padmanava Pattanaika had first performed the Nabakalebera ritual in Barunei fort ofKhordhagarh.^[1] Deulakarana and Tadhaukarana subdivisions ofKaranas play an important part in this ritual as representatives ofGajapati Raja, they guard the temple premises with the special sword (Pata Khanda) of LordJagannath in their hands.^[2][3] It marks the symbolic demise and rebirth ofJagannath atPuri. The event involves installation of new images in the Jagannath temple and burial of the old ones in the temple premises at Koili Baikuntha.^[4][5][6]

Nabakalebara is a combination of two Odia words:naba (new) andkalebara (body),^[7] translated as "the change of one's physical form."

The year of Nabakalebara is when the full moon occurs twice during the month ofAshadha. Every three years in theHindu calendar, alunar month is excluded from the calculation to maintain a balance betweenlunar andsolar years. This period is calledAdhikmasa orMalamasa. A year with an extra month (अधिकमास orमलमास orपुरुषोत्तममास )is considered auspicious for the ceremony, which typically occurs every twelve to nineteen years. The three deities undergo the process of Nabakalebara in the year in which theadhikmasa falls.^[8] The deities are carved from a special type ofneem wood, known asdaru bramha. Preparations for the ceremony begin in the month ofChaitra. The most recent ceremony was in 2015, 19 years after the 1996 ceremony.^[9][10]Over three million devotees were expected to visit the temple during theNabakalebara 2015.^[11]

Jirna bera parityaga (Odia:ଜୀର୍ଣ୍ଣବେର ପରିତ୍ୟାଗ) means "the leaving of the olddeity and the consecration of the new". As a person puts on new garments and gives up the old, the soul accepts new material bodies and gives up old, useless ones. According to temple rituals, the deities are changed. Made from the neem tree,musk,sandalwood and other combinations, they undergo a change before theadhika ashadha ends.Agamashastras followed in other parts of India forVishnu worship, such as theVaikhanasas, also prescribe the change of wooden deities under a specificastrological combination. Deities made of stone or metal do not need to be changed (unless they are damaged), but wooden deities must be changed within a specific number of years and their power must be ritually transferred. Nabakalebar is about the transformation of the Puri temple and Odisha lords into a new body. The new wooden idols of Jagannath, Balabhadra, Subhadra and Sudarshan are welcomed to the temple in celebration. The old idols are ritually buried in Koili Baikuntha in accordance with century-old Odia scriptures.

The Nabakalebara 2015 began with the Bana Jaga Jatra in March. The Holy Darus were identified and brought to Puri.For details, see the separate Wikipedia article.

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Ordinary neem trees cannot be used to make the deities. For the identification of the tree, conditions and signs are taken into account.

Thedaru (log) of Sudarshan should have three branches. The skin (bark) of the neem tree should be reddish. The tree should have achakra (wheel) with a small depression in the middle. Thedaru ofBalabhadra should have seven branches. The bark of the tree should be light-brown or white. It should have the sign of a plow and pestle on it. Near the tree should be a heritage site and a graveyard. Thedaru ofSubhadra should have five branches, and its bark should be yellowish. There should be a lotus flower on the tree. Thedaru of Jagannath should have four main branches, and its bark should be dark. The tree should have aShankha and achakra on it. There should be a cremation ground and an anthill near the tree, and a snake hole at its roots. The tree should be near a river, pond, a three-way crossing or three mountains. There should not be birds' nests on the tree, and no bird should have perched on the tree. The tree should be surrounded by other trees, and there should be a temple toShiva in the vicinity. The tree should be free ofparasitic plants andcreepers.

The search group announces where the logs are located in order; the last is Jagannath's tree. Security is arranged by thegovernment of Odisha. The trees are ritually cut down, and the logs transported in small carts to the temple inPuri, where they are carved into deities. At midnight onChaturdashi, thetattvaPadārtha is transferred from the old deities to the new. This process happens in secrecy, all other servitors are removed from the temple premises except for the "Pati" and "Daitapati" servitors, Deula Karana and Tadhau Karana servitors of theKarana community also remain present in the temple premises along with Gajapati Maharaja as his representatives and guard the temple premises with their swords.^[12] The new deities are worshipped, and the old ones are buried in sand.

Rituals and mythology are attached to Nabakalebara. The procedure for the transformation of images was mentioned inSanskrit manuscripts, written on palm leaves and kept in the temple. The temple's three head priests are charged with reading and interpreting them.

The images of Jagannath must be made of wood. Since the deity is dark, the neem tree from which his image is carved should be dark also. The trees used for the images of his brother and sister are lighter in color, since his siblings are fair in complexion.

Jagannath's tree must have four principal branches, symbolizing the four arms ofNarayana. No branches are broken or cut. The tree must be located near a three-way intersection or surrounded by three mountains. A hermitage and a temple to Shiva must be nearby, and natural impressions of a conch-shell andchakra (wheel) must be on the trunk.

After the tree is felled, sections are selected for carving and the remainder is buried; the location is then considered sacred. The logs are placed in a wooden six-wheeled oxcart and transported to the temple, where they are kept in thekoili vaikuntha (koili means "burial ground", andvaikuntha means "heaven"); the old deities are buried, and the new ones made. After the transfer of essence, the old images are considered lifeless.

Carving of the images begins with the three oldest of the nine main wood carvers working on Jagannath. The images of Lord Balabhadra and Devi are simultaneously carved by two three-person teams. More than 50 carpenters assist the carvers. The work is done in secret, and not even the temple's head priest is allowed to visit the workplace. The carving enclosure is open on the top, but closed with strong doors. The carvers are not supposed to eat, drink or smoke in the enclosure. The carvings are completed in 21 days, during which the carvers are not supposed to leave the temple; they sleep in the temple courtyard, and eatmahaprasad. Devotional songs are sung bydevadasis, accompanied by temple musicians, outside thekoili vaikuntha during the carving period;shlokas from theVedas are chanted by Brahmin priests.

After the new deities are made they are brought into the temple's inner sanctum, they are placed in front of (and facing) the old ones. Nopuja is performed at this time, and no food is offered. The images are life-sized, and very heavy. The transformation ceremony takes place three days before the chariot festival.

At midnight, the old deities are carried out and buried in thekoili vaikuntha before dawn. Although the other deities have separate graves, the previous Jagannath deities are buried on top of each other.

On the morning of the second day, the new deities are seated on the altar. The temple's daily routine resumes after nearly 58 days (the search and carving periods). Sweet-smelling flower garlands and new garments are given to the new deities, food is offered, and apuja is performed; devotees can again enter the temple. On the third day, the new deities emerge from the temple for the chariot festival. Nabakalebara attracts millions of people from around the world to Puri, and is one of India's largest festivals.^[13][14]

• Bisara Mohanty

• Portal on Nabakalebara 2015
• Puri Nabakalebara 2015
• More about Nabakalebara 2015

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