Sino-Tibetan language spoken in China
For Bangni dialect of Arunachal Pradesh in India, see
Na dialect .
Na (orNarua ,Mosuo ) is a language of theNaish subbranch of theNaic group of theSino-Tibetan languages .
Yongning Na , which is spoken inYongning Township ,Ninglang County ,Lijiang ,Yunnan ,China , has been documented by Jacques and Michaud (2011).[ 2] It has three tonal levels.[ 3] A trilingual dictionary is available online.[ 4]
Lataddi Narua is notable for having only twotonal levels.[ 5]
/t, tʰ, d, n, l/ can be heard as [ʈ, ʈʰ, ɖ, ɳ, ɭ] when preceding vowel sounds /ɯ, u, v̩, ɤ, æ/. /p, pʰ, b, m, w/ can be heard as [ʙ̥, ʙ̥ʰ, ʙ, ɱ, v] when preceding vowel sounds /ɯ, u, v̩/. /ɣ/ can also be heard as uvular [ʁ] in word-initial position. /w, h/ is also heard as voiceless [w̥, x] in free variation. /n/ is heard as velar [ŋ] when before velar stops. [ʔ] is heard in initial position before vowels.[ 6] /ɯ/ can be heard as [ɨ] in syllable-initial position and as retroflex [ɻ̩] when after retroflex consonants.[ 7] Narua's default word order isagent–object–verb , although expression of all verb arguments is not obligatory.
Narua markssentence topics withjjo /dʑo˥/ after a topicalized clause or noun phrase.
^ Na atEthnologue (24th ed., 2021)^ Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011. "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages ."Diachronica 28:468-498. ^ Michaud, Alexis (2017).Tone in Yongning Na: Lexical tones and morphotonology . Studies in Diversity Linguistics. Berlin: Language Science Press.ISBN 978-3-946234-87-6 . ^ Michaud, Alexis; Latami, Dashilamu; Milan, Pascale-Marie; Galliot, Benjamin (2025).Na (Mosuo) – English – Chinese dictionary (version 2.1 ed.). France: Lexica. ^ Dobbs, Roselle, and La Mingqing. 2016 "The two-level tonal system of Lataddi Narua."Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area , Vol. 39:1 (2016), 67–104.doi :10.1075/ltba.39.1.04dob ^ Lidz, Liberty A. (2010).A Descriptive Grammar of Yongning Na (Mosuo) . University of Texas at Austin. ^ Zhenhong, Yang (2009).An overview of the Mosuo language . Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 32. pp. 1– 43. {{cite book }}: CS1 maint: location (link ) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link )
Official Regional
Indigenous
Minority Varieties of Chinese Creole/Mixed Extinct Sign GX = Guangxi HK = Hong Kong MC = Macau NM = Inner Mongolia XJ = Xinjiang XZ = Tibet