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Na language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sino-Tibetan language spoken in China
For Bangni dialect of Arunachal Pradesh in India, seeNa dialect.
Not to be confused withDorerin Naoero.
Na
Narua
Native toChina
RegionSichuan
EthnicityMosuo
Native speakers
47,000 (2010)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3nru
Glottologyong1270

Na (orNarua,Mosuo) is a language of theNaish subbranch of theNaic group of theSino-Tibetan languages.

Varieties

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Yongning Na, which is spoken inYongning Township,Ninglang County,Lijiang,Yunnan,China, has been documented by Jacques and Michaud (2011).[2] It has three tonal levels.[3] A trilingual dictionary is available online.[4]

Lataddi Narua is notable for having only twotonal levels.[5]

Phonology

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Consonants

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LabialAlveolarRetroflexAlveolo-
palatal
PalatalVelarUvularGlottal
Nasalmn(ɳ)ɲ(ŋ)
Stopvoicelesspt(ʈ)kq(ʔ)
aspirated(ʈʰ)
voicedbd(ɖ)ɡɢ
Affricatevoicelesst͡st͡ʂt͡ɕ
aspiratedt͡sʰt͡ʂʰt͡ɕʰ
voicedd͡zd͡ʐd͡ʑ
Fricativevoicelessfsʂɕ(x)h
voiced(v)zʐʑɣ(ʁ)
Lateralfricativeɬ
glidel(ɭ)
Approximantwj
  • /t, tʰ, d, n, l/ can be heard as [ʈ, ʈʰ, ɖ, ɳ, ɭ] when preceding vowel sounds /ɯ, u, v̩, ɤ, æ/.
  • /p, pʰ, b, m, w/ can be heard as [ʙ̥, ʙ̥ʰ, ʙ, ɱ, v] when preceding vowel sounds /ɯ, u, v̩/.
  • /ɣ/ can also be heard as uvular [ʁ] in word-initial position.
  • /w, h/ is also heard as voiceless [w̥, x] in free variation.
  • /n/ is heard as velar [ŋ] when before velar stops.
  • [ʔ] is heard in initial position before vowels.[6]

Vowels

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FrontCentralBack
Closeiɯu
Midɛəɤɔ
Openæ,æ̃ɑ
Syllabic
  • /ɯ/ can be heard as [ɨ] in syllable-initial position and as retroflex [ɻ̩] when after retroflex consonants.[7]

Grammar

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Syntax

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Narua's default word order isagent–object–verb, although expression of all verb arguments is not obligatory.

Narua markssentence topics withjjo/dʑo˥/ after a topicalized clause or noun phrase.

References

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  1. ^Na atEthnologue (24th ed., 2021)Closed access icon
  2. ^Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011. "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages."Diachronica 28:468-498.
  3. ^Michaud, Alexis (2017).Tone in Yongning Na: Lexical tones and morphotonology. Studies in Diversity Linguistics. Berlin: Language Science Press.ISBN 978-3-946234-87-6.
  4. ^Michaud, Alexis; Latami, Dashilamu; Milan, Pascale-Marie; Galliot, Benjamin (2025).Na (Mosuo) – English – Chinese dictionary (version 2.1 ed.). France: Lexica.
  5. ^Dobbs, Roselle, and La Mingqing. 2016 "The two-level tonal system of Lataddi Narua."Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, Vol. 39:1 (2016), 67–104.doi:10.1075/ltba.39.1.04dob
  6. ^Lidz, Liberty A. (2010).A Descriptive Grammar of Yongning Na (Mosuo). University of Texas at Austin.
  7. ^Zhenhong, Yang (2009).An overview of the Mosuo language. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 32. pp. 1–43.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Sino-Tibetan branches
WesternHimalayas (Himachal,
Uttarakhand,Nepal,Sikkim)
Greater Magaric
Map of Sino-Tibetan languages
EasternHimalayas
(Tibet,Bhutan,Arunachal)
Myanmar and Indo-
Burmese border
Naga
Sal
East andSoutheast Asia
Burmo-Qiangic
Dubious (possible
isolates,Arunachal)
Greater Siangic
Proposed groupings
Proto-languages
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
Na-Qiangic languages
Naic
Namuyi
Shixing
Naish
Ersuic
Qiangic
Qiang
Gyalrongic
East Gyalrongic
West Gyalrongic
Chamdo
Choyo
Muya
Pumi
Zhaba
Cross (†) anditalics indicateextinct languages.
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numerous
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Minority
Varieties of
Chinese
Creole/Mixed
Extinct
Sign
  • GX = Guangxi
  • HK = Hong Kong
  • MC = Macau
  • NM = Inner Mongolia
  • XJ = Xinjiang
  • XZ = Tibet
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