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NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions were mission-specific commemorativemedallions, oftenastronaut-designed, which were approved byNASA and carried aboard the mission spacecraft into orbit. Beginning with the first crewedGemini mission in 1965, commemorative medallions were prepared for the astronauts at their request. These were produced by a company only known as Fliteline and were struck either in a pewter-colored base metal, sometimes painted a gold color, orsterling silver, and were flown on all 10 crewed Gemini missions. A Fliteline medallion was designed and produced forApollo 1, but was never officially flown after a disastrouscabin fire during a launch rehearsal killed the flight crew.
The Robbins Company of Attleboro, Massachusetts, was contracted in 1968 to produce commemorative medallions beginning withApollo 7, the first crewed Apollo flight since the Apollo 1 disaster. These were purchased by astronauts and support crew personnel at NASA Astronaut Flight Office, and a total of over 3,000 sterling silver Robbins medallions were flown into space across the 12 crewed flights of the Apollo program. Some of these were later sold in public auction for up to $60,000. The basic elements of the medallion design are consistent throughout the 12 medallions in the series, with the main design element and the mission name on the obverse, mission dates on the reverse,primary flight crew names on either the obverse or reverse, and a serial number either on the lower reverse or on the rim. A very small number of Apollo Robbins medallions were also struck in 14k gold, generally ordered by the mission crew as a personal memento. Sterling silver Robbins medallions have continued to be struck for everycrewed NASAspaceflight, includingSkylab andSpace Shuttle missions.[1][nb 1]
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Numismatic souvenirs have accompanied astronauts on nearly every earlyspaceflight.[3]Mercury astronauts carried small light-weightmementos on their missions, often in the form of UScoins orbanknotes. On the firstsub-orbital flight (Mercury-Redstone 3),Alan Shepard carried with him four one-dollarsilver certificates which were subsequently signed by him, other Mercury astronauts, and support staff becomingshort snorters. A number ofMercury dimes were flown aboardMercury-Redstone 4 in 1961, being recovered with the capsule from the Atlantic Ocean in 1999.[4][5]John Glenn, piloting the first crewed U.S. orbital spaceflightMercury-Atlas 6 also carried several one-dollar silver certificates.
Space-flown numismatic items are also known for earlyGemini missions. On the first crewed Gemini flight (Gemini 3),Grissom andYoung brought 50 two-dollar bills.[6] Young also made history for smuggling "contraband" on board the flight, in the form of a corned-beef sandwich.[7][8][9]Other currencies have been taken to space as well; in 2014,Chris Hadfield made history with the first unveiling of a new currency design in space when he revealed the new design for theCanadian five-dollar note aboard theInternational Space Station.[10]
Beginning with the first crewed Gemini mission in March 1965, commemorative medallions were prepared for the astronauts at their request. It is unclear who prepared these early medallions, only that each individual box containing a medallion bore the word "Fliteline".[11] It is unknown how many gold and silver colored medallions were prepared for each mission, and how many were space-flown versus unflown. Fliteline medallions were prepared for each of the crewed Gemini flights, as well as the ill-fatedApollo 1 mission.
| Mission | Date[nb 3] | Medallion | Size | Provenance[nb 4] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| G03 | 1965-03-23 23 Mar 1965 |  | 26 mm (1.0 in) | Gordon Cooper[12] |
| G04 | 1965-06-03 3 Jun 1965 7 Jun 1965 |  | 25 mm (0.98 in) | Ed White[13] |
| G05 | 1965-08-21 21 Aug 1965 29 Aug 1965 |  | 25 mm (0.98 in) | Not reported[14] |
| G06 | 1965-12-15 15 Dec 1965 16 Dec 1965 |  | 25 mm (0.98 in) | Wally Schirra[15] |
| G07 | 1965-12-04 4 Dec 1965 18 Dec 1965 |  | 25 mm (0.98 in) | Frank Borman to Joe Garino[16][17] |
| G08 | 1966-03-16 16 Mar 1966 17 Mar 1966 |  | 25 mm (0.98 in) | David Scott to Joe Garino[17][18] |
| G09 | 1966-06-03 3 Jun 1966 6 Jun 1966 |  | 30 mm × 20 mm (1.18 in × 0.79 in) | Gene Cernan[19] |
| G10 | 1966-07-18 18 Jul 1966 21 Jul 1966 |  | 25 mm (0.98 in) | John Young[20] |
| G11 | 1966-09-12 12 Sep 1966 15 Sep 1966 |  | 20 mm × 30 mm (0.79 in × 1.18 in) | Jack Lousma[21] |
| G12 | 1966-11-11 11 Nov 1966 15 Nov 1966 |  | 25 mm (0.98 in) | Jim Lovell to Joe Garino[17][22] |
The Robbins Company was founded in 1892 by jeweler Charles M. Robbins, inAttleboro, Massachusetts.[23] They began designing and producing commemorative badges for Ohio in 1913,[24] and South Dakota in 1917.[25] In 1935, the first 1,000 badges of a new design for theFederal Bureau of Investigation were produced by Robbins.[26] The Robbins Company also struck theOlympic medals for the1932 Winter Games inLake Placid,New York.[23]
The Apollo 1 cabin fire in January 1967 put crewed spaceflight on hold. The crew ofApollo 7, designated to be the return to crewed spaceflight, began working with the Robbins Company later in 1967 to produce commemorative mission medallions.[11][27] Commissioned by the NASAAstronaut Flight Office (AFO), the medallions were financed entirely through the orders placed by astronauts and support crew personnel.[27][28] Only those directly affiliated with the AFO were eligible as purchasers,[29] and they were bound by their employment contract not to commercialize the medallions,[30] as NASA was concerned about any appearance that the astronauts might profit from the flown medallions.[31]
One (or more) of the astronauts from the flight crew worked directly with the Robbins Company to design the mission medallion.[27] The basic elements of the medallion design are consistent throughout the Project Apollo series. The main design element along with the mission name is located on the obverse. The names of the flight crew can be found on either the obverse or reverse. The mission dates are located on the reverse. Beginning with Apollo 11, special fields were designed for the reverse of the medallion that allowed for engraved dates of launch, lunar landing, and return. Also on the reverse (or sometimes the edge) is the medallion serial number. The size of most Robbins Apollo medallions falls roughly between a current USquarter (24.3 mm (0.96 in)) and aKennedy half dollar (30.6 mm (1.20 in)).
The medallions were struck in sterling silver two to three months prior to the scheduled mission, though it is unclear whether serial numbers were added pre or post-flight.[31] The medallions were stored in theCommand Service Module during flight and on missions involving a lunar landing, a small number were brought to the lunar surface aboard theLunar Module.[31] The flown medallions were returned to the Robbins Company after the flight to have the dates engraved and for a final polishing.[31] Except where noted, all medallions struck for Apollo 7–14 were flown,[32] and serial numbers for Apollo 14–17 medallions appear on the rim.[33]
For Apollo 13 due to the accident during the mission and the last minute crew change of Jack Swigert replacing Ken Mattingly three days prior to launch, the Apollo 13 Robbins medallions flown aboard the mission were melted down and reminted after the mission to reflect the correct crew, and the absence of a lunar landing date.[34]
Apollo Robbins medallions were also struck, in very small numbers, in14k gold.[35][nb 5] These medallions were generally ordered by the mission crew as a personal memento of their flight and were often taken to the lunar surface in the Landing Module.[37] For the duration of the Apollo program, Robbins medallions (3–7 gold and 80–450 silver per mission) were flown into space.[11][36][38]
| Mission | Date[nb 3] | Medallion | No. flown (struck) [nb 7] | Size | Design | Provenance[nb 4] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A01 | .jpg) | 008 8 (unk) | 31 mm (1.2 in) | Unknown | [nb 9] | |
| A07 | 1968-10-11 11 Oct 1968 22 Oct 1968 | .jpg) | 255 255 [nb 10] | 32 mm (1.3 in) | Walter Cunningham[41] | Rusty Schweickart[42] |
| A08 | 1968-12-21 21 Dec 1968 27 Dec 1968 | .jpg) | 300 300 | 38 mm × 30 mm (1.5 in × 1.2 in) | Jim Lovell[43] | Rusty Schweickart[44] |
| A09 | 1969-03-03 3 Mar 1969 13 Mar 1969 | .jpg) | 350 350 | 25 mm (0.98 in) | McDivitt,Scott,Schweickart[45] | Jim McDivitt (Crew Commander), presented toWally Schirra[46] |
| A10 | 1969-05-18 18 May 1969 26 May 1969 | .jpg) | 300 300 | 29 mm × 31 mm (1.1 in × 1.2 in) | Stafford,Young,Cernan[47] | Rusty Schweickart[48] |
| A11 | 1969-07-16 16 Jul 1969 20 Jul 1969 24 Jul 1969 | | 440 | 28 mm (1.1 in) | Michael Collins[49] | Neil Armstrong (Crew Commander), presented toWally Schirra[50] |
| A12 | 1969-11-14 14 Nov 1969 19 Nov 1969 24 Nov 1969 | .jpg) | 262 262 [nb 12] | 32 mm (1.3 in) | Unknown[52] | Pete Conrad (Crew Commander), presented toJim Rathmann[53] |
| A13 | 1970-04-11 11 Apr 1970 abort 17 Apr 1970 | .jpg) | 400 400 [nb 13] | 32 mm (1.3 in) | Apollo 13 crew withLumen Martin Winter[55] | Rusty Schweickart[56] |
| A14 | 1971-01-31 31 Jan 1971 5 Feb 1971 9 Feb 1971 | .jpg) | 303 303 | 35 mm × 30 mm (1.4 in × 1.2 in) | Apollo 14 crew with Jean Beaulieu[57][nb 14] | Rusty Schweickart[58] |
| A15 | 1971-07-26 26 Jul 1971 30 Jul 1971 7 Aug 1971 | .jpg) | 127 | 35 mm (1.4 in) | Based on a design byEmilio Pucci[61] | Rusty Schweickart[62] |
| A16 | 1972-04-16 16 Apr 1972 20 Apr 1972 27 Apr 1972 | .jpg) | 098 98 (300) | 35 mm (1.4 in) | Apollo 16 crew with Barbara Matelski[63][nb 17] | John Young (Crew Commander)[64] |
| A17 | 1972-12-07 7 Dec 1972 11 Dec 1972 19 Dec 1972 | .jpg) | 080 80 (300) | 35 mm (1.4 in) | Apollo 17 crew[65] | Unknown |
| AS | 1975-07-15 15 Jul 1975 24 Jul 1975 |  | 093 93 (192) | 35 mm (1.4 in) | Unknown | Rusty Schweickart[66] |
Despite the NASA prohibition on commercializing the medallions, since 1995 there have been over 500 internet or live auction appearances of Apollo mission Robbins medallions.[67] Two auction companies account for a majority of the sales:Heritage Auctions (over 200 since 2007)[68] andRR Auction (over 100 since 2011).[69] Between both auction companies, the top 10 prices realized range from US$30,000 to nearly $62,000, all for sterling silver medallions from either Apollo 11 or Apollo 17.[70][71] A gold Robbins medallion from the Apollo 11 mission that belonged to astronaut Neil Armstrong sold for over $2 million in July 2019.[72]
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