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The central and easternAlps of Europe are rich infolklore traditions dating back to pre-Christian times, with surviving elements originating fromGermanic,Gaulish (Gallo-Roman),Slavic (Carantanian) andRaetian culture.[citation needed]
Ancient customs survived in therural parts ofAustria,Switzerland,Bavaria,Slovenia, western and northernCroatia and north easternItaly in the form ofdance,art, processions,rituals andgames. The high regional diversity results from the mutual isolation of Alpine communities. In the Alps, the relationship between theRoman Catholic Church and paganism has been an ambivalent one. While some customs survived only in the remotevalleys inaccessible to the church's influence, other customs were actively assimilated over the centuries. In light of the dwindling rural population of the Alps, many customs have evolved into more modern interpretations.[citation needed]
Around September 8, the feast of the Nativity of Mary, it is customary to bring the cattle down from theupland pastures for the winter. In Bavaria, women weave fir wreaths decorated with paper roses and small mirrors to ward off demons during the downhill journey. It has been suggested that this may have been derived from end-of-summer festivals for the Germanic goddessIðunn; however, it is also appropriate that shepherds would have come down from the alps on the feast of the birth of Mary asSaint Joachim did on hearing it heralded by an angel while sheltering among Jewish shepherds.[1]
The wordKrampus originates from theOld High German word forclaw (Krampen). In the Alpine regions, the Krampus is a mythical horned figure represented asaccompanying Saint Nicholas. Krampus acts as an anti–Saint Nicholas, who, instead of giving gifts to good children, gives warnings and punishments to the bad children.[2] Traditionally, young men dress up as the Krampus in the first two weeks of December, particularly in the evening of December 5, and roam the streets frightening children and women with rusty chains, hammers and bells. This figure is believed to originate from stories ofhouse spirits such askobolds orelves.
Originally, the wordPerchten (plural ofPerchta) referred to the female masks representing the entourage of an ancientgoddess,Frau Perchta, orPehta Baba as it is known in Slovenia. Some claim a connection to theNordic goddessFreyja, though this is uncertain. Traditionally, the masks were displayed in processions (Perchtenlauf) during the last week of December and first week of January, and particularly on January 6. The costume consists of a brown wooden mask and brown or white sheep's skin. In recent times Krampus and Perchten have increasingly been displayed in a single event, leading to a loss of distinction of the two. Perchten are associated withmidwinter and the embodiment offate and thesouls of the dead. The name originates from the Old High German wordperaht ("brilliant" or "bright").
Sometimes,der Teufel is viewed to be the mostschiach ("ugly")Percht (masculine singular ofPerchten) andFrau Perchta to be the mostschön ("beautiful")Perchtin (female singular ofPerchten).
Chalandamarz is an ancient festival celebrated by theRomansh speaking part of the Swiss CantonGraubünden. It is celebrated on the first of March and marks the end of winter and the arrival of spring. Its object is to scare away the evil spirits of winter and wake up the good spirits of spring.[3]
TheBadalisc is a "good" mythological animal who lives in the woods of Andrista, inVal Camonica,Italy. During an annual town festival someone dresses up as the creature and is "captured" and brought to the town. The animal is made to tell the people of the town gossip. At the end of the festival the creature is released until the next year's ceremony.[4]
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