 |
| Part ofa series on the |
| Culture of Somalia |
|---|
| Culture |
| People |
| Religion |
| Language |
| Politics |
Mass media inSomalia includes various radio, television, print and internet outlets. The federal government operates two official radio and TV networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. In February 2013, theMinistry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication also launched a broad-based consultative process for the reformation of media legislation.
The first radio communications were started by the Italians in Mogadishu[1] in the late 1950s: the sameGuglielmo Marconi supervised the radio station messages in the capital ofItalian Somalia, that were the first in allAfrica.[2] Successively a public "radio service" was started (in Italian language) in 1938,[3] but was limited to broadcast only in the area of Mogadishu-Genale-Villabbruzzi.
Radio Mogadishu is the federal government-run public broadcaster. Established in 1951 inItalian Somaliland as a follow-up of the "Radio Mogadiscio", it initially aired news items in bothSomali andItalian.[4] The station was later modernized withRussian assistance following independence in 1960, and began offering home service in Somali,Amharic andOromo.[5] After closing down operations in the early 1990s due to the civil war, the broadcaster was officially re-opened in August 2001 by theTransitional National Government.[6]
Actually there are a number of radio news agencies based in Somalia.[7] Radio is the most important and effective communication channel in the country and the most popular type of mass media.[8] In total, about one short-wave and over ten private FM radio stations broadcast from the capital, with several radio stations airing from the central and southern regions and from Puntland.[7] Most radio stations in Somalia are members of Network 2013, an association of local radio stations and a forum for national media leaders.[9]
Other radio stations headquartered in Mogadishu include Ugbaad MediaMustaqbal Radio,[10]Radio Shabelle, Ugbaad Media Radio Bar-Kulan,[11] Radio Kulmiye,[12] Radio Dannan,[13] Radio Dalsan,[14] Radio Banadir,[15] Radio Maanta,[16] Gool FM,[17] Radio Xurmo,[18] and Radio Xamar, also known as Voice of Democracy.[19]
Radio stations of south central Somalia include Radio Dhusamareb, Radio Codka Nabada/Radio Abud-Waq, Codka Mudug,[20] Radio Hobyo,[21] Radio Galguduud, and Codka Gobollada Dhexe (Voice of Central Somalia).[8]
The northeasternPuntland region has over a dozen private radio stations.Radio Garowe is based inGarowe, the state's administrative capital. Radio Daljir is Puntland's largest radio station.[22] With a studio in Garowe and its main headquarters inBosaso, the commercial capital of Puntland, the broadcaster's network of 7 FM transmitters reaches most of Puntland as well as part of the neighboringGalmudug region to the south. Also centered in Bosaso with its studios in Garowe is theSomali Broadcasting Corporation, Puntland's oldest and second largest private radio station. In addition,Horseed Radio, Al Xigma, and One Nation Radio have headquarters in Bosaso.[23]Radio Gaalkacyo, formerly known as Radio Free Somalia, operates fromGalkayo in the north-centralMudug province, as does Codka Nabada (Voice of Peace),[24] and Radio Hage.[8] Other radio stations broadcasting from Puntland include Radio Hikma, Radio Badhan and Somali Public Radio.[25]
Additionally, theSomaliland region in the northwest has one government-operated radio station,Radio Hargeisa (Radio Somaliland). Established in 1943 in the formerBritish Somaliland protectorate as the first Somali language station,[26] it broadcasts mostly in Somali but also features news bulletins in Amharic,Arabic andEnglish.[8]
As of 2007, transmissions for two internationally based broadcasters were available.[7]
| Station | Language | Establishment | Hub | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Horseed Media | Somali,English | 2008 | Bosaso | [[astaanAstaansan.com san]] | Somali | established 2021 | Mogadishu |
| Puntland TV and Radio | Somali | 2013 | Garowe | ||||
| Radio Gaalkacyo | Somali,English | 1993 | Galkayo | ||||
| Radio Garowe | Somali | 2004 | Garowe | ||||
| Mustaqbal Radio | Somali | March 15, 2012 | Mogadishu | ||||
| Radio Dalsan | SomaliEnglish | April 01, 2012 | Mogadishu | ||||
| Risaala Radio | Somali | April 24, 2011 | Mogadishu | ||||
| Goobjoog FM | Somali,English | 2012 | Mogadishu | ||||
| Radio Shabelle | Somali,English | 2002 | Mogadishu | ||||
| SBC Radio | Somali,Arabic,English | 2001 | Bosaso | ||||
| Som Production | Somali | 2019 | Mogadishu | ||||
| Star FM Radio | Somali | 2005 | Mogadishu | ||||
| Radio Hiddo | Somali | 2015 | Mogadishu |
Somalia has one official government-run television station in addition to a number of private networks.[7] The Mogadishu-basedSomali National Television (SNTV) is the central government-owned broadcaster. On April 4, 2011, the Ministry of Information of theTransitional Federal Government officially re-launched the station as part of an initiative to develop the national telecommunications sector.[27] SNTV broadcasts 24 hours a day, and can be viewed both within Somalia and abroad via terrestrial and satellite platforms.[28] The Somaliland region also has one local government-operated TV channel,Somaliland National TV (SLNTV), which broadcasts from the provincial capital ofHargeisa.[29]Puntland TV and Radio likewise airs from Garowe.[30]
The private stationsEastern Television Network (ETN TV) andSomali Broadcasting Corporation (SBC TV) broadcast fromBosaso, Puntland's commercial hub.[23]Horn Cable Television (HCTV),[31] as well as Somaliland Space Channel air from Hargeisa.[32]
Two private channel re-broadcasts ofAl-Jazeera andCNN are also available.[7]
There are likewise several Somali-owned private television stations headquartered abroad, which broadcast to Somalia. Among these are Somali TV ofMinnesota,[33] andDalmar TV ofColumbus, Ohio.[34]Universal TV airs fromLondon, and is the first and largest Somali television satellite network of its type.[35] Royal TV and Somali Channel TV also broadcast to Somalia from their UK studios.[36][37]
Historically the first newspapers in Somalia were printed inItalian Mogadishu in the 1930s, like the "Il Littoriale".[38] AfterWorld War II was started the newspaper "Corriere della Somalia" inItalian &English,[39] that was the main newspaper in Somalia even during the ItalianTrust Territory of Somaliland when was printed in Italian with a few pages inArabic.[40]
During the Barre regime from 1969 to 1991 there were up to five newspapers in the country. The press was at the time strictly regulated and there was very little press freedom. The newspapers were Xiddigta Oktoobar (Somali language, government owned), Najmatu Oktober (Arabic language, government owned), Heegan (English language, government owned), Ogaal (Somali language, owned by ruling party), Aldaleeca (Arabic language, privately owned)[41]
At the start of the civil war all of the established newspapers collapsed together with TV and Radio channels. In the vacuum many new newspapers appeared, but many of them were connected to the fighting factions and warlords and have been seen as biased and sometimes low quality.[42]
In the early 2000s, print media in Somalia reached a peak in activity. Around 50 newspapers were published in Mogadishu alone during this period, including Qaran, Mogadishu Times, Sana'a, Shabelle Press, Ayaamaha, Mandeeq, Sky Sport, Goal, The Nation, Dalka, Panorama, Aayaha Nolosha, Codka Xurriyadda and Xiddigta Maanta.
In 2003, as new free electronic media outlets started to proliferate, advertisers increasingly began switching over from print ads to radio and online commercials in order to reach more customers. A number of the broadsheets in circulation subsequently closed down operations, as they were no longer able to cover printing costs in the face of the electronic revolution. In 2012, the political Xog Doon and Xog Ogaal and Horyaal Sports were reportedly the last remaining newspapers printed in the capital.
However, according to Issa Farah, a former editor with the Dalka broadsheet, newspaper publishing in Somalia is likely to experience a resurgence if the National Somali Printing Press is re-opened and the sector is given adequate public support.[43]
Online news outlets covering Somalia's regions includes WardheerNews,[44]Dulqaadka News Jamhuria,[45]Keydmedia Online,[46] Puntlandi,[47] Hiiraan Online,[48] Jowhar Online,[49] Bar-Kulan,[50] Saxafi Media News,[51] Waheen Media Group,[52] Dillapress,[53] JubbaLand News,[54] Somali Channel,[55] Somali Inside News,[56] SomaliPost,[57] Goobjoog,[58] and Raxanreeb Online.[59] Since 2022, there is alsoBilan Media, a Somali newspaper composed exclusively of women, founded in 2020 with the support of theUnited Nations Development Programme.[60]
| Newspaper | Language | Establishment | Hub |
|---|---|---|---|
| AllSBC | Somali | – | Bosaso |
| Dalmar Press | Somali | 2006– | Mogadishu |
| Dillapress | Somali,Arabic,English | 2009 | Dilla |
| Geeska Afrika | Somali,English | 2003 | Hargeisa |
| Dawan Tribune | Somali,Arabic,English | 2000 | Hargeisa |
| Garowe Online | Somali,English | 2004 | Garowe |
| Horseed Media | Somali,English | 2002 | Bosaso |
| Mareeg Media | Somali,English | 2002 (2019) | Mogadishu |
| Ogaal Newspaper | Somali,English | 2005 | Hargeisa |
| Puntland Post | Somali,English | 2001 | Garowe |
| Somali Posts | English | 2020 | Mogadishu |
| Somali Inside News | English | 2024 | Mogadishu |
| Radio Mogadishu | Somali,Arabic,English | 2011 | Mogadishu |
| Shabelle Media Network | Somali,English | 2002 | Mogadishu |
After the collapse of the central government and the start of thecivil war in the early 1990s, media in Somalia was essentially unregulated. Journalists had unrestricted freedom to write and publish stories without editorial oversight, and many took an active role in the conflict'spropaganda battle.[61] The National Union of Somali Journalists was formed in 2002, in response to an attempt by the short-livedTransitional National Government to re-establish regulation over the industry through what NUSOJ characterized as a "repressive" media law.[62]
On March 22, 2012, the Somali Cabinet unanimously approved the National Communications Act, which paves the way for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors. The bill was passed following consultations between government representatives and communications, academic and civil society stakeholders. According to theMinistry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication, the Act is expected to create an environment conducive to investment and the certainty it provides will encourage further infrastructural development, resulting in more efficient service delivery.[63]
On August 1, 2012, a new Provisional Constitution was adopted, which includes several statutes related to the media profession. Article 16 of the supreme law assures freedom of association, with the related Articles 20, 21 and 23 guaranteeing freedom of assembly, demonstration, protest and petition, freedom of movement and residence, and freedom of trade, occupation and profession, respectively. Article 24 governs labour relations, including the right to form, join and participate in labour unions, to engage in collective bargaining, to receive protection from discrimination, harassment and segregation in the workplace, and the right to strike. Article 18 specifically pertains to freedom of expression and opinions for media workers, among others:[64]
(1) Every person has the right to have and express their opinions and to receive and impart their opinion, information and ideas in any way.
(2) Freedom of expression includes freedom of speech, and freedom of the media, including all forms of electronic and web-based media.
(3) Every person has the right to freely express their artistic creativity, knowledge, and information gathered through research.
In February 2013, Prime MinisterAbdi Farah Shirdon launched an Independent Task Force on Human Rights in order to firm up on the protection of individual rights. The 13-member committee of volunteers was formed after extensive consultations with civil society groups and the Speaker of Parliament,Mohamed Osman Jawari. Chaired by prominent human rights attorney Maryam Yusuf Sheikh Ali, one of four women on the panel, the Task Force includes a media representative, an educator, peace activist, leaders of Somali women's organizations, senior police officers, a humanitarian campaigner, and a religious leader. It is tasked with investigating allegations of journalist intimidation and violence. At the end of its three-month mandate, the committee is scheduled to publish a report on its findings and recommended courses of action. The Task Force will eventually give way to a permanent parliamentary Human Rights Commission, which will have the capacity to investigate allegations over a longer period.[65]
In February 2013, the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication announced that the government was opening the 2007 Somali media law for consultation. The bill had been passed by the formerTransitional Federal Parliament, with little input from members of the press vis-a-vis media operation and journalistic professional standards.[66] In an effort at reform, the ministry organized two workshops on Communication and Media to collect advice from local journalists on the drafting of a new Somali media law,[67] including a February 18, 2013 gathering in Mogadishu that was attended by 45 media stakeholders.[66] Several additional workshops were conducted by the National Union of Somali Journalists, after which point reporters chose a panel of media representatives to present the assembled feedback at a later conference scheduled for March 21, 2013. Also overseen by the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication, the consultative meeting was held at theAden Adde International Airport and attended by over 30 Somali media organizations, international media law experts, publishers and NGOs. It concluded with a series of recommendations for the drafting of inclusive media legislation consistent with international best practices.[67]
On 1 September 2014, in a meeting chaired by Prime MinisterAbdiweli Sheikh Ahmed, the Federal Cabinet approved the new Draft Media Bill.[68] The legislation was welcomed by theNational Union of Somali Journalists and other local media groups, who urged public institutions to adhere to the bill once implemented. Among other clauses, the new law proposes the establishment of an Independent Media Council.[69] According to Minister of InformationMustaf Ali Duhulow, after having consulted with Somali journalists and directors, the media bill was put before the Federal Parliament for deliberation during its fifth legislative session.[68]
Annotated directory
