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| Musa Çelebi | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
_-_Bildnis_des_Sultans_Moise_-_2238_-_Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections.jpg) | |||||
| Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (de facto) | |||||
| Reign | 17 February 1411[1] − 5 July 1413 | ||||
| Predecessor | Süleyman Çelebi (de facto) | ||||
| Successor | Mehmed I | ||||
| Died | (1413-07-05)5 July 1413 Çamurlu (nearSamokov) | ||||
| Burial | Bayezid I Mosque,Bursa, Turkey | ||||
| Spouse | Arina of Wallachia Unnamed daughter ofCarlo I Tocco | ||||
| |||||
| Father | Bayezid I | ||||
| Mother | Devletşah Hatun | ||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||
Musa Çelebi (fl. 1402 – 5 July 1413) was anOttoman prince and a co-ruler of theempire for three years during theOttoman Interregnum.
Musa was one of the sons ofBayezid I, the fourth Ottoman sultan.[2] His mother wasDevletşah Hatun.[3] After theBattle of Ankara, in which Bayezid I was defeated byTamerlane, he returned to the Ottoman Empire,which was now in turmoil, and tried to access the throne inBursa, theAnatolian capital of the empire in 1403. However, three of his brothers were also claimants to the Ottoman throne:İsa Çelebi inBalıkesir andMehmed Çelebi inAmasya (both in the Anatolian portion of the empire),Süleyman Çelebi inEdirne, theRumeli (European) capital. (the Ottoman Empire at the time had two capitals, since the decliningByzantine Empire inConstantinople separated the two parts of the Ottoman lands).
İsa defeated Musa and captured Bursa. Musa took refuge inGermiyanid territory, where he waited for a suitable moment to try again. In 1406, Mehmed, who had defeated İsa, became the sole ruler of the Anatolian portion of the empire, but he was no match for Süleyman of the Rumeli (European) portion. Mehmed and Musa met inKırşehir in central Anatolia and formed an alliance against Süleyman.[4][2] Most of thebeyliks in Anatolia also supported this alliance. According to the terms of the alliance, Musa was transferred to the European part over theBlack Sea where he allied himself withMircea ofWallachia. Süleyman now had to fight on two fronts, against Mehmed in Anatolia and against Musa in Europe. This strategy was partially successful, as Süleyman gave up his hopes to conquer the Anatolian portion of the empire. However, he was able to defeat Musa at the battles ofKosmidion andEdirne. Despite his defeat, Musa continued with hit-and-run tactics against Süleyman up until 1410. Meanwhile, Süleyman had lost most of his previous allies due to his uncontrollable temper. In 1411, Musa's tactics finally gave victory and he capturedEdirne. The defeated Süleyman, while attempting to escape into Byzantine territories, was killed by villagers on 18 February 1411, and Musa found himself as the co-sultan of the empire.[5][2]
The details of the previous Mehmed–Musa alliance are not clear. Musa declared himself the sultan of the European portion of the empire, while Mehmed viewed Musa as hisvassal. Musa besieged ByzantineConstantinople (modernIstanbul) as retribution forManuel II Palaiologos's support for Süleyman during the previous battles between Musa and Süleyman.Manuel II Palaiologos turned to Mehmed for support, who betrayed Musa and set up a new alliance between himself and the Byzantines against Musa.
In 1411 and in 1412, Mehmed's forces clashed with Musa's, and in both cases Mehmed was defeated. In 1413, Mehmed gained the support ofSerbian monarchStefan Lazarević and the bey of the TurkishDulkadirids, as well as some of the generals in Musa's army. He defeated Musa's forces in theBattle of Çamurlu near Samaku (todaySamokov,Bulgaria).[4] Injured and trying to escape, Musa was spotted and killed on 5 July 1413.[6][2]
Musa's death ended the Ottoman Interregnum. His brother Mehmed Çelebi becameSultan Mehmed I. However, in 1416,Sheikh Bedreddin, one of Musa's former allies (chief military judge, thekazasker), led an unsuccessful revolt against Mehmed I.[7] Other events that may be viewed as the continuation of the interregnum were the two rebellions ofMustafa Çelebi, another one ofBayazid's sons who had been hiding in Anatolia. Mustafa was a fifth claimant to throne and he fought against both his brotherMehmed I in 1416 and his nephewMurad II in 1421 unsuccessfully.
Musa married two times:
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