TheMunich school (Greek:Σχολή του Μονάχου) is a group ofpainters who worked inMunich or were trained at theRoyal Academy of Fine Arts of Munich (German:Münchner Akademie der Bildenden Künste) between 1850 and 1918. In the second half of the 19th century the Academy became one of the most important institutions in Europe for training artists and attracted students from across Europe and theUnited States.[1]
Munich was an important center of painting and visual art in the period between 1850 and 1914. The mid-century movement away from theRomanticism and emphasis onfresco painting of the earlier Munich school was led byKarl von Piloty, who was a professor at the Munich Academy from 1856 and became its director in 1874.[2] Piloty's approach tohistory painting was influenced by the French academicianPaul Delaroche, and by the painterly colorism ofRubens and theVenetians.[2]Besides Piloty, other influential teachers at the Academy wereWilhelm von Diez (1839–1907),Wilhelm von Kaulbach,Arthur von Ramberg[3] andNikolaos Gyzis.
Artists of the Munich school includeAnton Braith,Alfred Kowalski,Hans Makart,Gabriel Max,Victor Müller,Fritz Osswald,Franz von Lenbach,Friedrich Kaulbach,Wilhelm Leibl,Wilhelm Trübner, and the genre paintersFranz Defregger,Eduard von Grützner,Hermann von Kaulbach andMiroslav Kraljević.
The last generation of students of the Munich school included nearly all the major figures of the German avantgarde, such asLovis Corinth,Ernst Oppler,Vassily Kandinsky,Paul Klee andFranz Marc.
There were notable schools of Munich-trained painters active outside of Germany. The formative influence of teachers and examples of the Munich school shaped the academic naturalism in many European countries, e.g. theGreek academic art of the 19th century. Due to the historical affinity between Bavaria and Greece—PrinceOtto I was from 1832 to 1862 the first King of Greece—many Greek artists were trained in Munich. TheMunich school in Greek art is the most important artistic movement ofGreek Art in the 19th century with strong influences from the Academy of Munich.[4] Among the leading artists of this school wereKonstantinos Volanakis,Georgios Roilos,Nikolaos Gyzis,Polychronis Lembesis,Nikolaos Vokos,Nikiphoros Lytras andGeorgios Jakobides.
Most of the artists of the Hungarian Nagybanya school of art, such asGyula Aggházy, were educated in Munich.[5]
Poland was represented by, among others,Józef Chełmoński,Józef Brandt,Władysław Czachórski,Julian Fałat,Aleksander Gierymski,Maksymilian Gierymski andAlfred Wierusz-Kowalski.
The Swedish paintersJohan Christoffer Boklund andJohan Fredrik Höckert studied in Munich.
The founder of historical painting in Armenia,Vardges Sureniants, was a representative of the Munich school.
Americans in Munich:Joseph Frank Currier "figured prominently in the Munich school",;[6] with, "exceptional power and originality",.[7]Frank Duveneck andWilliam Merritt Chase were the most prominent exemplars of the Munich school in American art.[8] Other American artists who studied in Munich includeHarry Chase,Robert Koehler,John Henry Twachtman, andWalter Shirlaw.
The Munich school is characterized by anaturalistic style and darkchiaroscuro. Typical subjects arelandscape,portraits,genre,still-life, andhistory painting.
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