| Mundari | |
|---|---|
| मुंडारी, মুন্ডারি, ମୁଣ୍ଡାରୀ, 𞓧𞓟𞓨𞓜𞓕𞓣𞓚 | |
 'Mundari' in Mundari Bani script | |
| Native to | India,Bangladesh,Nepal |
| Ethnicity | Munda |
Native speakers | 1.6 million (2011 census)[a][2] |
Austroasiatic
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Mundari Bani Others:Odia,Devanagari,Bengali,Latin | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  India
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:unr – Mundariunx – Munda |
| Glottolog | mund1320 |
Mundari is aMunda language of theAustroasiatic language family spoken by theMunda tribes in eastern Indian states ofJharkhand,Odisha andWest Bengal and northernRangpur Division of Bangladesh.[3] It is closely related toHo andSantali.[4]Mundari Bani, a script specifically to write Mundari, was invented byRohidas Singh Nag.[5][6] It has also been written in theDevanagari,Odia,Bengali, andLatin writing systems.
According to linguistPaul Sidwell (2018), Munda languages probably arrived on coast ofOdisha fromIndochina about 4000–3500 years ago and spread after Indo-Aryan migration to Odisha.[7]
| Census | Munda (±%) | Mundari (±%) | Total (±%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1971 | 309,293 | 771,253 | 1,080,546 | |||
| 1981 | 377,492 | (+22) | 742,739 | (-4) | 1,120,231 | (+3.6) |
| 1991 | 413,894 | (+9.6) | 861,378 | (+16) | 1,275,272 | (+13.8) |
| 2001 | 469,357 | (+13.5) | 1,061,352 | (+23) | 1,530,709 | (+20.0) |
| 2011 | 505,922 | (+7.8) | 1,128,228 | (+6) | 1,634,150 | (+6.7) |
| Source:Census of India[8] | ||||||
Mundari is spoken in theKhunti,Ranchi,Seraikela Kharsawan andWest Singhbhum,East Singhbhum district ofJharkhand, and in theMayurbhanj,Kendujhar,Sundargarh district ofOdisha by at least 1.1 million people.[9] Another 500,000, mainly in Odisha and Assam, are recorded in the census as speaking "Munda," potentially another name for Mundari.
Toshiki Osada (2008:99), citing theEncyclopaedia Mundarica (vol. 1, p. 6), lists the following dialects of Mundari, which are spoken mostly inJharkhand state.
The phonology of Mundari is similar to the surrounding closely related Austroasiatic languages but considerably different from either Indo-Aryan or Dravidian. Perhaps the most foreign phonological influence has been on the vowels. Whereas the branches of Austroasiatic in Southeast Asia are rich in vowelphonemes, Mundari has only five. The consonant inventory of Mundari is similar to other Austroasiatic languages with the exception of retroflex consonants, which seem to appear only in loanwords. (Osada 2008)
Mundari has five vowel phonemes. All vowels have long and short as well as nasalizedallophones, but neither length nor nasality are contrastive. All vowels in open monosyllables are quantitatively longer than those in closed syllables, and those following nasal consonants or/ɟ/ are nasalized. Vowels preceding or following/ɳ/ are also nasalized.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
Mundari's consonant inventory consists of 23 basic phonemes. The Naguri and Kera dialects include aspirated stops as additional phonemes, here enclosed in parentheses.
| Labial | Dental | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t̪ | ʈ | t͡ɕ | k | ʔ |
| aspirated | (pʰ) | (t̪ʰ) | (ʈʰ) | (t͡ɕʰ) | (kʰ) | ||
| voiced | b | d̪ | ɖ | d͡ʑ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | s̪ | h | |||||
| Approximant | w | l | ɽ | j | |||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| S.No. | Mundari | Transliteration | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | मियद | Miyad | One |
| 2 | बारिया | Baria | Two |
| 3 | आपिया | Apia | Three |
| 4 | उपनिआ | Upnia | four |
| 5 | मोड़ेया | Modea | Five |
| 6 | तुरिया | Turia | Six |
| 7 | एया | Are | Seven |
| 8 | इरलिया | Erlia | Eight |
| 9 | आरेया | Area | Nine |
| 10 | गेलेया | Galea | Ten |
| 11 | Gel Miyad | Eleven | |
| 12 | Gel Bariya | Twelve | |
| 13 | Apiya | Thirteen | |
| 14 | Upuna | Fourteen | |
| 15 | Modeya | Fifteen | |
| 16 | Turiya | Sixteen | |
| 17 | Eya | Seventeen | |
| 18 | Iriliya | Eighteen | |
| 19 | Areya | Nineteen | |
| 20 | Mid Hisi | Twenty | |
| 21 | Hisi Miyad | Twenty-one | |
| 30 | Mid hisi Gel | Thirty | |
| 31 | Hisi Gel Miyad | Thirty-one | |
| 40 | Bar Hisi | Forty | |
| 41 | Bar Hisi Miyad | Forty-one | |
| 50 | Bar Hisi Gel | Fifty | |
| 60 | Aapi Hisi | Sixty | |
| 70 | Aapi Hisi Gel | Seventy | |
| 80 | Upun Hisi | Eighty | |
| 90 | Upun Hisi Gel | Ninety | |
| 100 | Mid Saaye | One hundred | |
| 200 | Bar Saaye | Two hundred | |
| 1000 | Mid Hazar | One thousand | |
| 1,00,000 | Mid Lak | Onelakh |
| Mundari | Transliteration | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| एङ्गा | Eṅga | Mother |
| आपु | Apu | Father |
| हागा | Haga | Brother |
| मिसि | Misi | Sister |
| गुया | Guya | Sister/brother of sister/brother in law |
| गति | Gati | Friend |
| Hon koṛa | Son | |
| Hon Kuṛi | Daughter |
| Mundari | Transliteration | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| रिकाएआ | Rikā'ē'ā | Does |
| ओलेआ | Ol'ē'ā | Write |
| जगरेआ | Jagor'ē'ā | Talk |
| पढ़वएआ | Padv'ē'ā | Read |
| लेलेआ | Lel'ē'ā | Look / see |
| सेनेआ | Sen'ē'ā | Come along with |
| नमेआ | Nem'ē'ā | Found |
| निरेआ | Nir'ē'ā | Run |
| सबेआ | Sab'ē'ā | Hold |
| लेका एआ | Leka'ē'ā | Count |
| मुकाएआ | Muka'ē'ā | Measure |
| रिका एआ | Rika'ē'ā | Cut |
| হেড়েম | Hedem | Sweet |
| Kete-e | Hard | |
| Lebe-e | Soft | |
| Singi | Sun | |
| Chandu-u | Moon | |
| Ipil | Stars | |
| Sirma | Sky | |
| Ote Dishum | Earth | |
| Rimil | cloud | |
| Hoyo | Air/Wind | |
| Gitil | Sands | |
| Dhudi | Dust | |
| Losod | Muddy | |
| Hodomo | Body | |
| Tasad | Grass | |
| Daru | Tree | |
| Sakam | Leaf | |
| Dayir | Branches of Tree |
Mandari is also written in nativeMundari Bani, invented in the 1980s byRohidas Singh Nag.
It has been claimed the Mundari has no word classes, so that nouns, verbs, and adjectives are distinguished only by context. However, this has been disputed, notably by Evans and Osada in 2005.[10]
| Official language | |
|---|---|
| Indo-European | |
| Sino-Tibetan | |
| Austroasiatic | |
| Dravidian | |
| Afro-Asiatic | |
| Sign | |
| Official language | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indigenous languages |
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