AMulti-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) is a large pressurized container that was used onSpace Shuttle missions to transfer cargo to and from theInternational Space Station (ISS). Two MPLMs made a dozen trips in the Shuttle cargo bay and initially berthed to theUnity and later theHarmony module on the ISS. Once attached, supplies were offloaded, and finished experiments and waste were reloaded. The MPLM was then transferred back into the Shuttle’s cargo bay for return to Earth. Three modules were built byAlenia Aeronautica for theItalian Space Agency (ASI). They were namedLeonardo,Raffaello, andDonatello.[1]
TheLeonardo module was modified in 2010 to turn it into thePermanent Multipurpose Module (PMM) and was permanently attached to the ISS during theSTS-133 mission in March 2011. In July 2011, theRaffaello module was the primary payload on the final Space Shuttle mission. It returned with the Shuttle and was stored at the Kennedy Space Center. TheDonatello module never launched. MPLMs were flown on12 of the37 Space Shuttle missions to the ISS.
The basic design of the MPLM was later used as the basis for two cargo spacecraft, the EuropeanAutomated Transfer Vehicle and the AmericanCygnus.
The modules were provided toNASA under contract by the Italian Space Agency (ASI). Three MPLMs were built and delivered to NASA and have names chosen by the ASI to denote some of the great talents in Italian history:Leonardo da Vinci,Raffaello andDonatello. Although built by ASI, the modules are owned by NASA. In exchange for building the MPLMs, ASI receives access to U.S. research time on the ISS.[1]
The MPLMs have a heritage that goes back toSpacelab.[2] In addition, ESA'sColumbus module, theHarmony andTranquility ISS modules and theATV andCygnus resupply craft all trace their origins to the MPLMs.[2] The MPLM concept was originally created forSpace Station Freedom. Initially, they were to be built byBoeing, but in 1992, the Italians announced that they would build a "Mini-Pressurized Logistics Module", able to carry 4,500 kilograms (4.5 t) of cargo. After the 1993 redesign of Freedom, the length was doubled and it was renamed the "Multi-Purpose Logistics Module". Each empty MPLM is approximately 21 feet (6.4 m) long, 15 feet (4.6 m) in diameter, weighs 4,400 kilograms (9,700 lb), and can deliver up to nine metric tons of cargo to the ISS.[1]
Donatello was a more capable module than its two siblings, as it was designed to carry payloads that required continuous power from construction through to installation on the ISS. However,Donatello was never used and some of its parts were cannibalized to convertLeonardo into the PMM.[3]
With the end of the Space Shuttle program in 2011, theRaffaello andLeonardo modules were flown a combined total of 12 times.
An MPLM is a large cylinder equipped with acommon berthing mechanism at one end, andgrapple fixtures to allow theCanadarm-2 to move it from the shuttle bay to a berthing port on the US Orbital Segment of the ISS.
In order to provide power to equipment and experiments inside the MPLM during launch, the MPLM could be connected to the Shuttle's power supply by means of theRemotely Operated Electrical Umbilical (ROEU). The umbilical was mounted on the starboard side payload bay sidewall longeron, and was a folding arm umbilical that connected to the MPLM while it was in the payload bay. The arm was disconnected and retracted prior to the MPLM being removed for placement on the ISS and then reconnected once the MPLM was placed back inside the payload bay.
Since the module names are also the names of three of the fourTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, the NASA MPLM Group approachedMirage Studios artist A.C. Farley to design a logo featuring Raphael in an astronaut flight suit.[4] There were cloisonné pins produced, as well as stickers and embroidered patches. Because the Ninja Turtles were created by Mirage Studios and owned by them at the time (now owned byParamount Global, formerly ViacomCBS, viaNickelodeon), NASA gave Mirage the copyright to the logo in exchange for the use of the studio's character on it.[4]
| Flight | Launch date | Mission | Shuttle | MPLM | Mass up (kg)[citation needed] | Mass down (kg)[citation needed] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 March 2001 | STS-102 ISS 5A.1 | Discovery | Leonardo | 10,213 | 6,540 |
| 2 | 19 April 2001 | STS-100 ISS 6A | Endeavour | Raffaello | 8,811 | 6,763 |
| 3 | 10 August 2001 | STS-105 ISS 7A.1 | Discovery | Leonardo | 9,467 | 7,799 |
| 4 | 5 December 2001 | STS-108 ISS UF-1 | Endeavour | Raffaello | 9,228 | 8,693 |
| 5 | 5 June 2002 | STS-111 ISS UF-2 | Endeavour | Leonardo | 10,753 | 9,140 |
| 6 | 26 July 2005 | STS-114 ISS LF 1 | Discovery | Raffaello | 8,301 | 9,110 |
| 7 | 4 July 2006 | STS-121 ISS ULF 1.1 | Discovery | Leonardo | 9,588 | 8,124 |
| 8 | 14 November 2008 | STS-126 ISS ULF 2 | Endeavour | Leonardo | 12,748 | 6,966 |
| 9 | 28 August 2009 | STS-128 ISS 17A | Discovery | Leonardo[5] | 12,601 | 8,927 |
| 10 | 5 April 2010 | STS-131 ISS 19A | Discovery | Leonardo | 12,371 | 9,242 |
| 11 | 24 February 2011 | STS-133 ISS ULF 5 | Discovery | Leonardo PMM | Part of ISS | |
| 12 | 8 July 2011 | STS-135 ISS ULF 7[4] | Atlantis | Raffaello | 9,500 | 5,660 |
The following are the specifications of the MPLM:
TheDonatello MPLM has been converted by Lockheed Martin into a Habitat Ground Test Article (HGTA) Lunar habitat prototype[7] which is located at NASA KSC.Leonardo is permanently attached to the ISS as PMM and should reenter in the atmosphere with it.Raffaello is located at anAxiom Space facility near Houston, in preparation to undergo work to become an element for the Axiom Commercial Space Station.[8][9]
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