 | Theneutrality of this article isdisputed. Relevant discussion may be found on thetalk page. Please do not remove this message untilconditions to do so are met.(February 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
People's Mojahedin Organization سازمان مجاهدین خلق | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Abbreviation | PMOI, MEK, MKO |
| Leader | Maryam Rajavi[1] Massoud Rajavi[a] |
| Secretary-General | Zahra Merrikhi |
| Founders | Mohammad Hanifnejad[3] Saeid Mohsen Ali-Asghar Badi'zadegan Ahmad Rezaei |
| Founded | 5 September 1965; 59 years ago (1965-09-05) |
| Banned | 1981 (in Iran) |
| Split from | Freedom Movement of Iran |
| Headquarters |
|
| Newspaper | Mojahed[5] |
| Political wing | National Council of Resistance of Iran (1981–present) |
| Military wing | National Liberation Army (1987–2003) |
| Membership | 5,000 to 10,000(DoD 2011est.)[b] |
| Ideology | See below |
| Political position | Left-wing |
| Religion | Shia Islam |
| Colours | Red |
| Party flag | |
 .svg) | |
| Website | |
| www.mojahedin.org | |
ThePeople's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI), also known asMojahedin-e-Khalq (MEK) orMojahedin-e-Khalq Organization (MKO) (Persian:سازمان مجاهدین خلق ایران,romanized: Sâzmân-e Mojâhedin-e Khalgh-e Irân),[c] is an Iranian dissident organization. It was an armed group until 2003, afterwards transitioning into a political group.[14] Itsheadquarters are currently in Albania. The group's ideology was influenced by Islam and revolutionary Marxism; and while they denied Marxist influences, their revolutionary reinterpretation ofShia Islam was shaped by the writings ofAli Shariati.[15][16][17] After theIranian Revolution, the MEK opposed the new theocraticGovernment of the Islamic Republic of Iran, seeking to replace it with its own government.[18][19][20] At one point the MEK was Iran's "largest and most active armed dissident group",[21] and it is still sometimes presented by Western political backers as a major Iranian opposition group.[22][23][24] The MEK is known to be deeply unpopular today within Iran, largely due to its siding with Iraq in theIran–Iraq War and continued ties with the government ofSaddam Hussein afterwards.[25]
The MEK was founded on 5 September 1965 by leftist Iranian students affiliated with theFreedom Movement of Iran to oppose theShahMohammad Reza Pahlavi.[3][26] The organization contributed to overthrowing the Shah during the1979 Iranian Revolution. It subsequently pursued the establishment of a democracy in Iran, particularly gaining support from Iran's middle classintelligentsia.[27][28][29] The MEK boycotted the1979 constitutional referendum, which led to Khomeini barring MEK leaderMassoud Rajavi from the1980 presidential election.[d][31][32] On 20 June 1981, the MEK organized ademonstration against Khomeini and against the ousting of PresidentAbolhassan Banisadr and the protest was violently suppressed by theIslamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, which shot into the crowds, killing fifty and injuring hundreds, before later executing 23 further protesters who had been arrested, including teenage girls.[33][34][31] On 28 June, the MEK was implicated in the blowing up of the headquarters of theIslamic Republican Party (IRP) in theHafte Tir bombing, killing 74 officials and party members.[35][36][37][38][39] A wave of killings and executions led by Ruhollah Khomeini's government followed, part of the1981–1982 Iran Massacres.[40][41]
Facing the subsequent repression of the MEK by the IRP,Rajavi fled to Paris.[42][43][44] During the exile, the underground network that remained in Iran continued to plan and carry out attacks[45][46] and it allegedly conducted theAugust 1981 bombing that killed Iran's president and prime minister.[47][48][46] In 1983, the MEK began meeting with Iraqi officials.[49][50][51][52] In 1986, France expelled the MEK at the request of Iran,[53][54] forcing it to relocate toCamp Ashraf in Iraq. In 1987, it founded the "National Liberation Army of Iran" (NLA), with the sole objective of "toppling the Islamic Republic through military force from outside the country."[55][56][57] During theIran-Iraq War, the MEK then sided with Iraq, taking part inOperation Forty Stars,[58][59][60][55] andOperation Mersad.[61][62] Following Operation Mersad, Iranian officials ordered themass execution of prisoners said to support the MEK.[63] The group gained significant publicity in 2002 by announcing the existence ofIranian nuclear facilities.[64][65] In 2003, the MEK's military wing signed a ceasefire agreement with the U.S. and was disarmed atCamp Ashraf.[66]
Between 1997 and 2013, the MEK was on the lists of terrorist organizations of the US, Canada, EU, UK and Japan for various periods.[67] The MEK is designated as aterrorist organization by Iran and Iraq.[68] Critics have described the group as exhibiting traits of a "personality cult",[69] while its backers describe the group as proponents of "a free and democratic Iran" that could become the next government there.[70]
The Mojahedin-e-Khalq (MEK) was founded in 1965 by a group ofTehran University students who had opposed the ShahMohammad Reza Pahlavi in the 1950s.[71][72][32] They considered the mainstream Liberation Movement too moderate and ineffective,[72] and aimed to establish a socialist state in Iran based on a modern and revolutionary interpretation of Islam that originated from Islamic texts likeNahj al-Balagha and some ofAli Shariati's works.[73][3][74][19][75][76] MEK founders includedMohammad Hanifnejad, Saeed Mohsen, andAli Asghar Badiazadegan,[77] and it attracted primarily young, well-educated Iranians.[78] While MEK publications were banned in Iran, in its first five years, the group primarily engaged in ideological work.[79]
| 1971 | 1972 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bahram Aram | ||||||
| Reza Rezaeia | Taghi Shahram | |||||
| Kazem Zolanvarb | Majid Sharif Vaghefic | |||||
| aKilled in action bySAVAK in 1973 bArrested in 1972, executed in 1975 cKilled by Marxist offshoot in 1975 purge | ||||||
During the 1970s, the MEK carried out a series of attacks against the Iranian and Western targets[32] and tried to kidnap the U.S. Ambassador to IranDouglas MacArthur II in 1970.[81] Some sources attribute the attempted kidnap to other groups.[82][83][84]
By August 1971, the MEK's Central Committee included Reza Rezai, Kazem Zolanvar, and Brahram Aram.[80] 1971-1972 arrests and executions by the Shah's security services, also infighting within the organization "practically shattered the organization".[85] During August–September 1971,SAVAK managed to strike arrested and executed many members of MEK including its co-founders.[86] Some surviving members restructured the group by replacing the central cadre with a three-mancentral committee. Each of the three central committee members led a separate branch of the organization.[87] Two of the original central committee members were replaced in 1972 and 1973, and the replacing members were in charge of leading the organization until the internal purge of 1975.[86]
By 1973, MEK members that declared themselves Marxist–Leninist launched an "internal ideological struggle",[88] and by 1975 two opposing MEK factions had formed, one being Muslim and the other Marxist.[89] The Marxist offshoot asserted that "they had reached the conclusion that Marxism, not Islam, was the true revolutionary philosophy".[90] Members who did not convert to Marxism were expelled or reported to SAVAK.[88] This led to two rival Mojahedin, each with its own publication, its own organization, and its own activities.[91] The Marxist offshoot was initially known as the Mojahedin M.L. (Marxist–Leninist). A few months before the Iranian Revolution, the majority of the Marxist Mojahedin renamed themselvesPeykar (Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class) in 1978.[92] From 1973 to 1979, the Muslim MEK includingMassoud Rajavi were mainly in prisons.[93]"Rajavi, upon release from prison during the revolution, had to rebuild the organization".[94][95]
Between 1973 and 1975, the Marxist-Leninist offshoot escalated their militant activities in Iran. In 1973, they engaged in two street battles with Tehran police and bombed ten buildings including Plan Organization,Pan-American Airlines,Shell Oil Company, Hotel International, Radio City Cinema, and an export company owned by aBaháʼí businessman. In February 1974, they attacked a police station in Isfahan and in April, they bombed a reception hall, Oman Bank, gates of the British embassy, and offices of Pan-American Oil company in protest of the Sultan of Oman's state visit. A communiqué by the organization declared that their actions had been to showsolidarity with the people of Dhofar. On 19 April 1974, they attempted to bomb the SAVAK centre at Tehran University. On 25 May, they set off bombs at three multinational corporations.[96] Also Lt. Col.Louis Lee Hawkins, aU.S. Armycomptroller, was shot dead in Tehran by MEK assailants in 1973.[97][96][failed verification] Leading up to the Islamic Revolution, members of the MEK conducted attacks and assassinations against both Iranian and Western targets.[98][99] In May 1972, an attack on Brig. Gen. Harold Price was attributed to the MEK.[100][101] These assassinations were carried out either by the Marxist offshoot[102][103][104][105] or Islamist branch of the MEK.[106][107][98]
In August 1976, a car carrying three American employees ofRockwell International - William Cottrell, Donald Smith, and Robert Krongard - was attacked, resulting in their deaths. While some sources suggest the MEK was responsible,[108] the Marxist offshoot, which at the time had retained the organization's name, claimed responsibility for the killings in their "Military Communique No.24", concluding that the murders were in retaliation for recent death sentences.[109]
The group supported the revolution in its initial phases,[110] and became "a major force in Iranian politics" according to Ervand Abrahamian.[111] Although it soon entered into conflict with Khomeini,[112] and became a leading opposition to the new theocratic regime.[113] By early 1979, the MEK had organized themselves and recreated armed cells, especially in Tehran and helped overthrow the Pahlavi regime.[114]In January 1979, Massoud Rajavi was released from prison and rebuilt the MEK together with other members that had been imprisoned.[114][112] Also in January 1979 the MEK released a program advocating for increased rights for ethnic minorities in Iran, the introduction of welfare-state policies, and gender equality; while the Khomeini regime perceived these demands as a threat.[115]
Its candidate for the head of the newly foundedcouncil of experts wasMassoud Rajavi in the referendum of August 1979. He was not elected.[110] The MEK further launched an unsuccessful campaign supporting total abolition of Iran's standing military, theIslamic Republic of Iran Army, in order to prevent acoup d'état against the system. They also claimed credit for infiltration against theNojeh coup plot.[116] The MEK was one of the supporters of theoccupation of the American embassy in Tehran after the Iranian revolution although MEK has denied it.[117]
The MEK refused to participate in theDecember 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum organized by theIslamic Republican Party to ratify the Constitution drafted by the Assembly of Experts,[118] arguing that the new constitution had failed in many aspects "most important of all, accept the concept of the 'classless tawhidi society'".[118] Despite the opposition, the 3 December 1979 referendum vote approved the new constitution.[1][118] Once the constitution had been ratified, the MEK proposed Rajavi as their presidential candidate. In his campaign, Rajavi promised to rectify the constitution's shortcomings.[118] The conflict surrounding the Constitution intensified when theAssembly of Experts added numerous clauses that transferred sovereignty from the Iranian population to theulama, shifting the power to senior clerics and away from the president and elected representatives. In the years that followed, the clerics strengthened their grip on the republic, eventually gaining control over all branches of government and fully establishing a theocratic state.[119] As a result of the boycott, Khomeini subsequently refused to allowMassoud Rajavi and MEK members to run in the1980 Iranian presidential election.[120][121] Khomeini declared that "those who had failed to endorse the Constitution could not be trusted to abide by that Constitution".[30] In the March and April 1980 parliamentary elections, the MEK secured the second-highest number of votes. Massoud Rajavi garnered 500,000 votes, while his wife Maryam received over 250,000. However, Khomeini restricted both of them from entering the parliament (Majles).[122] Rajavi then allied with Iran's new president,Abolhassan Banisadr, elected in January 1980.[114]
On June 14, 1980,Ayatollah Khomeini initiated an order aimed to "purify" higher education by removing Western, liberal, and leftist elements, leading to the closure of universities, the banning of student unions, and violent occupations of campuses. Following the 1979 revolution, the MEK started to gain popularity among university students. During theCultural Revolution in Iran, clerics imposed policies to Islamize Iranian society, including the expulsion of critical academics, the suppression of secular political groups, and the persecution of intellectuals and artists. These measures sparked large-scale protests across the country.[123][124][125]
On the final day of the elections, Rajavi met with PresidentAbolhassan Banisadr, complaining that the IRP and its Hezbollah supporters were systematically intimidating voters, disrupting rallies, assaulting campaign workers, and setting ballot boxes on fire. The MEK then arrived at two key conclusions: first, that they had enough popular backing to serve as an opposition to the IRP; and second, that the IRP would not allow them to operate as an opposition.[126] The group began clashing with the rulingIslamic Republican Party while avoiding direct and open criticism of Khomeini.[5] The MEK was in turn suppressed by Khomeini's revolutionary organizations.[127]
In response to the widely disputed impeachment of President Banisadr, the MEK organized alarge-scale protest against Khomeini on June 20, 1981, intending to topple the regime.[128] Big crowds gathered in various cities, with the Tehran protest alone attracting up to 500,000 people. Leading clerics proclaimed that demonstrators would be considered "enemies of God" and face immediate execution regardless of age. This marked the beginning of the1981–1982 Iran Massacres led by the Islamic government.[123][129][130] In the area around Tehran University, 50 people were killed, 200 wounded, and 1,000 taken into custody, surpassing the intensity of most street battles during the Islamic Revolution. 23 demonstrators were also executed by firing squads, with teenage girls among those executed. From June 24 to 27, the regime executed an additional 50 people. The reported number of executions increased to "600 by September, 1700 by October, and 2500 by December." Initially, the regime publicly displayed the bodies and took pride in declaring the execution of entire families, "including teenage daughters and 60-year-old grandmothers."[131][34][31] The MEK responded by declaring war against theGovernment of Islamic Republic of Iran,[132] and initiating a series of bombings and assassinations targeting the clerical leadership.[5]
In September 1980 during Iraq's invasion of Iran, the MEK stepped up to fight for their country despite its strained relationship with Khomeini's government. Thousands of MEK members joined the front lines.[133]
On June 28 1981, theIslamic Republican Party headquarters was bombed in theHafte Tir bombing, which killed 74 party officials and other party members, includingMohammad Beheshti, the party's secretary-general andChief Justice of Iran, 4cabinet ministers, 10 vice ministers and 27 members of theParliament of Iran.[134][135] Iranian officials initially blamed various groups including the Iraqi government, SAVAK, and the United States.[136][137] Two days after the incidentRuhollah Khomeini accused the MEK.[138] In the years that followed, others were also held accountable, including a man named Mehdi Tafari executed by a Tehran tribunal for his alleged involvement.[139][140] Kenneth Katzman notes there is much speculation among academics and observers that the bombings could have been orchestrated by top IRP officials as a strategy to eliminate political opponents within the government.[48] According to theUnited States Department of State,[141] in addition to other sources,[142][143][144] the bombing was carried out by the MEK. Ervand Abrahamian argues that whatever the truth may be, the Islamic Republic used this incident to fight the MEK. The MEK declared that the bombing was a "natural and necessary reaction to the regime's atrocities",[139] and it never claimed responsibility for the attack.[145]
In July 1981, the MEK then formed theNational Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) with the stated goal of uniting the opposition to the Iranian government under oneumbrella organization.[146] Rajavi assumed the position of chairman of the organization.[147]On 30 August 1981, theybombed the Prime Minister's office, killing the elected PresidentRajai and PremierMohammad Javad Bahonar. Iranian authorities announced that Massoud Keshmiri, an MEK member was probably responsible.[148][149][150][151] The reaction to the Hafte Tir bombing and the bombing of the Prime Minister's office was intense, with many arrests and executions of Mojahedin.[152] The MEK responded by targeting key Iranian official figures for assassination, as well as attacking low-ranking civil servants and members of theRevolutionary Guards, along with ordinary citizens who supported the new government.[153]
Between June 1981 and April 1982, around 3500 MEK members were either executed or killed by theIslamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. Another 5000 MEK prisoners were detained incamps, and another 8000 were imprisoned for charges such as possessing copies of Mujahid newspaper. During the same period the MEK was responsible for about 65 percent of nearly 1,000 Khomeini officials killed.[154] From 26 August 1981 to December 1982, the MEK orchestrated 336 attacks against Khomeini officials.[155] In July 1982, 13 IRGC members andMohammad Sadoughiwere killed by MEK members.[34]
In 1982, the Islamic Republic cracked down MEK operations within Iran.[99]On 8 FebruaryMousa Khiabani, Rajavi's deputy and the MEK's field commander in Iran was killed following a three hour gunfight at a North Tehran safehouse.[156] Alongside him died his wife Azar Rezaei,Ashraf Rabiei, Rajavi's first wife and six others. Rajavi's son Mostafa survived and was later sent to Paris.[157][158] The MEK stressed the significance of ideology, which was shaped by its interpretation of what was missing in Iran at the time such as lack of freedom and human rights limitations by the Islamic Republic.[20] The majority of the MEK leadership and members fled to France, where it operated until 1985.[159] In 1983, the MEK started an alliance with Iraq following a meeting betweenMassoud Rajavi andTariq Aziz.[160]
In 1986, after French Prime MinisterJacques Chirac struck a deal with Tehran for the release of French hostages held prisoners by the Hezbollah in Lebanon.[161] Also in June 1986, the Islamic Republic "won another major victory in its campaign to isolate the Mojahedin" by persuading the French government to close down the MEK headquarters in Paris. This improved relations between France and Iran. During this period other European nations declined to offer political asylum to the group. With no alternative available and a desire to maintain the group's cohesion, they ultimately decided to relocate to Iraq. James Piazza contends that the MEK's expulsion from France and relocation to Iraq is a "crucial episode" in the group's exile, as it appears Khomeini aimed to send the MEK to a remote place. However, the group ended up in a location that enabled it to continue its cross-border attacks. MEK representatives contend that their organization had little alternative to moving to Iraq considering its aim of toppling the Iranian clerical government.[162][54] By 1987, most MEK leaders were based in Iraq, where the group remained until the2003 US invasion. According to the US State Department, the MEK was mainly supported by Iraq during that period and was fighting on the Iraqi side in the 1980–1988Iran–Iraq War.[163]
From 1982 to 1988, despite the mounting casualties on both sides, the lingering underground presence of the MEK in Iran remained operational and went on to perform an average of sixty operations per week, resulting in assassinations of important Khomeini deputies.[158] The MEK came to be considered Iran's "largest and most active Iranian exile organization",[164][165][111] and its publications were commonly circulated within the Iranian diaspora.[166]
The MEK's official argument for moving to Iraq was that it would place them geographically close to their enemy, theIslamic Republic government in Iran.[167][168] In 1987 Masoud Rajavi declared the establishment of the "National Liberation Army of Iran" (NLA). It served as an infantry force that included different militant groups members of the NCRI, and its sole objective was to "overthrow the Islamic Republic using a military force outside the country."[55][169][170] Through a broadcast on Baghdad radio, the MEK extended an invitation to all progressive-nationalist Iranian individuals to join the NLA in overthrowing the government of the Islamic Republic.[171]
On 27 March 1988, the NLA launched its first military offensive against the Islamic Republic's armed forces.[59] The NLA captured 600 square-kilometres of Islamic Republic territory and 508 soldiers from the Iranian 77th infantry division inKhuzestan Province.[172] The operation was named "Shining Sun"[58][59][60][55] (or "Operation Bright Sun")[172] in which according to Massoud Rajavi, 2000 soldiers of the Islamic Republic were killed and $100 million worth of equipment was captured and exhibited for journalists.[172]
Operation Forty Stars was launched on June 18, 1988. With 530 aircraft sorties and heavy use ofnerve gas, they attacked to the Iranian forces in the area around Mehran, killing or wounding 3,500 and nearly destroying a Revolutionary Guard division. The forces captured the city and took positions in the heights near Mehran, coming close to wiping the whole Iranian Pasdaran division and taking most of its equipment.[173]While some sources claim that Iraq participated in the operation,[174] the MEK and Baghdad said Iraqi soldiers did not take part.[175][176]
Near the end of theIran–Iraq War, a military force of 7,000 members of the MEK, armed and equipped by Saddam's Iraq and calling itself the National Liberation Army of Iran (NLA) was founded.[177] On 26 July 1988, six days after Ayatollah Khomeini had announced his acceptance of the UN-brokered ceasefire resolution, the NLA advanced under heavy Iraqi air cover, crossing the Iranian border from Iraq.[178]It seized the Iranian town ofIslamabad-e Gharb. As it advanced further into Iran, Iraq ceased its air support and Iranian forces cut off NLA supply lines and counterattacked under cover of fighter planes and helicopter gunships. The MEK claims it lost 1,400 dead or missing and the Islamic Republic sustained 55,000 casualties. It claims to have killed 4,500 NLA during the operation.[179] The operation was calledForoughe Javidan (Eternal Light) by the MEK and the counterattackOperation Mersad by the Iranian forces.[180] Rajavi later stated that "the failure of Eternal Light was not a military blunder, but was instead rooted in the members' thoughts for their spouses".[34]
Following the MEK'sOperation Mersad against Iranian forces, thousands of imprisoned members of the MEK, along with members of other leftist opposition groups,were executed.[181][182] The Iranian government used the MEK's failed invasion as a pretext for the mass execution of those "who remained steadfast in their support for the MEK" and other jailed opposition group members.[183][34]
On 19 July 1988, the authorities isolated major prisons, having its courts of law go on an unscheduled holiday to prevent relatives from inquiring about those imprisoned,[184] and asErvand Abrahamian notes, "thus began an act of violence unprecedented in Iranian history". Prisoners were asked if they were willing to denounce the MEK before cameras, help the IRI hunt down MEK members and name secret sympathizers. Those who gave unsatisfactory answers were promptly taken away and hanged.[184] Human rights groups say that the number of those executed remains uncertain, but "thousands of political dissidents were systematically subjected to enforced disappearance in Iranian detention facilities across the country",[183][185] with those executed charged with "moharebeh" or "waging war on God",[186] and of "disclosing state secrets" and threatening national security".[183] Since the executions,Amnesty International has stated that "there has also been an ongoing campaign by the Islamic Republic to demonize victims, distort facts, and repress family survivors and human rights defenders."[187][188]
According to Professor Cheryl Bernard, the mass execution of political prisoners carried out by the Islamic Republic in 1981 caused the MEK to split into four groups: those that were arrested, imprisoned or executed, a group that went underground in Iran, another that left to Kurdistan and a final group that left to other countries abroad.[189] By the end of 1981, the principal refuge for many exiled members of the MEK had become France.[190]
The Iranian government is believed to be concerned about MEK activities in Iran, and MEK supporters are a major target of Iran's internal security apparatus abroad[191][192] and it is said to be responsible for killing MEK members,Kazem Rajavi on 24 April 1990 and Mohammad-Hossein Naghdi, a NCRI representative on 6 March 1993.[191] In 1991 the MEK was accused of helping the Iraqi Republican Guard suppress Shiite and Kurdishnationwide uprisings, a claim the MEK has consistently denied.[68][193] Ervand Abrahamian suggests that one motivation for the MEK's opposition to the clerical regime was its infringement on the rights of national minorities, especially the Kurds.[194]
In April 1992, the MEK attacked 10 Iranian embassies including the Iranian Mission to the United Nations in New York using different weapons, taking hostages, and injuring Iranian ambassadors and embassy employees. There were dozens of arrests.[195][196] According to MEK representatives, the attacks were a way to protest the bombing of a MEK military base where several people had been killed and wounded.[196]
In June 1998FIFA presidentSepp Blatter said that he received "anonymous threats of disruption from Iranian exiles" for the1998 FIFA World Cup match betweenIran and theU.S. football teams atStade de Gerland.[197] The MEK bought some 7,000 out of 42,000 tickets for the match between, in order to promote themselves with the political banners they smuggled. The plan was ultimately foiled with TV cameras avoiding filming them, and intelligence sources having been tipped off about a potentialpitch invasion. To prevent an interruption in the match, extra security entered Stade Gerland.[198]
In 1999, after a 2 1⁄2-year investigation, Federal authorities arrested 29 individuals in Operation Eastern Approach,[199] of whom 15 were held on charges of helping MEK members illegally enter the United States.[200] The ringleader pled guilty to providing phony documents to MEK members and to violations of theAntiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996.[201][202]In 2002 theNCRI publicly called or the formation of a National Solidarity Front to help overthrow Islamic Republic of Iran.[203]
In June 2003, French police raided the MEK's properties, including its base inAuvers-sur-Oise, under the orders of anti-terrorist magistrateJean-Louis Bruguière, after suspicions that it was trying to shift its base of operations there. 160 suspected MEK members were then arrested, includingMaryam Rajavi and her brother Saleh Rajavi.[204] After questioning, most of those detained were released, but 24 members, includingMaryam Rajavi, were kept in detention.[205]
In response, 40 supporters beganhunger strikes to protest the arrests, and 10 members includingNeda Hassani,immolated themselves in various European capitals.[206][207] French Interior MinisterNicolas Sarkozy declared that the MEK "recently wanted to make France its support base, notably after the intervention in Iraq", whilePierre de Bousquet de Florian, head of France's domestic intelligence service, claimed that the group was "transforming itsVal d'Oise centre [near Paris] [...] into an international terrorist base".[206] Police found $1.3 million in$100 bills in cash in their offices.[208]
U.S. SenatorSam Brownback, a Republican from Kansas and chairman of the Foreign Relations subcommittee on South Asia, then accused the French of doing "the Iranian government's dirty work". Along with other members ofCongress, he wrote a letter of protest to PresidentJacques Chirac, while longtime MEK supporters such asSheila Jackson Lee, a Democrat from Texas, criticized Maryam Radjavi's arrest.[209]A court later found that there were no grounds for terrorism or terrorism-related finance charges.[210] In 2014, prosecuting judges also dropped all charges of money laundering and fraud.[211]
In May 2003, during theIraq War, theCoalition forces bombed MEK bases and forced them to surrender.[212] This resulted in at least 50 deaths.[e][213] The US forces disarmedCamp Ashraf residents.[66]In the operation, the U.S. reportedly captured 6,000 MEK soldiers and over 2,000 pieces of military equipment, including 19 British-made Chieftain tanks.[214][215] Following the occupation the U.S. did not hand over MEK fighters to Iran.[216][217]The group's core members were for many years effectively confined to Camp Ashraf,[218] before later being relocated to a former U.S. military base,Camp Liberty, in Iraq.[219] Then-Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and Vice President Dick Cheney argued that the MEK should be used against Iran.[220][217]They were then placed under the guard of theU.S. Military. Defectors from the MEK requested assistance from theCoalition forces, who created a "temporary internment and protection facility" for them.[221] In the first year these numbered "several hundred", mainly Iranian soldiers captured in the Iran-Iraq war and other Iranians lured to the MEK.[222] In all, during the period of US control, nearly 600 members of the MEK defected.[223]
In June 2004, Donald Rumsfeld designated the MeK as protected persons under theFourth Geneva Convention.[224][220][225] and signed a formal ceasefire agreement.[66]Since 2009, when the Iraqi government became openly hostile to MEK, the U.S. led efforts to get the group's members out of Iraq.[226] After it was no longer designated as a terrorist group, the US was able to convinceAlbania to accept the remaining 2,700 members who were brought to Tirana between 2014 and 2016.[220][227][228][229]
Separate to events in Iraq, the organization launched a free-to-air satellitetelevision network namedVision of Freedom (Sima-ye-Azadi) in England in 2003.[230] It previously operatedVision of Resistance analogue television in Iraq in the 1990s, accessible in western provinces of Iran.[231] They also had a radio station,Radio Iran Zamin, that was closed down in June 1998.[232]In 2006, an EU freeze on the group's funds was overturned by theEuropean Court of First Instance.[233]In 2010 and 2011Ali Saremi,[234][235][236]Mohammad Ali Haj Aghaei andJafar Kazemi were executed by the Iranian government for co-operating with the MEK.[237][238]
In 2009 American troops gave the Iraqi government responsibility of the MEK. Iraqi authorities, which were sympathetic to Iran, allowed Iran-linked militias to attack the MEK.[113] Prime MinisterNuri al-Maliki announced that the militant group would not be allowed to base its operations from Iraqi soil.[239] On 23 January 2009, while on a visit to Tehran, Iraqi National Security Advisor Mowaffak al-Rubaie reiterated the Iraqi Prime Minister's earlier announcement that the MEK organization would no longer be able to base itself on Iraqi soil and stated that the members of the organization would have to make a choice, either to go back to Iran or to go to a third country, adding that these measures would be implemented over the next two months.[240]
On 28 July 2009, Iraqi security forces raided MEK headquarters atCamp Ashraf. MEK claimed 11 dead and 400 injured in clashes while the Iraqi government claimed 30 policemen injured.[241][242] U.S. officials had long opposed a violent takeover of the camp northeast of Baghdad, and the raid is thought to symbolize the declining American influence in Iraq.[243] After the raid, the U.S. Secretary of State,Hillary Rodham Clinton, stated the issue was "completely within [the Iraqi government's] purview".[244] In the course of attack, 36 Iranian dissidents were arrested and removed from the camp to a prison in a town named Khalis, where the arrestees went on hunger strike for 72 days. Finally, the dissidents were released when they were in an extremely critical condition and on the verge of death.[245]
In January 2010, Iranian authorities charged five MEKprotesters of "rioting and arson" under the crime ofmoharebeh, an offence reserved for those who "take up arms against the state" and carries the death penalty.[246] In July 2010, theSupreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal issued an arrest warrant for 39 MEK members, includingMassoud andMaryam Rajavi, accusing them ofcrimes against humanity during the1991 uprisings in Iraq. The MEK denied the charges.[247]
In 2012, the MEK moved from Camp Ashraf toCamp Hurriya inBaghdad (a onetime U.S. base formerly known asCamp Liberty). A rocket and mortar attack killed 5 and injured 50 others at Camp Hurriya on 9 February 2013. MEK residents of the facility and their representatives appealed to theUN Secretary-General and U.S. officials to let them return to Ashraf, which they said has concrete buildings and shelters that offer more protection. The United States has been working with theUN High Commissioner for Refugees on the resettlement project.[248]
In 2013, 52 unarmed MEK members were killed during an attack on Camp Ashraf. 7 other members were also reported missing. Iraqi security forces are thought to be responsible for the assault, with guidance and support from the Iranian government.[249]
The MEK and the NCRI revealed the existence ofIran's nuclear program in a press conference held on 14 August 2002 in Washington, D.C. MEK representativeAlireza Jafarzadeh stated that Iran is running two top-secret projects, one in the city ofNatanz and another ina facility located in Arak, which was later confirmed by theInternational Atomic Energy Agency.[250][251]
JournalistsSeymour Hersh andConnie Bruck have written that the information was given to the MEK by Israel.[252] Among others, it was described by a senior IAEA official and a monarchist advisor toReza Pahlavi, who said before MEK they were offered to reveal the information, but they refused because it would be seen negatively by the people of Iran.[253][254] Similar accounts could be found elsewhere by others, including comments made by US officials.[251]
On 18 November 2004, MEK representative Mohammad Mohaddessin used satellite images to state that a new facility existed in northeastTehran named "Center for the Development of Advanced Defence Technology". This allegation by MEK and all their subsequent allegations were false.[251]
In 2010 the NCRI claimed to have uncovered a secret nuclear facility in Iran. These claims were dismissed by U.S. officials, who did not believe the facilities to be nuclear. In 2013, the NCRI again claimed to have discovered a secret underground nuclear site.[255]
In 2012, NBC News' Richard Engel and Robert Windrem published a report quoting U.S. officials, who spoke toNBC News on condition of anonymity, that the MEK was being "financed, trained, and armed byIsrael's secret service" to assassinate Iranian nuclear scientists.[256][257] A senior U.S. State Department official said the Department never claimed that the MEK was involved in the assassinations of Iranian nuclear scientists.[258] Former CIAcase officer in the Middle East,Robert Baer said that the perpetrators "could only be Israel", and that "it is quite likely Israel is acting in tandem with" the MEK.[259]
On 27 November 2020, Iran's top nuclear scientistMohsen Fakhrizadeh was assassinated. Iranian Rear AdmiralAli Shamkhani, who heads the Supreme National Security Council, blamed Mujahideen-e-Khalq and Israel.[260]
In 2016, the United States brokered a deal to relocate the MEK toAlbania. About 3,000 members moved to Albania, and the U.S. donated $20 million to the U.N. refugee agency to help them resettle.[261] On 9 September 2016, more than 280 remaining MEK members were relocated to Albania.[229]Camp Ashraf 3 is located inManëz,Durrës County, where they have been protested by the locals.[4]
In 2017, the year beforeJohn Bolton became President Trump's National Security Adviser, Bolton addressed members of the MEK and said that they would celebrate in Tehran before 2019.[262] By 2018, operatives of the MEK were believed to be still conductingcovert operations inside Iran to overthrow Iran's government.[263] It also maintained some operations in France, and in January 2018, Iranian PresidentHassan Rouhani phoned French presidentEmmanuel Macron, asking him to order kicking the MEK out of its base inAuvers-sur-Oise, alleging that the MEK stirred up the2017–18 Iranian protests.[264]By 2018, over 4,000 MEK members had entered Albania, according to theINSTAT data.[265]
On 30 June 2018, Rudy Giuliani, Donald Trump's personal lawyer, lectured an MEK gathering in Paris, calling for regime change in Tehran. John McCain and John Bolton have met the MEK's leader Maryam Rajavi or spoken at its rallies.[266][267]
During the Free Iran 2019 conference in Albania,Rudy Giuliani attended an MEK podium, where the former New York City mayor described the group as a "government-in-exile", saying it is a ready-to-go alternative to lead the country if the Iranian government falls.[226] Additionally, theTrump administration said it would not rule out the MEK as a viable replacement for the current Iranian regime.[268]
On 30 June 2018Belgian police arrested married couple of Iranian heritage Amir Saadouni and Nasimeh Naami on charges of "attempted terrorist murder and preparing a terrorist act" against an MEK rally in France. The couple had in their possession half of a kilogram of TATP explosives and a detonator. Police also detainedAsadollah Asadi, an Iranian diplomat in Vienna. German prosecutors charged Asadi with "activity as foreign agent and conspiracy to commit murder by contacting the couple and giving them a device containing 500 grams of TATP". Prosecutors said Asadi was a member of the Iranian Ministry of Intelligence and Security service, an organization that focuses on "combating of opposition groups inside and outside of Iran".[269][270][271] Iran responded that the arrests were a "false flag ploy", with the Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman saying the "two suspects in Belgium were in fact members of the People's Mujahideen".[272] In October 2018, the French government officially and publicly blamed Iran's Intelligence Service for the failed attack against the MEK. U.S. officials also condemned Iran over the foiled bomb plot that France blames on Tehran.[273] In December 2018, Albania expelled two Iranian diplomats due to alleged involvement in the bomb plot against the MEK (where Mayor Giuliani and other US government officials were also gathered) accusing the two of "violating their diplomatic status".[274][275] Iranian PresidentHassan Rouhani said that the MEK incited violence during the2017–2018 Iranian protests.[276]
In October 2019, Albanian police discovered an Iranian paramilitary network that allegedly planned attacks against MEK members in Albania. Albania's police chief, Ardi Veliu, said that the Iran Revolutionary Guard's foreign wing operated an "active terrorist cell" that targeted members of the MEK. A police statement said that two Iranian security officials led the network from Tehran, and that it was allegedly linked to organised crime groups in Turkey. It also said that the network used a former MEK member to collect information in Albania. Valiu also said that a planned attack on the MEK by Iranian government agents was foiled in March.[277]
In 2020, newspaperDe Standaard said evidence that Iranian intelligence and security was involved in the failed 2018 bomb plot against an MEK rally was mounting. In a note to the federal prosecutor's office, the State Security writes that "the attack was devised in the name and under the impetus of Iran", with the note also describing one of the case's suspects,Asadollah Asadi, as aMOIS agent. Amir Saadouni and Nasimeh Naami, who in 2018 were found with half a kilo of explosives and are also being charged in the case, admitted that they had been in contact with Asadollah Asadi.[278][270] In October 2020, the Iranian diplomat Asadollah Asadi charged in Belgium with planning to bomb a rally by the MEK "warned authorities of possible retaliation by unidentified groups if he is found guilty". Asadi would become the first Iranian diplomat to go on trial on charges of terrorism within the European Union.[279][280] In February 2021, Asadi and his accomplices were found guilty of attempted terrorism and Asadi was sentenced to 20 years in prison.[281]
In September 2022, Albania suffered a second cyber-attack, resulting in it cutting diplomatic ties with the Islamic Republic and ordering Iranian embassy staff to leave.[274][282][283] According to theFBI andCISA, the cyberattacks were motivated by Albania's hosting of the MEK.[284]
In the 1960s the MEK created a series of pamphlets designed to outline their worldviews. Their work "The Portrait of a Muslim" is thought to be the "first book in Persian" to systematically interpret "early Shiism as a protest movement against class exploitation and state oppression." The group's early ideology asserted that science, reason, and modernity were compatible with Islam. They adopted the concept of class struggle fromKarl Marx but rejected being labeled as Marxists or socialists as they believed in the spiritual dimension of human beings, a concept incompatible with Marxist philosophy. During this period, the MEK's ideology embraced class struggle and historical determinism but rejected the denial of God.[285]
According to Katzman, the MEK's early ideology is a matter of dispute. While scholars generally describe the MEK's ideology as an attempt to combine "Islam with revolutionaryMarxism", today the organization claims that it has always emphasized Islam, and that Marxism and Islam are incompatible. Despite their Marxist influence, the group never used the terms "socialist" or "communist" to describe themselves.[75][76] Katzman writes that their ideology "espoused the creation of aclassless society that would combat worldimperialism, internationalZionism,colonialism, exploitation, racism, and multinational corporations".[15] The MEK's ideological foundation was developed during the period of the Iran revolution. According to its official history, the MEK first defined itself as a group that wanted to establish a nationalist, democratic, revolutionary Muslim organization in favour of change in Iran.[286]
Historian Ervand Abrahamian observed that the MEK were "consciously influenced by Marxism, bothmodern andclassical", but they always denied being Marxists because they were aware that the term was colloquial to 'atheistic materialism' among Iran's general public. The Iranian regime for the same reason was "eager to pin on the Mojahedin the labels of Islamic-Marxists and Marxist-Muslims".[287]
According to Abrahamian, it was the first Iranian organization to develop systematically a modern revolutionary interpretation of Islam that "differed sharply from both the old conservative Islam of the traditional clergy and the new populist version formulated in the 1970s by Ayatollah Khomeini and his disciples".[111] Abrahamian said that the MEK's early ideology constituted a "combination of Muslim themes; Shii notions of martyrdom; classical Marxist theories of class struggle and historical determinism; and neo-Marxist concepts of armed struggle, guerilla warfare and revolutionary heroism".[288] According to James Piazza, the MEK worked towards the creation by armed popular struggle of a society in which ethnic, gender, or class discrimination would be obliterated.[289]
Nasser Sadegh told military tribunals that although the MEK respected Marxism as a "progressive method of social analysis, they could not accept materialism, which was contrary to their Islamic ideology". The MEK eventually had a falling out with Marxist groups. According to Sepehr Zabir, "they soon became Enemy No. 1 of both pro-Soviet Marxist groups, theTudeh and the Majority Fedayeen."[116]
The MEK's ideology of revolutionaryShi'ism is based on an interpretation of Islam so similar to that ofAli Shariati that "many concluded" they were inspired by him. According to Ervand Abrahamian, it is clear that "in later years" that Shariati and "his prolific works" had "indirectly helped the Mujahedin".[290]
In the group's "first major ideological work",Nahzat-i Husseini orHussein's Movement, authored by one of the group's founders, Ahmad Reza'i, it was argued thatNezam-i Towhid (monotheistic order) sought by the prophet Muhammad, was a commonwealth fully united not only in its worship of one God but in a classless society that strives for the common good. "Shiism, particularly Hussein's historic act of martyrdom and resistance, has both a revolutionary message and a special place in our popular culture."[291]
As described by Abrahamian, one Mojahedin ideologist argued:
Reza'i further argued that the banner of revolt raised by the Shi'iImams, especiallyAli,Hassan, andHussein, was aimed against feudal landlords and exploiting merchant capitalists as well as against usurpingCaliphs who betrayed theNezam-i-Towhid. For Reza'i and the Mujahidin it was the duty of all Muslims to continue this struggle to create a 'classless society' and destroy all forms ofcapitalism,despotism, andimperialism. The Mojahedin summed up their attitude towards religion in these words: 'After years of extensive study into Islamic history and Shi'i ideology, our organization has reached the firm conclusion that Islam, especially Shi'ism, will play a major role in inspiring the masses to join the revolution. It will do so because Shi'ism, particularlyHussein's historic act of resistance, has both a revolutionary message and a special place in our popular culture.[292]
Massoud Rajavi supported the idea that the Shi'ism is compatible with pluralistic democracy.[158] In 1981, after signing the "covenant of freedom and independence" withBanisadr, and establishingNCRI Massoud Rajavi made an announcement to the foreign press about the MEK's ideology saying that "First we want freedom for all political parties. We reject both political prisoners and political executions. In the true spirit of Islam, we advocate freedom, fraternity, and an end to all repression, censorship, and injustices."[293] They appealed to all opposition groups to joinNCRI. Some secular groups had reservations that an "Islamic Democratic People's Republic" was unattainable, while Massoud Rajavi maintained that Shiite religion and pluralistic democracy are compatible.[294] Along with former Iranian presidentAbolhassan Banisadr, Rajavi published a Covenant promoting freedom of speech, press, and religion in Iran, as well as protection of Iranian minorities, "especially the Kurdish minority".
In 2001, Kenneth Katzman wrote that the MEK had "tried to show itself as worthy of U.S. support on the basis of its commitment to values compatible with those of the United States – democracy, free market economics, protection of the rights of women and minorities, and peaceful relations with Iran's neighbors", but some analysts dispute that they are genuinely committed to what they state.[295] According to Department of State's October 1994 report, the MEK used violence in its campaign to overthrow the Iranian regime.[296] A 2009U.S. Department of State report stated that their ideology was a blend ofMarxism,Islamism andfeminism.[297]
The MEK says it is seeking regime change in Iran through peaceful means with an aim to replace the clerical rule in Iran with a secular government.[298] It also claims to have disassociated itself from its former revolutionary ideology in favor of liberal democratic values, but they fail to "present any track record to substantiate a capability or intention to be democratic".[299]
The MEK says it supports a "secular democratic system", where their leader,Maryam Rajavi, calls for a "pluralist system", non-nuclear Iran, human rights and freedom of expression, separation of government and religion, and end to Sharia law.[300]
During the transitional period, the MEK projected an image of a "forward looking, radical and progressive Islamic force". Throughout the revolution, the MEK played a major role in developing the "revolutionary Muslim woman", which was portrayed as "the living example of the new ideal of womanhood".[301] The MEK is "known for its female-led military units".[302] According toErvand Abrahamian, the MEK "declared that God had created men and women to be equal in all things: in political and intellectual matters, as well as in legal, economic, and social issues."[303] According to Tohidi, in 1982, as the government in Tehran led an expansive effort to limit women's rights, the MEK adopted a female leadership. In 1987, the National Liberation Army (NLA), "saw female resistors commanding military operations from their former base at Camp Ashraf (in Diyala, Iraq) to Iran's westernmost provinces, where they engaged alongside the men in armed combat with Iran's regular and paramilitary forces".[304][305]
Shortly after the revolution, Rajavi married Ashraf Rabii, an MEK member regarded as "the symbol of revolutionary womanhood".[306] Rabii was killed by Iranian forces in 1982. On 27 January 1985,Massoud Rajavi appointedMaryam Azodanlu as his co-equal leader. The announcement, stated that this would give women equal say within the organization and thereby "would launch a great ideological revolution within Mojahedin, the Iranian public and the whole Muslim World".[307]
In 1985, Rajavi launched an "ideological revolution" banning marriage and enforced divorce on all members who were required to separate from their spouses.[34] Five weeks later, the MEK announced that its Politburo and Central Committee had asked Rajavi and Azondalu, who was already married, to marry one another to deepen and pave the way for the "ideological revolution". At the time Maryam Azodanlu was known only as the younger sister of a veteran member, and the wife ofMehdi Abrishamchi. According to the announcement, Maryam Azodanlu and Mehdi Abrishamchi had recently divorced in order to facilitate this 'great revolution.' According toErvand Abrahamian "in the eyes of traditionalists, particularly among the bazaar middle class, the whole incident was indecent. It smacked of wife-swapping, especially when Abrishamchi announced his own marriage to Khiabani's younger sister. It involved women with young children and wives of close friends – a taboo in traditional Iranian culture;" something that further isolated the Mojahedin and also upset some members of the organization. Also according to Abrahamian, "the incident was equally outrageous in the eyes of the secularists, especially among the modern intelligentsia. It projected onto the public arena a matter that should have been treated as a private issue between two individuals."[307] Many criticized Maryam Azodanlu's giving up her own maiden name (something most Iranian women did not do and she herself had not done in her previous marriage). They would question whether this was in line with her claims of being a staunch feminist.[307]
Maryam Rajavi became increasingly important over feminism-colored politics. The emancipation of women is now depicted in Maryam Rajavi's writings "as both a policy end and a strategy toward revolutionizing Iran. Secularism, democracy, and women's rights are thus today's leading themes in the group's strategic communications. As for Maryam Rajavi's leadership, in 2017 it appears to be political and cultural; any remnants of a military force and interest in terrorist strategies have faded away."[308]
| Theneutrality of this section isdisputed. Relevant discussion may be found on thetalk page. Please do not remove this message untilconditions to do so are met.(June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
The MEK has been described as acult of personality by a variety of sources.[309][310][311][312] The MEK has been described as a "cult" by the Iranian government and Iraqi politicianSamir Sumaidaie.[313] On May 25, 1981, Khomeini appeared on national television accusing those who criticized theIslamic Consultative Assembly's decisions of having a cult of personality.[314]
It has also been described as a cult by the United States government, and another retired United States general described it as "Cult? How about admirably focused group?".[315]Romain Nadal said the MEK had a "cult nature", andBernard Kouchner said he was ashamed by Nadal's criticism.[316] Also numerous academics[317][318][61][319] and former MEK members whodefected[320][321] have described it as a cult.[322]
Some sources argue that the Iranian government exploits such allegations to demonize the MEK.[323] The Iranian government is reportedly running a disinformation campaign to discredit the MEK, with the head of the Mackenzie Institute commenting that "Iran is trying to get other countries to label it as a terrorist cult".[324][325] According to aRAND Corporation report for the US government, during Masoud Rajavi's "ideological revolution", members were required to give "near-religious devotion" to its leaders. Also according to RAND, the MEK had "many of the typical characteristics of a cult, such as authoritarian control, confiscation of assets, sexual control (including mandatory divorce and celibacy), emotional isolation, forced labour, sleep deprivation, physical abuse and limited exit options," while this is vehemently denied by its supporters and leaders.[326]United Press International (UPI) said that "The truth is that the group's ideology has evolved over the years in order to adapt with the region's geopolitical changes."[327]
In 1990 MEK leadership ordered all couples to divorce, forbid them from re-marrying, and children were sent away.[328][34] Children were removed from the MEK camp because MEK "resistance fighters" are required to dedicate themselves to their cause.[329][330] Critics often describe the MEK as the "cult of Rajavi", arguing that it revolves around the husband-and-wife duo, Maryam and Massoud Rajavi.[209][331] Members reportedly had to participate in regular "ideological cleansings".[332] According to RAND, members were lured in through "false promises of employment, land, aid in applying for asylum in Western countries" and then prevented from leaving.[326] Masoud Banisadr, a vocal former member, suggested that the MEK had become a cult in order to survive.[333][334]
Alongside its central organization, the PMOI has a political wing, theNational Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI), established in 1981 with the stated goal of uniting the opposition to the Iranian government under oneumbrella organization. The organization has the appearance of a broad-based coalition, but analysts consider NCRI and MEK to be synonymous and recognize the NCRI as an only "nominally independent" political wing of the PMOI.[22][335][336][337] In 2002 theFBI reported that the NCRI has always been "an integral part" of the MEK and its "political branch".[338]
The PMOI also historically maintained a dedicated armed wing known as the National Liberation Army of Iran (NLA) that was established in 1987 to serve as an infantry force and coordinate the different militant groups members of the NCRI.[171] It was formally disbanded in 2003 during theIraq war.[339]
Through its history, the MEK has maintained several front organizations including the Association of Iranian Scholars and Professionals, the Association of Iranian Women, Iran Aid, the California Society for Democracy, the Iranian-American Community of Northern Virginia and the Union Against Fundamentalism.[340][341]
Before the Iran-Iraq war, the MEK was estimated to have about 2,000 members, peaking at 10,000 to 15,000 during the 1980s.[f] In the 2000s, the organization had between 5,000 and 10,000 members, with 2,900 to 3,400 atCamp Ashraf.[b] In February 2020, the MEK claimed to have 2500 members in its Albania camp (§ Settlement in Albania (2016–present)); aNew York Times reporter visiting the camp estimated 200 people were present over two days.[113]
During its life in exile, MEK was initially financed by backers includingSaddam Hussein,[346][347][348][349] and later a network of fake charities based in European countries.[350][351][352]
In 2004, a report by the US weapons inspector Charles Duelfer claimed that Saddam Hussein provided millions of dollars from theUnited Nations'Oil-for-Food program to the MEK.[349][347][353]
InGermany, the MEK used a NGO to "support asylum seekers and refugees". Another alleged organization collected funds for "children whose parents had been killed in Iran" in sealed and stamped boxes placed in city centers. According to the Nejat Society, in 1988, the Nuremberg MEK front organization was uncovered bypolice. Initially,The Greens supported these organizations while it was unaware of their purpose.[350]
In 1999,United States authorities arrested 29 individuals in Operation Eastern Approach,[199] of whom 15 were held on charges of helping MEK members illegally enter the US.[200] The ringleader pleaded guilty to providing phony documents to MEK members and violation ofAntiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996.[201][202]
The MEK also operated aUK-based charity, Iran Aid, which claimed to raise money for Iranian refugees. In 2001, theCharity Commission for England and Wales closed it down after finding no "verifiable links between the money donated by the British public [approximately £5 million annually] and charitable work in Iran".[351][299][354]
In December 2001, a joint FBI-Cologne police operation discovered what a 2004 report calls "a complex fraud scheme involving children and social benefits", involving the sister ofMaryam Rajavi.[355] TheHigh Court ruled to close several MEK compounds after investigations revealed that the organization fraudulently collected between $5 million and $10 million insocial welfare benefits for children of its members sent to Europe.[351]
In 2003,General Intelligence and Security Service (AIVD) claimed that Netherlands charity that raises money for "children who suffer under the Iranian regime" (SIM (Dutch:Stichting Solidariteit met Iraanse Mensen)) was fundraising for the MEK. A spokesperson for the charity said that SIM was unrelated to the MEK and that these allegations were "lies from the Iranian regime".[185]
AsRAND Corporation policy reported, MEK supporters seek donations at public places, often showing "gruesome pictures" ofhuman rights victims in Iran and claiming to raise money for them but funneling it to MEK.[351] A 2004 report byFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) states that the organization is engaged "through a complex international money laundering operation that uses accounts in Turkey, Germany, France, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Jordan, and the United Arab Emirates".[355]
On 19 November 2004, two front organizations called the Iranian–American Community of Northern Virginia and the Union Against Fundamentalism organized demonstrations in front of theCapitol building inWashington, D.C., and transferred funds for the demonstration, some $9,000 to the account of a Texas MEK member. Congress and the bank in question were not aware that the demonstrators were actually providing material support to the MEK.[299] According toSpiegel Online security experts say that U.S., Saudi Arabia and Israel provide the group with financial support, though there is no proof for this supposition and MEK denies this.[207] The Hamburg state court orderedDer Spiegel in 2019 to remove unsupported claims from an article that accused the MEK of "torture" and "psychoterror."[356]
During the years MEK was based in Iraq, it was closely associated with the intelligence serviceMukhabarat (IIS),[357][358] and even had a dedicated department in the agency.Directorate 14 of the IIS worked with the MEK in joint operations while Directorate 18 was exclusively responsible for the MEK and issued the orders and tasks for their operations.[359][360] The MEK offered IIS with intelligence it gathered from Iran,interrogation and translation services.[361]
A 2008 report by theUnited States Army Intelligence Center, states that the MEK operates aHUMINT network within Iran, which is "clearly a MEK core strength". It has started a debate among intelligence experts that "whether western powers should leverage this capability to better inform their own intelligence picture of the Iranian regime's goals and intentions".[362]Rick Francona toldForeign Policy in 2005 that the MEK teams could work in conjunction with collection of intelligence and identifying agents. U.S. security officials maintain that the organization has a record of exaggerating or fabricating information, according toNewsweek.David Kay believes that "they're often wrong, but occasionally they give you something".[363]
American government sources toldNewsweek in 2005 that thePentagon is hoping to utilize MEK members asinformants or give them training asspies for use against Tehran.[364]
The MEK is able to conduct "telephone intelligence" operations effectively, i.e. gathering intelligence through making phone calls to officials and government organizations in Iran.[365] According toAriane Tabatabai, the MEK's "capabilities to conduct terrorist attacks may have decreased in recent years."[366]
The MEK's first act of counter-propaganda was to release about 2014 Iranian prisoners of war within a period of 9 months. It started on 11 March 1986 when the NLA released 370 prisoners of war. They then released 170 prisoners of war in November 1987 that had been captured by the NLA. A third wave of 1300 prisoners of war were released in August 1988, with some joining the NLA ranks. During the last release, Massoud Rajavi promoted it this as an act of compassion by the NCRI, which was in contrast to the Islamic Republic's "cruel manner of treating" prisoners of war.[55] In the 1980s and the 1990s, their propaganda was mainly targeted against the officials in the establishment.[308] According toAnthony H. Cordesman, since the mid-1980s the MEK has confronted Iranian representatives overseas through "propaganda and street demonstrations".[367] Other analysts have also alleged that there is a propaganda campaign by the MEK in the West, includingChristopher C. Harmon[368] and Wilfried Buchta,[369] and others.[370]
According to Kenneth Katzman, the MEK is able to mobilize its exile supporters in demonstration and fundraising campaigns. The organization attempts to publicize regime abuses and curb foreign governments' relations with Tehran. To do so, it frequently conducts anti-regime marches and demonstrations in those countries.[64]
A 1986 U.S. State Department letter to KSCI-TV described "MEK propaganda" as being in line with the following: "[T]he Iranian government is bad, the PMOI is against the Iranian government, the Iranian government represses the PMOI, therefore, the PMOI and its leader Rajavi are good and worth of support."[371] According to Masoud Kazemzadeh, the MEK has also used propaganda against defectors of the organization.[372]
Al Jazeera reported on an alleged Twitter-based MEK campaign. According to Exeter University lecturer Marc Owen Jones, accounts tweeting #FreeIran and #Iran_Regime_Change "were created within about a four-month window", suggesting bot activity.[373]
In an article published byThe Intercept on 9 June 2019, two former MEK members claimed that "Heshmat Alavi" is not a real person, and that the articles published under that name were actually written by a team of people at the political wing of MEK. Alavi contributed to several media outlets includingForbes,The Diplomat,The Hill,The Daily Caller,The Federalist and theEnglish edition ofAl Arabiya's website. According toThe Intercept, one of Alavi's articles published byForbes was used by theWhite House to justifyDonald Trump Administration'ssanctions against Iran.[374] Since the article's publication,Twitter has suspended the "Heshmat Alavi" account, and the writings in the name of "Heshmat Alavi" were removed fromThe Diplomat andForbes' website.[374] A website purported to be a personal blog of "Heshmat Alavi" published a post with counterclaims saying that their Twitter account had been suspended.[374][375]
The countries and organizations below have officially listed MEK as a terrorist organization:
| Currently listed by |  Iran | Designated by the current government[376] since 1981, also duringPahlavi dynasty[377] until 1979 |
 Iraq | Designated by the post-2003 government[247][378] | |
| Formerly listed by |  United States | Designated on 8 July 1997, delisted on 28 September 2012[379] |
 United Kingdom | Designated on 28 March 2001,[379] delisted on 24 June 2008[379] | |
 European Union | Designated in May 2002,[379] delisted on 26 January 2009[379] | |
 Japan | Designated on 5 July 2002,[380] delisted on 24 March 2013[381] | |
 Canada | Designated on 24 May 2005,[382] delisted on 20 December 2012[383] | |
| Other designations |  Australia | Not designated as terrorist but added to the 'Consolidated List' subject to theUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 on 21 December 2001[384] |
 United Nations | The group was described as "involved in terrorist activities" by theUnited Nations Committee against Torture in 2008[385] |
In 1997, the United States put the MEK on theU.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations.[68][386] The Clinton administration reported theLos Angeles Times that "The inclusion of the People's Mojahedin was intended as a goodwill gesture to Tehran and its newly elected president, Mohammad Khatami."[387][68]
In 2004, the United States also considered the group as "noncombatants" and "protected persons" under theGeneva Conventions.[388] In 2002, the European Union, pressured by Washington, added MEK to its terrorist list.[389] In 2009, the U.S. Secretary of StateCondoleezza Rice denied the MEK its request to be delisted.[390] In 2008, theUnited Nations Committee against Torture said the MEK was involved in terrorist activities.[385]
After theUS invasion of Iraq, the MEK had a strong support base in the United States to be removed from its list of Foreign Terrorists Organizations, consequently turning it into a legitimate actor.[28][391]
The United Kingdom lifted the MEK's designation as a terrorist group in June 2008,[392] followed by theCouncil of the European Union on 26 January 2009.[393][394] It was also lifted in the United States following a decision by U.S. Secretary of StateHillary Clinton[219] on 21 September 2012 and lastly in Canada on 20 December 2012.[383]
The Council of the European Union removed the group's terrorist designation following theCourt of Justice of the European Union's 2008 ruling, which criticized France for failing to reveal new supposed evidence that the MEK posed a terrorist threat.[393] The EU courts declared that the listing was unlawful because of "serious procedural failures" and lack of evidence connecting the MEK with terrorist activities.[395] Delisting allowed MEK to pursue tens of millions of dollars in frozen assets[394] and lobby in Europe for more funds. It also removed the terrorist label from MEK members at Camp Ashraf in Iraq.[396]
On 28 September 2012, the U.S. State Department formally removed MEK from its official list of terrorist organizations, beating a 1 October deadline in an MEK lawsuit.[219][397] Secretary of State Clinton said in a statement that the decision was made because the MEK had renounced violence and had cooperated in closing their Iraqi paramilitary base.[398] It was reported that MEK was removed from the U.S. list of terrorist organizations after intensive lobbying by a bipartisan group of lawmakers.[113] An official denied that lobbying by well-known figures influenced the decision.[398][399] Some former U.S. officials vehemently reject the new status and believe the MEK has not changed its ways.[400] MEK leaders began a lobbying campaign to be removed from the list by promoting the group as a viable opposition to the clerical regime in Iran.[401][402][34] During 2011, lobbying firms DLA Piper, Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld and DiGenova & Toensing were paid almost $1,5 million by Iranian American organisations to lobby for delisting the MEK in the US.[403]
The MEK advocated to remove itself from the list ofForeign Terrorist Organizations, having paid high-profile officials upwards of $50,000 give speeches calling for delisting.[404][405]Ervand Abrahamian,Shaul Bakhash,Juan Cole andGary Sick among others, published "Joint Experts' Statement on the Mujahedin-e Khalq" onFinancial Times voicing their concerns regarding MEK delisting.[406] TheNational Iranian American Council denounced the decision, stating it "opens the door to Congressional funding of the M.E.K. to conduct terrorist attacks in Iran" and "makes war with Iran far more likely."[219] Iran state television also condemned the delisting of the group, saying that the U.S. considers MEK to be "good terrorists because the U.S. is using them against Iran."[407]
The campaign to delist the MEK in the European Union counted with Spanish MEPAlejo Vidal-Quadras as one of its lobbyists.Vox, the far-right party he founded, later received funding by theNational Council of Resistance of Iran. The party received almost €1 million between December 2013 and April 2014.[408]
While dealing with anti-regime clergy in 1974, the MEK became close with secular Left groups in and outside Iran. These included the confederation of Iranian Students, ThePeople's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen), and thePopular Front for the Liberation of Oman, among others.[410] The MEK sent five trained members into South Yemen to fight in theDhofar Rebellion against Omani and Iranian forces.[411]
On 7 January 1986, the MEK leaders sent a twelve-page letter to the "comrades" ofCentral Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, asking for temporary asylum and a loan of $300 million to continue their "revolutionary anti-imperialist" actions. It is not clear how the Soviets responded, according toAbbas Milani.[412][better source needed]
Israel's foreign intelligence agencyMossad maintains connections with the MEK, dating back to the 1990s.[413] Until 2001, the MEK received support from theTaliban.[414] The MEK was also among the opposition groups receiving support from Gulf nations such asSaudi Arabia.[415]
In April 2012, journalistSeymour Hersh reported that the U.S.Joint Special Operations Command had trained MEK operatives at a secret site inNevada from 2005 to 2009. According to Hersh, MEK members were trained in intercepting communications, cryptography, weaponry and small unit tactics at the Nevada site up until President Barack Obama took office in 2009.[386]
Initially, the MEK used to criticize thePahlavi dynasty for allying withIsrael andApartheidSouth Africa,[416] calling them racist states and demanding cancellation of all political and economic agreements with them.[417] The MEK opposedIsraeli–Palestinian peace process[418] and wasanti-Zionist.[419]
The MEK's Central Cadre established contact with thePalestine Liberation Organization (PLO), by sending emissaries to Paris, Dubai, and Qatar to meet PLO officials.[420] On 3 August 1972, they bombed the Jordanian embassy as a means to avengeKing Hussein'sunleashing his troops on the PLO in 1970.[421]
In the late 1970s, the intelligentsia as a class in Iran was distinctly nationalistic and anti-imperialistic. The MEK had impeccable nationalistic credentials, calling for the nationalization of foreign companies and economic independence from the capitalist world, and praising writers such asAl-e Ahmad,Saedi andShariati for being "anti-imperialist".[422] Rajavi in his presidential campaign after revolution used to warn against what he called the "imperialist danger."[118] The matter was so fundamental to MEK that it criticized the Iranian government on that basis, accusing the Islamic Republic of "capitulation to imperialism" and being disloyal to democracy that according toRajavi was the only means to "safeguard from American imperialism."[423]
After exile, the MEK sought the support of prominent politicians, academics and human rights lawyers. Rajavi tried to reach as broad a Western public as possible by giving frequent interviews to Western newspapers. In these interviews, Rajavi toned down the issues ofimperialism,foreign policy, andsocial revolution. Instead, he stressed the themes of democracy, political liberties, political pluralism, human rights, respect for 'personal property,' the plight of political prisoners, and the need to end the senseless war.[424]
Hyeran Jo, associate professor ofTexas A&M University wrote in 2015 that the MEK is supported by theUnited States.[425] In January 1993, President-elect Clinton wrote a private letter to the Massoud Rajavi, in which he set out his support for the organization.[426] The organization has also received support United States officials includingTom Ridge,Howard Dean,Michael Mukasey,Louis Freeh,Hugh Shelton,Rudy Giuliani,John Bolton,Bill Richardson,James L. Jones, andEdward G. Rendell.[427][428]
As Mukasey mentioned inThe New York Times, in 2011 he had received $15,000 to $20,000 to present a lecture about "MEK-related events", as well as what he listed as "a foreign agent lobbying pro bono for MEK's political arm".[429] Rendell said he had been paid to speak in support of the MEK[430] and Hamilton said he was paid to "appear on a panel Feb. 19 at the Mayflower Hotel in Washington."[431] In February 2015,The Intercept published thatBob Menendez,John McCain,Judy Chu,Dana Rohrabacher andRobert Torricelli received campaign contributions from MEK supporters.[432]
Some politicians have declared receiving payment for supporting the MEK, but others support the group without payment.[433][61][434] In May 2018,Daniel Benjamin who held office as theCoordinator for Counterterrorism between 2009 and 2012, toldThe New York Times that the MEK offered him money in exchange for his support.[435]
In 2006, Iraqi Prime MinisterAl-Maliki told the MEK it had to leave Iraq, but the MEK responded that the "request violated their status under the Geneva Convention". Al-Maliki and theIraqi Ministry of Justice maintained that the MEK had committed human rights abuses in the early 1990s when it aided Saddam Hussain's campaign against the Shia uprising.[436] According toTime magazine, the MEK has denied aiding Saddam in quashing Kurdish and Shia rebellions.[437]
In May 2005,Human Rights Watch (HRW) issued a report describingprison camps run by the MEK and severehuman rights violations committed by the group against its members, ranging from prolonged incommunicado andsolitary confinement to beatings,verbal andpsychological abuse,coerced confessions, threats ofexecution, andtorture that in two cases led to death.[438] This report was disputed by the UK'sLord Corbett.[379][354] Human Rights Watch released a statement in February 2006, stating the criticisms they received concerning the substance and methodology of the [No Exit] report, was unwarranted.[439]
Former American military officers who had aided in guarding the MEK camp in Iraq gave differing accounts. Those suggested by MEK said its members had been free to leave the camp and that they had not found any prison or torture facilities. Captain Woodside who was not one of those who MEK suggested, said that US officers did not have regular access to camp buildings, or to group members and that it was difficult for members to leave.[113] Jo Hyeran, in her work examining humanitarian violations of rebel groups to international law, states that the MEK has not acceptedInternational Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) visits to its detention centers.[440] According to criticism of Human Right groups, marriage had been banned in the camp.[441] Upon entry into the group, new members areindoctrinated in ideology and arevisionist history of Iran. All members are required to participate in weekly "ideologic cleansings".[442] Members whodefected from the MEK and some experts say that theseMao-style self-criticism sessions are intended to enforce control over sex and marriage in the organization as atotal institution.[297] MEK denied the brainwashing describing it as part of Iranian 'misinformation campaign.'[113][443] AlsoAbbas Milani calls those describing MEK as a cult as lobbyists paid by Iranian regime.[412] In July 2020 a German court ordered the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung to remove false information about the MEK.[444]
The Shah's regime waged a propaganda campaign against the MEK, accusing them "of carrying out subversive acts at the behest of their foreign patrons" and claiming that "the shoot-outs and bombings caused heavy casualties among bystanders and innocent civilians, especially women and children". It also obtained "public confessions" that accused former colleagues of crimes including sexual promiscuity. The regime claimed that the MEK were "unbelievers masquerading as Muslims", and used the Quranic term "monafeqin" (hypocrites) to describe them.[445]
TheIslamic Republican Party later used many of the same tactics, labelling the MEK "Marxist hypocrites and Western-contaminated 'electics', and as 'counter-revolutionary terrorists' collaborating with the Iraqi Ba'thists and the imperialists".[445]After the1994 Imam Reza shrine bomb explosion in Mashhad which killed 25 and wounded at least 70 people, the Iranian regime immediately blamed the MEK. A month after the attack, a Sunni group calling itself "al-haraka al-islamiya al-iraniya" claimed responsibility for the attack. Despite this, the Iranian government continued to hold the MEK responsible for both attacks.[446] According to an anonymous U.S. official,Ramzi Yousef built the bomb and MEK agents placed it in the shrine.[447]
Even into the 2000s, the MEK has remained a major target of Iran's internal security apparatus.[448] Since 2001, several reports by Dutch, German and US intelligence services have noted the ongoing efforts by theIran's Ministry of Intelligence to "track down and identify those who are in contact with opposition groups abroad", including the MEK.[449][450] German and US intelligence have noted that Iranian intelligence was directly financing a misinformation campaign and trying to recruit active or former members of opposition groups, sometimes through "threats to use force against them or their families living in Iran".[449][451][452]
In 2018, U.S. District Court charged two alleged Iran agents of "conducting covert surveillance of Israeli and Jewish facilities in the United States and collecting intelligence on Americans linked to a political organization that wants to see the current Iranian government overthrown". During the court process, it was revealed that the two alleged agents of Iran had mostly gathered information concerning activities involving the MEK.[453] The two men pleaded guilty in November 2019 to several charges including conspiracy and "acting as an undeclared agent of the Iranian government". The Justice Department said that one of the men arrived in the US to gather "intelligence information" about the MEK (as well as Israeli and Jewish entities). The other admitted to taking photographs at a 2017 MEK rally in order to profile attendees.[454][455]
In January 2020 Iranian-American Ahmadreza Mohammadi-Doostdar was sentenced by a U.S. court to 38 months in prison for conducting surveillance on American MEK members.[456] In September 2020The New York Times published a report where researchers alleged that opponents of the Iranian regime had been targets of a cyber attack by Iranian hackers through a variety of infiltration techniques. MEK was reportedly among the most prominent targets of the attacks.[457]
From 1989 to 1993, the Islamic Republic of Iran carried out numerous assassinations of MEK members. Between March and June 1990, three MEK members were assassinated inTurkey. On 24 February 1990, DrKazem Rajavi (a National Council member) was assassinated inGeneva. In January 1993, an MEK member was murdered in Baghdad.[55]
On 23 September 1991, an attempt was carried out to assassinateMassoud Rajavi inBaghdad. In August 1992, a MEK member was kidnapped and brought to Iran. In September 1992, MEK offices in Baghdad were broken into. In January 1993, a MEK bus was bombed without casualties. Towards the end of 1993, anonymous gunmen attackedAir France offices and the French embassy in Iran after France allowedMaryam Rajavi and 200 MEK members to enter France.[55]
In March 1993, theNCRI's spokesman was murdered inItaly. In May 1990, a MEK member was murdered inCologne. In February 1993, a MEK member was murdered inManila. In April 1992, a MEK member was murdered in theNetherlands. In August 1992, a MEK member was murdered inKarachi. In March 1993, two assassins on motorcycles murdered NCRI representative Mohammad Hossein Naqdi inItaly.[458] This led to theEuropean Parliament issuing a condemnation of theIslamic Republic of Iran for political murder.[55]
The Iranian regime is also believed to be responsible for killing NCR representative in 1993, andMassoud Rajavi's brother in 1990. The MEK claims that in 1996 a shipment of Iranian mortars was intended for use by Iranian agents againstMaryam Rajavi.[448] In May 1994, Islamic Republic agents assassinated two MEK members inIraq. In May 1995, five MEK members were assassinated in Iraq. In 1996, two MEK members were murdered inTurkey (including NCRI member Zahra Rajabi); in the same year two MEK members were killed inPakistan and another one in Iraq.[55][459][460][461]
After the1979 Iranian revolution, the MEK gained significant support from the Iranian public, becoming the most popular dissident group.[462][113] It also received support from national figures including intellectuals, military officers, and athletes.[463] However, after becoming more violent and siding withSaddam Hussein's Iraq during theIran-Iraq War the MEK's standing inside Iran diminished.[25] Its supporters within Iran have remained persistent, resisting the regime's attempts to eradicate the organization from the country.[464]
Inside Iran, the strength of the MEK is uncertain since many of its supporters have been executed, tortured, or jailed.[465][55]Karim Sadjadpour believes the MEK is a "fringe group with mysterious benefactors" with a negligible amount of supporters in Iran.[429] Kenneth Katzman wrote in 2001 that the MEK is "Iran's most active opposition group".[22] A 2009 report published by theBrookings Institution notes that the organization appears to be undemocratic and lacking popularity but maintains an operational presence in Iran, acting as aproxy against Tehran.[466] The group has been described as Iran's main political opposition group.[467][468]
The Iranian government consistently refers to the organization with this derogatory namemonafiqeen (Persian:منافقین,lit. 'thehypocrites'). The term is derived from theQuran, which describes it as people of "two minds" who "say with their mouths what is not in their hearts" and "in their hearts is a disease".[469]
While Khomeini and the MEK had allied against the Shah, Khomeini "disliked the MEK's philosophy, which combined Marxist theories of social evolution and class struggle with a view of Shiite Islam that suggested Shiite clerics had misinterpreted Islam and had been collaborators with the ruling class",[114] and by mid-1980, clerics close to Khomeini were openly referring to the MEK as "monafeghin", "kafer", and "elteqatigari".[470] The MEK in turn accused Khomeini and the clerics of "monopolizing power", "hijacking the revolution", "trampling over democratic rights", and "plotting to set up a fascistic one-party dictatorship".[29]
During the 1970s the group received assistance from the Liberation Movement.[291] In the 1980s, the MEK and the Kurdish Democratic Party, the National Democratic Front, the Hoviyat Group, and other groups joined theNational Council of Resistance of Iran.[463] Other groups opposing Khomeini's government, such as theNational Resistance Movement of Iran (NAMIR), led byShapour Bakhtiar, criticized and rejected cooperation with the MEK.[471] Kenneth Katzman suggests that it's hard to determine the level of MEK support among Iran's exiles. While certain groups have distanced themselves from the organization, others have lent their support.[464]
Due to its anti-Shah stance before the revolution, the MEK is not close tomonarchist opposition groups andReza Pahlavi, Iran's deposed crown prince.[464] Commenting on the MEK, Pahlavi said in an interview: "I cannot imagine Iranians ever forgiving their behavior at that time [siding with Saddam Hussein's Iraq in the Iran-Iraq war]. [...] If the choice is between this regime and the MEK, they will most likely say the mullahs".[472]
Iran's deposedpresidentAbolhassan Banisadr ended his alliance with the group in 1984, denouncing its stance during theIran–Iraq War.[464]
The MEK has been featured in several documentaries, includingA Cult That Would Be an Army: Cult of the Chameleon (2007),[473]The Strange World of the People's Mujahedin (2012)[474][475] andMidday Adventures (2017).[476]
Iran's main opposition group
the biggest and most resilient Iranian opposition group
In return, the PMOI made attacks on Iran itself, which is why Iranians of all stripes tend to regard the group as traitors.
Unsurprisingly, the decision to fight alongside Saddam was viewed as traitorous by the vast majority of Iranians and destroyed the MKO's standing in its homeland.
With regard to weakening the Iranian regime domestically, MEK failed to establish itself as a political alternative, its goals and violent activities were strongly opposed by the Iranian population–even more so its alignment with Iraq.
The group is not popular in Iran because of its alliance with Saddam Hussein and Iran–Iraq war.
The MEK's supporters present the group as a viable alternative to Iran's theocracy, though analysts say it is unpopular among Iranians for its past alignment with Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein and attacks on Iranian soldiers and civilians.
On 20 June 1981, the MEK organised a mass protest of half a million people in Tehran, with the aim of triggering a second revolution… 50 demonstrators were killed, with 200 wounded. Banisadr was removed from office...
The most drastic show of terror instigated by the MKO was the blast of a bomb placed in the IRP headquarter on 28 June 1980 that killed more than seventy prominent members of the IRP, including Ayatollah Beheshti, founder of the IRP and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; four cabinet ministers; and twenty-seven members of the Majles.
the MEK leaders found that they had no role in the new regime…In response, supporters launched a terror campaign against Khomeini's regime. On June 28, 1981, two bombs killed 74 members of the Khomeini Islamic Republic Party (IRP) at a party conference in Tehran.
These attacks led to a brutal crackdown on all dissidents. Throughout 1981 a mini - civil war existed between the Khomeini regime and the MEK . By the end of 1982, most MEK operatives in Iran had been eradicated . By the time, most MEK leaders left Iran for refugee in France.
On August 30, 1981, a bomb exploded in the Tehran office of Iranian prime minister Mohammad-Javad Bahonar. The blast killed Bahonar, as well as President Mohammad-Ali Rajai...Survivors described the explosion occurring when one victim opened a briefcase, brought into the office by Massoud Kashmiri, a state security official. Subsequent investigation revealed that Kashmiri was an agent of the leftist People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK)
The organizations' ties with Iraq (mainly Rajavi's meeting with Tariq Aziz in January 1983) were exploited to demonstrate the organizations betrayal due to its willingness to join forces with Iran's enemies on the outside.
The Deputy Prime Minister of Iraq and the exiled leader of an Iranian leftist group met for four hours today and said afterward that the war between their countries should brought to an end. The conversations between Deputy Prime Minister Tareq Aziz of Iraq and Massoud Rajavi, leader of the People's Mojahedin, an organization that includes a guerrilla wing active in Iran, were described by Mr. Rajavi as the first of their kind. He said the exchange of views had been "an important political turning point on the regional level and for the world in relation to the Iran-Iraq War"
Despite the mortal blow inflicted on the organization, the Iranian regime continued to regard the Mujahidin as a real threat, and therefore continued to persecute its followers and damage their public image. The organizations' ties with Iraq (mainly Rajavi's meeting with Tariq Aziz in January 1983) were exploited to demonstrate the organizations betrayal due to its willingness to join forces with Iran's enemies on the outside.
...by then sheltered in camps in Iraq, fought against Iran alongside the Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein...
During this period the threat from militant organizations in Iran was high. An attack on a military outpost in the village of Siahkal, by a radical Marxist-Leninist urban guerrilla group named Fadaiyan-e Khalq (Martyrs for the Masses), on 8 February 1971, ushered in a new phase of opposition to the Shah's regime. Moreover, and alarmingly for the security services, the group made it one of their principal objectives to disrupt the Celebrations. Around the time of the festivities, US Ambassador Douglas Macarthur was almost kidnapped by gunmen who ambushed his limousine, and a plan to kidnap the British ambassador, Peter Ramsbotham, was also uncovered. More attempted kidnappings prompted an increase in security, as the Dutch ambassador explained in a report in early October... SAVAK later claimed that sixty members of the Iranian Liberation Organization were charged with plotting to carry out kidnappings during the Celebrations.
Referred to in the Iranian press as the "Iranian People's Strugglers", and later known as Peykar, this group led by Tagui Shahram, Vahid Arakhteh and Bahram Aram was one o several underground groups waging a covert war against the Shah's secret police, SAVAK. Afrakhteh, who later confessed to the killings of Americans, was executed
Ten terrorists were sentenced to death... The condemned terrorists were Vahid Afrakhteh... The terroirsts were charged with the murders of Brigadier-general Reza Zandipur, United States Colonels Hawkins, Paul Shaffer and ack Turner, the U.S. Embassy's translator Hassan Hossnan
despite its persistent and sophisticated denials today, the Mojahedin fully supported the seizure of the U.S. embassy in November 1979.
According to past State Department reports, supported the November 1979 takeover of the U.S. embassy in Tehran, although the group claims that it is the regime that alleged this support in order to discredit the group in the West
On June 18 the Iraqi army launched an offensive against the Mehran salient on the central front, working in close coordination with Massoud Rajavi's People's Mujahidin.
On 26 July the NLA, advancing under heavy Iraqi air cover, seized Karand and Islamabad-e Gharb on the Baghdad-Tehran highway.
in 2004 obtained 'protected person' status under the Fourth Geneva Convention for all PMOI members at Camp Ashraf based on the U.S. investigators' conclusions that none was a combatant or had committed a crime under any U.S. laws; disbanded its military units and disarmed the Pmoi members at Ashraf, all of whom signed a document rejecting violence and terror
The MEK, which is based in Paris, remains unpopular in Iran because of its support for the late Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein during the Iran–Iraq war.
Most observers of Iranian politics say the MeK has minimal support in Iran and is widely hated for its use of violence and close links to Israeli intelligence.
...the MKO kept up its opposition and its violent attacks, but dwindled over time to take on the character of a paramilitary cult, largely subordinated to the interests of the Baathist regime in Iraq.
to survive, MEK...had no choice but to complete its transformation into an extreme, violent and destructive cult, employing the most destructive methods of mind control and 'brainwashing'.
Maximum strength (from 1981–1983 to 1987–1988): 15,000 fighters, with a few tanks and several dozen light artillery pieces, recoilless guns, machine guns, antitank missiles, and SAM-7s.
It fostered anti-Iranian activities through the Mujahidin-i Khalq and provided financial support for Hamas, Islamic Jihad, Palestine Liberation Front and the Arab Liberation Front.
D14, believed to be the largest directorate, was charged with the joint operations with the Iranian opposition forces of the Mujahidi Khalq (MKO), whose cross-border guerrilla operations varied directly with the overall state of relations with Tehran. The MEK also had its own dedicated department in the Mukhabarat, D18.
The MEK directs a worldwide campaign against the Iranian government that stresses propaganda and occasionally uses terrorist violence.
When the democratic and progressive members of the opposition made the smallest criticisms of Rajavi, the whole PMOI propaganda machinery would commence vicious personal attacks against them and spread false rumors that they were collaborating with the fundamentalist regime's Ministry of Intelligence.
The MEK, dedicated to overthrowing Iran's Islamic regime and considered a terrorist group by Iran ...
the three civilian victims were killed by members of the same self-styled "Islamic Marxist" anti-Government terrorist group that was officially blamed for the assassination of two American colonels in Teheran last year
But when the US military formally transferred control of Camp Ashraf back to the Iraqi government on Jan. 1, the MEK's fate suddenly became an issue. The group is a source of contention for Iran and the US, Iraq's two biggest allies, who are increasingly vying for influence as Baghdad's post–Saddam Hussein Shi'ite government asserts its independence. All three countries label the MEK a terrorist organization.
The MEK has been involved in terrorist activities and is therefore a less legitimate replacement for the current regime.
The Mujaheddin e Khalq (MeK) also known as the Peoples' Mujaheddin of Iran (PMOI) was removed from the list of proscribed groups in June 2008 as a result of judgments of thePOAC and theCourt of Appeal.
The American military campaign in Afghanistan has terminated the Taliban support to the Mujahedeen-e-Khalq (MEK). This group enjoyed support from the Islamic Republic's enemies including Saddam Hussein of Iraq and Taliban in Afghanistan.
Mr. Rendell, a former chairman of the Democratic National Committee, said he had given seven or eight speeches since July calling for the M.E.K. to be taken off the terrorist list and estimated that he had been paid a total of $150,000 or $160,000. Mr. Rendell said he had been told that his fees came from Iranian-American supporters of the M.E.K., not from the group itself.
Hamilton, a former chairman of the House Foreign Relations Committee who headed the prestigious Woodrow Wilson Center for 12 years until last fall, told IPS that he had also been paid "a substantial amount" to appear on a panel Feb. 19 at the Mayflower Hotel in Washington.
The amusing thing is that the MEK will try to buy pretty much anyone, you know. I was approached to do events in support of the MEK. I know a number of other former government officials who found them truly detestable also were approached. You know, it's really something to have someone on the phone offering you 15,000$ of 20,000$ to appear at a panel discussion because that doesn't happen for former diplomats every day.
The group itself also appears to be undemocratic and enjoys little popularity in Iran itself. It has no political base in the country, although it appears to have an operational presence.
Media related toPeople's Mujahedin of Iran at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related toPeople's Mojahedin Organization of Iran at Wikiquote| Participants &supporters | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Timeline |
| ||||||||||||||||
| Related | |||||||||||||||||
| Order | |
|---|---|
| Perpetrators | |
| Influential sponsors | |
| Opponents | |
| Related parties and organizations | |
| Buried | |
| Related | |
