TheMubarak Shahi Dynasty (Bengali: মোবারক শাহী খান্দান) was a short lived but detrimental dynasty that emerged out ofBengal and gained independence from theDelhi Sultanate.^[1] It was the ruling dynasty of theSonargaon Sultanate.Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah, was the founder and longest ruler of theSonargaon Sultanate. The dynasty originated fromNoakhali, Bangladesh^[2] and it eventually met its end with the unification of Bengal under theBengal Sultanate andShamsuddin Ilyas Shah's conquest of Sonargaon.^[3]

According to some historians, Mubarak was born into aBengaliSunni Muslim family in a village located in the eastern part ofNoakhali, in present dayBangladesh. Though the exact location of this village is not certain, it is thought to be situated in theKabirhat Upazila.^[2] Another account of the origin of the dynasty is that of Turkic origin, belonging to the Qaraunah Turks. This claim however, seems to be less reliable and uncertain.^[1]

Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah reigned from 1338–1349, and was also known simply as Fakhra.^[4] He was the founder of the first independent Bengalisultanate, which comprised modern-day eastern and southeasternBangladesh.^[1][5] His kingdom revolved around the city ofSonargaon. It was during this time in which the city emerged as a chief superpower during his reign.^[6] Mubarak Shah was also the first Muslim ruler to conquerorChittagong, the principal port ofBengal in 1340 CE.^[7]Ibn Batuta, after visiting his capital in 1346, described Shah as "a distinguished sovereign who loved strangers, particularly the fakirs and sufis".^[1] The Iqlim (administrative division) of Mubarakabad is said to have been named after him.^[8]

After the death ofBahram Khan in 737 AH (1336-1337 AD), Mubarak rose to power and declared himself as independent ruler from his proclaimed capital inSonargaon.^[1] After hearing of Mubarak's revolt against Delhi, the Governor ofLakhnauti Qadar Khan sent a large army to suppress him.

Mubarak fled from the battlefield, and his assets were captured by Qadar Khan's forces and Sonargaon was seized. However, Mubarak managed to execute Qadar Khan and regain Sonargaon by luring Qadar Khan's army who had fallen into dissension regarding the sharing of the spoils. He then appointed his servant Mukhlis to administer Lakhnauti but Mukhlis was defeated by Qadar Khan'sariz (war minister)Alauddin Ali Shah.^[4]

Shah's conquests ofComilla andNoakhali (present-dayBangladesh) were followed by gains of northernSylhet and southernChittagong.^[1] His military enterprise included a successful naval action against SultanAlauddin Ali Shah of theLakhnauti Sultanate.^[1] Shah sponsored several construction projects, including atrunk road and raised embankments, along with mosques and tombs.^[1]

Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah, was most probably Fakhruddin's son according to historianJadunath Sarkar and succeeded him and ruled the independent Sultanate from Sonargaon till 1352.^[5] He was the second and final ruler of Sonargaon and during his reign in 1350, he lostChittagong to the king ofArakan.^{[citation needed]}

In 1352Ilyas Shah, independent Sultan ofSatgaon, who already captured theLakhnauti Sultanate, attackedSonargaon. In the battle Ikhtiyaruddin was defeated and killed. Thus for the first time in history,Bengal was unified, comprising Sonargaon, Satgaon and Lakhnauti.

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Classical dynasties Gangaridai Bhulua Nandas Mauryans Shungas Guptas Varmanas Gaudas Kamarupa Jaintia Gour Laur Mallabhum Bhadras Khadgas Palas Kamboja Palas Senas Chandras Devas Pratapgarh Taraf
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Post-partition era East Bengal/East Pakistan (1947–1971) East Bengali refugees History of East Pakistan 1964 East Pakistan riots Bengali language movement Bangladesh Liberation War
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Related Architecture of Bengal History of Bengali literature Bangamata History of the taka Muslin trade in Bengal List of governors of Bengal Presidency Prime Minister of Bengal Maritime history of Bengal
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Contemporary Constituent Assembly 1972 CE Constitution 1972 CE Insurgency 1972 – 1975 CE Bangladesh famine 1974 CE BaKSAL era 1975 CE Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 1975 CE Jail Killing 1975 CE Military coups 1975 - 2011 CE Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict 1977 - 1997 CE 1990 mass uprising 1990 CE Caretaker government 1996 CE Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord 1997 CE 2006–08 Political crisis 2006–2008 CE Hasina era 2009–2024 CE Vision 2021 and Digital Bangladesh 2008 CE Bangladesh Rifles revolt 2009 CE International Crimes Tribunal 2009 CE Shahbag protests 2013 CE Shapla Square protests 2013 CE 2013 Quota reform movement 2013 CE 2015 Political crisis 2015 CE 2018 Road-safety protests 2018 CE 2018 Quota reform movement 2018 CE Smart Bangladesh 2022 CE July Revolution 2024 CE Aftermath of the July Revolution 2024 – present CE
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