The fertile land between theSanta Cruz Mountains and the shores of the southernSan Francisco Bay once supported multiple villages of the indigenousOhlone people. Spanish missionaries utilized the land for sheep pastures.[13]
The southwest shore of San Francisco Bay was settled by European-Americans in 1852 as a stagecoach station. This was after the United States acquired California. By the early 1900s, it was a shipping point for fruit and grain, as well as a center of religious book publishing.[14]
The early pioneers were commonly buried at the old cemetery between Mercy & Church, off Castro Street. This is now the site of the present city library and park, known as Pioneer Park.
Reverend Henry Merrill Henderson, born in Maryland, arrived here at age 35 with his family in 1852; he was meeting relatives: the Ricketts and others who had migrated fromMissouri andKentucky. He was the first Baptist minister in town. He soon rode a circuit for preaching, going by horseback to Half-Moon Bay andMcCarthysville for services.[citation needed]
Later that year, Seligman Weilheimer and his brother Samuel immigrated from Dossenheim,Baden, Germany. They settled on the next plot, and in 1856 built the first big general merchandise store in the settlement.[15]
William Bubb bought 80 acres (32 ha) to farm in October 1851; he became a leader in town and died there in 1864. His heirs' descendants prospered, marrying into other pioneer families.[citation needed]
Advent of local aerospace and electronics industries
The U.S. Navy's adjacent 1,000-acre (4.0 km2) Moffett Field Complex was constructed beginning after 1931; its development attracted many workers and it brought many economic opportunities. AfterWorld War II, the population grew significantly with the development of regional aerospace and electronics industries.[16] Between 1950 and 1960, the population grew from 6,563 to 30,889, an increase of 370.7%.
Between 1929 and 1994,Moffett Field Naval Air Station operated in Mountain View. In 1940, the city was the base of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (now the NASA Ames Research Center), which had a strong influence on the development of aerospace and electronics industries.[14]
Today, high technology is the foundation of the local economy. Few remnants are visible of the city's agricultural past.
In 1990, Kevin Duggan began his position as city manager. He built a relationship with Google, Inc., and issued a long-term lease to it and other technology companies. As of 2014, those leases generate over $5 million per year in city revenue. The Castro Street downtown area also benefited from a special tax district.[17]
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12.236 square miles (31.69 km2), of which 11.958 square miles (30.97 km2) is land and 0.278 square miles (0.72 km2) (2.26%) is water.[6]
TheSanta Cruz Mountains, the origin of the city's name, lie to the west. This range separates Mountain View from the Pacific Ocean and, together with the Diablo Range to the south-east, form theSanta Clara Valley.
Most of Mountain View consists of residential neighborhoods. Business parks are located mostly in the North Shoreline neighborhood, north of Highway 101.
The Blossom Valley neighborhood comprises five smaller neighborhoods: Springer Meadows, Varsity Park, Blossom Valley Estates, Springer Trees, and Gest Ranch subdivision known as Miramonte Oaks which borders Los Altos. This would be one of the more exclusive areas, this development was built in 1963 to about 1965. The other neighborhood'sranch-style housing were built in the 1950s and 1960s on orchard land.[20]
The Cuernavaca neighborhood is located off Crestview Drive near the Sunnyvale border. This neighborhood used to be the location of a cherry orchard, and later a nine-hole golf course and swim club before it was turned into housing, which was completed in 1989.[21] Most of the housing in Cuernavaca is Spanish-style, with red tiled roofs.[21]
TheMonta Loma neighborhood is located between the bounds of San Antonio Road, Middlefield Road, Rengstorff Avenue and Central Expressway.[22] Currently Monta Loma houses a collection of California-stylemid-century modern houses byJoseph Eichler,John Calder Mackay, and Mardell Building Company.[22]
Due to its history as a center for semiconductor manufacturing, Mountain View has seven sites on theEnvironmental Protection Agency's FinalNational Priorities List (NPL), a list of hazardous waste sites in the United States eligible for long-term remedial action financed under the federalSuperfund program. The sites were formerly used by companies includingFairchild Semiconductor,Intel,Raytheon, CTS Printex Inc., Spectra-Physics, Jasco Chemical,GTE andTeledyne. These seven sites make up a portion of the 22 NPL sites in Santa Clara County, which are included in the total of 94 sites in California.[23]
Mountain View has awarm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classificationCsb: dry-summer subtropical).[24] Summers are warm and dry, while winters are cool and wet. However, both summers and winters are somewhat moderated due to its relative proximity to the Pacific, although it has a lesser maritime influence than San Francisco further north on the peninsula.
Climate data for Moffett Federal Airfield, Mountain View, California
Google headquarters,Googleplex, is Mountain View's largest employer
Mountain View is one of the major cities that make upSilicon Valley, and has many notable Silicon Valley companies either headquartered there or with a large presence. As of 2024, major tech companies such asGoogle[27] andIntuit[28] were headquartered in Mountain View.[29]
After voting to increase the minimum wage incrementally in 2015, in December 2017, the Mountain View City Council implemented a mandatory $15 minimum wage, to apply to employees who work two or more hours a week.[30] At the start of 2018, Mountain View raised its minimum wage to $15.[31] Starting on January 1, 2019, the minimum wage was to be "adjusted annually based on the San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose regional Consumer Price Index."[30] A proposal to slow down the rate of the wage increases by a year[32][33] was defeated in a City Council meeting on December 4, 2018.[34] Subsequently, on December 30, 2018, it was announced that Mountain View's minimum wage would rise to $15.65 on January 1, 2019, with the increase delayed by one year for companies with 25 or fewer employees.[35] As of January 2024, the minimum wage in Mountain View is $18.75 per hour.[36]
Mountain View, California – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
As of the2020 census, there were 82,376 people and 34,423 households, and 19,585 families residing in the city.[42] Thepopulation density was 6,888.8 inhabitants per square mile (2,659.8/km2) There were 37,295 housing units.
According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Mountain View had an unemployment rate of 5.0% in August 2013.[43] It had a female population of 47.8 percent and a male population of 52.2 percent. Persons under five were 6.4 percent, persons under 18 were 20.3 percent, and persons aged 65 and older were 11.1 percent in 2020. In 2022, 5.4 percent of people in Mountain View were living below the poverty line. Of the citizens over the age of sixteen, 72.9 percent were employed in the labor force, while 27.1 percent were not.
As of the2010 census, there were 74,066 people, households, and families residing in the city.[44] The population density was 6,174.6 inhabitants per square mile (2,384.0/km2). There were 31,957 housing units.[45]
145 (0.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 120 (0.2%) were institutionalized. There were 31,957 households, out of which 8,731 (27.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 13,806 (43.2%) wereopposite-sex married couples living together, 2,456 (7.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,253 (3.9%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,928 (6.0%)unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 280 (0.9%)same-sex married couples or partnerships. 10,961 households (34.3%) were made up of individuals, and 2,471 (7.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31. There were 17,515families (54.8% of all households); the average family size was 3.01. The population was spread out, with 14,594 people (19.7%) under the age of 18, 5,401 people (7.3%) aged 18 to 24, 28,577 people (38.6%) aged 25 to 44, 17,647 people (23.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 7,846 people (10.6%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.5 males. There were 33,881 housing units at an average density of 2,760.6 units per square mile (1,065.9 units/km2), of which 13,332 (41.7%) were owner-occupied, and 18,625 (58.3%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.4%. 32,002 people (43.2% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units, and 41,799 people (56.4%) lived in rental housing units.
RV campers used as residences on a Mountain View street
According to the Santa Clara County Homeless Census and Survey, the number of homeless individuals in Mountain View increased 51% from 2015 to 2017, with 276 homeless individuals in 2015, and 416 in 2017.[46] In August 2017, theMercury News reported that Mountain View had seen RVs and recreational vehicles become the choice of residence for many working poor in the city. The city's communications coordinator called it a "new" situation, noting that many of the residents living in RVs were working up to three jobs, and that affordable housing was hard to come by in the city.[46] In December 2017, Google received approval to build nearly 10,000 new units of housing near its future campus in the city.[27]
As of the2000 census, there were 70,708 people, 31,242 households, and 15,902 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,263.7/km2 (5,863/sq mi). There were 32,432 housing units at an average density of 1,038.3/km2 (2,689/sq mi). The racial makeup of the city was 63.77%White, 20.67%Asian, 18.26%Hispanic orLatino (of any race), 2.53%African American, 0.39%Native American, 0.26%Pacific Islander, 8.32% fromother races, and 4.07% from two or more races.
There were 31,242 households, out of which 23.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.0% weremarried couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 49.1% were non-families. 35.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.97.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 18.0% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 43.4% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $69,362, and the median income for a family was $80,379. Males had a median income of $64,585 versus $44,358 for females. Theper capita income for the city was $39,693. About 3.6% of families and 6.8% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 7.2% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.
Sidewalk along Castro Street in downtown Mountain View
Mountain View has a pedestrian-friendly downtown centered on Castro Street. The downtown area consists of the seven blocks of Castro Street from theDowntown Mountain View Station transit center in the north to the intersection withEl Camino Real in the south. The transit center links theCaltrain commuter rail andSanta Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) light rail and bus systems.
Four blocks with a concentration of restaurants, cafes, and shops extend south from the downtown station. TheMichelin Guide-starred restaurant Chez TJ is located a block from Castro Street on Villa Street. Tied House, located next door, was one of the first brewpubs in the Bay Area, and was a popular stop in downtown until it closed in 2019.[47]
The core of downtown is the plaza shared by City Hall, theMountain View Center for the Performing Arts (MVCPA) and the Mountain View Public Library. The plaza is used for many community gatherings and events, and features a collection of public art. Peninsula Youth Theatre andTheatreWorks are among the home companies of the MVCPA.[48] The City Hall and MVCPA complex, designed by William Turnbull of San Francisco, opened in 1991.[49] Behind those buildings is Pioneer Park, formerly the site of Mountain View's first cemetery.[50]
The Mountain View Police Department is located two blocks away from Castro Street on Villa Street.[51]
Since 1971, the city has held the annual Mountain View Art & Wine Festival on Castro Street by closing down the street to traffic for two days. There is a farmers' market in the Caltrain parking lot every Sunday morning. Every summer, once a month, the city celebrates Thursday Night Live by closing off Castro street to cars and providing live music events and car shows on Castro Street.
The entire length of El Camino in Mountain View is a low-density commercial area.[citation needed]
Mountain View has one central public library, the Mountain View Public Library, which has video, music, books, and access to the Internet. The library provides outreach services through the bookmobile and S.O.S. volunteer program to those in Mountain View who are unable to come to the main branch. The building was built in 1997. The second floor of the library has a special collection in a room devoted to the history of Mountain View, which features a portrait of Crisanto Castro, for whom the major downtown thoroughfare is named.[54] Displayed outside the library is a piece of theBerlin Wall, installed in 2013.[55]
Stevens Creek runs through Mountain View from the south and empties into the Bay in Shoreline Park. A paved pedestrian and bicycle path, the Stevens Creek Trail, runs alongside the creek for nearly its entire distance in Mountain View. Stevens Creek is home to coyotes, gray foxes, black-tailed deer, butterflies, dragonflies, and 150 species of birds,[56] as well as shorebirds that feed in the mudflat. The shorebirds can be seen at low tide.[57]
Other parks include:
Charleston Park
Eagle Park, which holds a public swimming pool, dog-friendly lawn, and World War IImemorial[58]
Cuesta Park, a sprawling park with tennis courts, barbecue areas, and playgrounds, near El Camino Hospital and the YMCA
Rengstorff Park, home to a public swimming pool, community center, skate park, fenced dog park, and multiple playgrounds and picnic areas
Charleston Park, a five-acre park located near theGoogleplex. The park was designed by SWA Group who received an ASLA Centennial Medallion in 1999 for their work.[59]
Mountain View has acouncil-manager government system. An executive city manager is in charge of several departments, while the city council, supported by several boards, commissions, and committees, is the legislature responsible for the ordinances of the city code. The executive in turn enforces the code and promulgates administrative regulations to execute it. The city clerk and attorney perform supporting roles. The Community Development Department is the agency responsible for planning and zoning.[60]
Mountain View is represented by a 7-member council elected at-large. The mayor is a council member appointed by their peers each year.[63] The City Council maintains a number ofCouncil Advisory BodiesArchived October 8, 2019, at theWayback Machine, which provide input on a range of city matters pertaining to development, land use and historical preservation.
Mountain View taxed a large portion of its most valuable commercial and industrial properties in the Shoreline Regional Park Community at very low relative levels, and until the creation of a joint-powers agreement (JPA) in 2006, none of those property taxes reached the local schools. After the creation of the JPA, the Shoreline Regional Park Community shared less than $1 million per year with the elementary and high school districts.[66][67]
In 2008, a citizen-supported parcel tax, largely aimed at reducing class sizes, was renewed in an overwhelmingly positive vote.[68] The current ratio of students to full-time-equivalent teachers in the Mountain View public elementary schools is 20.4 : 1.[69]
TheDowntown Mountain View Station is the transit center for the city, connecting the public commuter rail, light rail, bus, and private shuttle systems. It is one of the busiest transit centers in the county, behind Milpitas, Palo Alto and San Jose.[71]
Mountain View is served by theCaltrain commuter rail system, which runs fromSan Francisco toGilroy. The two Caltrain stations in the city are the Mountain View Station and theSan Antonio Station. Caltrain provides all classes of service in Mountain View, with Baby Bullet trains stopping at the main downtown station.
MVgo is a free shuttle service that runs three routes throughout Mountain View beginning and ending at Downtown Mountain View Station during morning and evening commute hours. Many large local employers (includingGoogle,Microsoft,Apple Inc., and NASAAmes Research Center) operate employee shuttles that stop at the Downtown Mountain View Station. There is also a free community shuttle bus that serves 50 stops in a loop within Mountain View, which connects the major shopping areas with the residential neighborhoods.[72]
VTA operates several regularly scheduled routes within the city, including Routes 21, 22/522, 40, 51, and 52. VTA also has a bus yard in Mountain View, near Shoreline Blvd and US-101.
The city is one of the region's largest users ofRecycled Water, mostly for landscaping in the area North of US-101 covering Shoreline Park and the Google campus. Mountain View uses about 460,000 gallons of recycled water daily, with plans to expand that usage to up to 1.4 million gallons each day.[74]
On August 16, 2006, after over a year of test deployments, Google announced that its implementation of freeIEEE 802.11g wireless service for all of the city was fully operational.[75]
On February 19, 2014, the City of Mountain View andGoogle announced a new connectivity plan for residents, to replace the existing system. Service was to be available along the downtown corridor of Mountain View, primarily on Castro Street. Other areas to be covered included Rengstorff Park, the Mountain View Public Library, Senior, Community, and Teen Centers.[76]
The Mountain View Fire Department maintains five stations, and is responsible for fire protection and emergency medical services.[77][78][79]
The Mountain View Police Department maintains patrol, traffic enforcement, detective, K9 and SWAT services for the city,[80][81][82] and participates in several task forces,[83] including the Regional Allied Computer Crime Task Force (REACT) and the Regional Auto Theft Task Force (RAATF).[84]
The Mountain View Sister City Affiliation was incorporated in 1974 as an independent non-profit governed by a board of directors. Mountain View is affiliated with the cities of
The rock garden in Pioneer Park was a gift from the sister city of Iwata to celebrate the completion of Mountain View's City Hall building.[85][86] The rock garden is located near the Mountain View Public Library.
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