| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
| Location | India |
| Includes | |
| Criteria | Cultural: (ii), (iv) |
| Reference | 944ter |
| Inscription | 1999 (23rdSession) |
| Extensions | 2005, 2008 |
| Area | 89 ha (0.34 sq mi) |
| Buffer zone | 645 ha (2.49 sq mi) |
  Darjeeling Nilgiri Shimla Mountain railways of India | |
TheMountain railways of India are the railway lines that were built in the mountainous regions ofIndia. The term mainly includes thenarrow-gauge railways in these regions but may also include somebroad-gauge railways.
Three of the lines, theDarjeeling Himalayan Railway, theNilgiri Mountain Railway, and theKalka–Shimla Railway, are collectively designated as aUNESCO World Heritage Site under the name "Mountain Railways of India". Two more, theMatheran Hill Railway and theKangra Valley Railway, are on the tentative list ofUNESCO World Heritage Sites.[1][2] TheNilgiri Mountain Railway is also the onlyrack and pinion railway in India.
Mountain railways, such as theChota Char Dham Railway, are currently under construction, and others are in the planning stage, such as the Srinagar–Leh line. All the mountain railways constructed in recent times use broad-gauge.
Following has been designated and preserved as theheritage railways.
Three railways, theDarjeeling Himalayan Railway, theNilgiri Mountain Railway and theKalka–Shimla Railway are collectively designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name Mountain Railways of India. TheMatheran Hill Railway andKangra Valley Railway are on the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[1] The basis of UNESCO's designation of the Mountain Railways of India as a World Heritage Site is "outstanding examples of bold, ingenious engineering solutions for the problem of establishing an effective rail link through rugged, mountainous terrain."[3] The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway received the honor first in 1999 by UNESCO followed by the Nilgiri Mountain Railway in 2005. The Kalka–Shimla Railway received the designation in 2008. The three routes together have been titled the Mountain Railways of India underUNESCO World Heritage Site criteria ii and iv, within theAsia-Pacific region. The Matheran Hill Railway, a fourth mountain line, has been nominated and is pending approval by the international body.[3][4]
TheDarjeeling Himalayan Railway, with the nickname "the Toy Train," is a 610 mm (2.00 ft) narrow-gauge railway that links the 88 km (55 mi) betweenSiliguri andDarjeeling. The latter is a major summer hill station and the centre of a flourishing tea-growing district located inWest Bengal. The route is operated byIndian Railways., and its elevation starts at 100 m (330 ft) in Siliguri and rises to about 2,200 m (7,200 ft) at Darjeeling. The highest elevation is atGhoom station, 2,300 m (7,500 ft).[5][6]
The town of Siliguri, the start of the railway route, was connected withCalcutta (now Kolkata) via railway in 1878, while the additional journey to Darjeeling required the use oftongas (horse-driven carts) along a dust track. On the recommendations of a committee appointed by SirAshley Eden, work on the route began in 1879 and was completed by July 1881.[5][7] The line underwent several improvements such as making its gradients more gradual over the years to increase its manoeuvrability. By 1909–1910, the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway was carrying roughly 174,000 passengers and 47,000 tons of goods annually.[6]
Important features incorporated in the line include four loops (spirals) and four 'Z' reverses (zigzags). The introduction ofbogie carriages allowed for the replacement of the basic four wheel carriages formerly used for support and stability. In 1897, a major earthquake damaged the railway, requiring rebuilding of the route, including extensive improvements to the track and stations. Further modernization occurred as part of theNortheast Frontier Railway Zone. Most trains on the route are still powered bysteam engines, but a modern diesel engine is used for theDarjeeling Mail train.[5][7][8] The railway is notable for itssignage located at key vantage points, marking locations with titles such as Agony Point and Sensation Corner. Another feature are spirals on steep hills that provide scenic views of the valleys below.[9] In 1999, the Darjeeling line was the first to be recognized byUNESCO and placed on theWorld Heritage List. A condition of being placed upon the list was that steam locomotives would continue to be used along the route.[3]
TheNilgiri Mountain Railway is a 46 km (29 mi)metre gauge single-line railway. It connects the town ofMettupalayam with the hill station of Udagamandalam (Ootacamund). The route is located within the state of Tamil Nadu and travels through theNilgiri Hills, which are popularly known as theBlue Mountains ofSouthern India. The Nilgiri is the onlyrack railway in India, and it uses anAbt rack system. The ABT system requires the use ofspecial steam locomotives. The line contains 208 curves, 16 tunnels, and 250 bridges, causing the uphill journey along the route to take about 290 min (4.8 h), while the downhill journey takes 215 min (3.6 h).[9][10][11] The Nilgiri Mountain Railway was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in July 2005. Initially, the town ofCoonoor was the final station on the line, but in September 1908 it was extended to Fernhill followed byUdagmandalam by October 15, 1908. The system was described byGuilford Lindsey Molesworth in a report from 1886:[12]
Two distinct functions – first that of traction by adhesion as in an ordinary loco; second that of traction by pinions acting on the track bars. The brakes are four in number – two handbrakes, acting by friction; and two acting by preventing the free escape of air from cylinder and thus using compressed air in retarding the progress of the engine. The former are used for shunting while the later for descending steep gradients. One of the handbrakes acts on the tyres of the wheels in the ordinary manner and the second acts on grooved surfaces of the pinion axle, but can be used in those places where the rack is laid.[12]
A unique feature of the line, which is still fully operational, is that its oldest and steepest track usesrack and pinion technology. Currently, the line runs for 7.2 km (4.5 mi), up to the foothill station ofKallar, where the rack rail portion begins. The rack rail portion ends atCoonoor railway station. The longest tunnel of this section measures 97 m (318 ft). The route has a gradient of 1:12.5 up toCoonoor, and past Coonoor to the final station the track has a ruling gradient of 1:23.[9][13]
TheKalka–Shimla Railway runs between Kalka and Shimla. The railway is 95.66 km (59.44 mi) long, and its gauge is narrow2 ft 6 in (762 mm).[13]Shimla is the modern capital ofHimachal Pradesh[9][14] and is at an elevation of 2,205 m (7,234 ft) in the foothills of the Himalayas. It became thesummer capital of British India in 1864, and it also served as the headquarters of theBritish Army in India.[9][14] Until the railway's construction, the only access to Shimla was by village cartway. The railway line was constructed by the Delhi–Ambala–Kalka Railway Company, beginning in 1898 in theSiwalik Hills, and was completed in 1903. The Kalka–Shimla Railway joined the Nilgiri and Darjeeling lines as a World Heritage Site in 2008.[3]
The Kalka–Shimla Railway has 103 tunnels and 864 bridges. Many of the bridges are multi-arched, reminiscent ofAncient Romanaqueducts, and one bridge, which spans 18.29 m (60.0 ft), is made with plate girders andsteel trusses. Itsruling gradient is 1:33 or 3%, and it features 919 curves, with thesharpest at 48 degrees (a radius of 37.47 m (122.9 ft)). The tracks climb from 656 m (2,152 ft) to a peak elevation of 2,076 m (6,811 ft) at Shimla. The longest tunnel on the line is the Barog Tunnel (No. 33), which is 1,144 m (3,753 ft) long, connectingDagshai andSolan. The loops atTaksal, Gumman, and Dharampur help to attain flatter gradients.[9]
TheMatheran Hill Railway is a2 ft (610 mm)narrow-gauge railway and covers a distance of 21 km (13 mi) betweenNeral andMatheran, in theWestern Ghats. Its construction was led by Abdul Peerbhoy and financed by his father, SirAdamjee Peerbhoy, of theAdamjee Group. The route was designed in 1900, with construction beginning in 1904 and completed in 1907. The original tracks were built using 30 lb/ydrails but were later updated to 42 lb/yd rails. Until the 1980s, the railway was closed during themonsoon season (because of the increased risk of landslides) but is now open all year. It is administered byCentral Railways.[9]
A unique feature of the line is its horseshoe embankments. Notable features of the route include Neral Station, the first on the route; the Herdal Hill section; the steep grade of Bhekra Khud; the One Kiss Tunnel (the only tunnel on the route, which earned its nickname because the tunnel is just long enough to exchange a kiss with one's partner); a water pipe station, which is no longer in operation; Mountain Berry, which features two sharp zigzags; Panorama Point; and finally, the end of the route atMatheran Bazaar.[9] Its ruling gradient is 1:20 (5%), and its tight curves require a speed limit of 20 km/h (12 mph).
TheKangra Valley Railway is2 ft 6 in (762 mm)narrow-gauge railway and covers a distance of 163 km (101 mi) betweenPathankot andJoginder Nagar, an area known for its nature and ancientHindushrines, in the sub-Himalayan region. The highest point on this line is at Ahju station at an elevation of 1,291 m (4,236 ft), and the terminus at Joginder Nagar is at 1,189 m (3,901 ft).[15]
The line, which is part of theNorthern Railway, was planned in May 1926 and commissioned in 1929. The line has 971 uniquely designed bridges and two tunnels. Two particularly important bridge structures are thesteel arch bridge over the Reond nalah and thegirder bridge over theBanganga River. Though the gradient of the line is generally gentle, the critical reach with steep slopes is at the 142 km (88 mi) stretch, which is 210 m (690 ft) wide and has a slope of 1:19 and approach slopes of 1:31 and 1:25. The terminus stretch betweenBaijnath andJogindernagar has a slope of 1:25.[16][9][17]
SeeNorth Eastern Railway Connectivity Project.
