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| Mount Lu | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 4,836 ft (1,474 m) |
| Coordinates | 29°33′34″N115°59′36″E / 29.5594°N 115.9934°E /29.5594; 115.9934 |
| Geography | |
  Mount Lu Location of Lu Mountain in China | |
| Location | Lushan National Park,Jiangxi, China. |
| Official name | Lushan National Park |
| Criteria | Cultural: ii, iii, vi, v, vi |
| Reference | 778 |
| Inscription | 1996 (20thSession) |
| Area | 30,200 ha |
Mount Lu orLushan[1] (simplified Chinese:庐山;traditional Chinese:廬山;pinyin:Lúshān,Gan: Lu-san) is a mountain situated inJiujiang, China. It was also known asKuanglu (匡廬) in ancient times. The mountain and its immediate area are officially designated as the Lushan National Park, and it is one of the most renowned mountains in the country. Mount Lu is located primarily inLushan City withinJiujiang, although its northern portions are found in Jiujiang'sLianxi District. The oval-shaped mountains are about 25 kilometers (16 mi) long and 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) wide, and neighborsJiujiang and theYangtze River to the north,Nanchang to the south, andPoyang Lake to the east. Its highest point is Dahanyang Peak (大汉阳峰), reaching 1,474 meters (4,836 ft) above sea level. Dahayang Peak is also one of the hundreds of steep peaks that tower above the so-calledsea of clouds that can encompass the mountain for almost 200 days each year.
Mount Lu is known for its grandeur, steepness, and beauty and is a prominent tourist attraction, especially during the summer months when the weather is cooler in the mountains than elsewhere. The mountain and the surrounding region is also one of the "spiritual centers" of China, containing manyBuddhist andDaoist temples in addition to landmarks ofConfucianism.[2] Due to its striking beauty and sacred importance, Lushan National Park has been aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site since 1996.[2] The overlappingLushan Quaternary Glaciation National Geopark is a member of theUNESCO Global Geoparks Network.
Mount Lu contains important sites and temples forDaoism, (Mahayana)Buddhism,Confucianism, and evenChristianity.[3] Between AD 386 and 402 during theJin dynasty,Huiyuan foundedPure Land Buddhism andDonglin Temple on the slopes of Mount Lu.[2] During theTang dynasty (618–907), Daoist temples were constructed nearby to house sacred scriptures.[2] TheWhite Deer Grotto Academy, founded in AD 940, was developed into a renowned center of academic research during theSong dynasty under the direction of Confucian scholarZhu Xi.[2] The academy was continually open until at least the 19th century. Other important medieval structures on the mountain include the grave of the famous Tang dynasty poetTao Yuanming and imperial pavilions during theMing dynasty.[citation needed]
The Song dynasty poetSu Shi famously described the difficulty of conveying the mountain's beauty in his expression, "Why can't I tell the true shape of Lushan? Because I myself am in the mountain."[4]
In later years,Kuling in Mount Lu became a summer resort for Western missionaries in China.Absalom Sydenstricker, the father ofPearl Buck, was one of the first five missionaries to acquire a property in the Kuling Estate on the mountain. The development of Kuling was instigated by the Reverend Edward Little and Dr. Edgerton H. Hart.[5][page needed] The four principal founders of China's Nurses Association and its first president, Caroline Maddock Hart, met in Kuling to form this association.[6][page needed]
During theLong March, in early 1935, a battle took place in the area between theChinese Red Army andnationalistforces, in whichHu Yaobang, laterGeneral Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, was seriously injured.[7]
Mount Lu was once dubbed thehsiatu (xiadu, "summer capital") of theRepublic of China.Chiang Kai-shek, China's leader at the time, would frequently spend his summers in the area. In June 1937,Zhou Enlai, then a major leader in theChinese Communist Party, met with Chiang on the mountain to discuss aunited front against the Japanese invasion. In July 1937, Chiang Kai-shek announced his intention for a full mobilization forwar against Japan from Mount Lu. In 1946, following the war, the U.S. special diplomatic mission led by GeneralGeorge C. Marshall met with Chiang Kai-Shek to discuss the role of post-World War II China.[citation needed]
Mao Zedong convened three large conferences of senior party officials at Mount Lu, in 1959, 1961, and 1970. The 1959 conference became known as theLushan Conference. The meeting saw the purge of decoratedChinese Civil War andKorean War generalPeng Dehuai, who was critical of Mao'sGreat Leap Forward policies. The 1970 Lushan Conference took place during theCultural Revolution, and marked the increasing antagonism between those loyal to Mao and those loyal to his chosen successorLin Biao.[citation needed]
In 1980 the famous movieRomance on Lushan Mountain, which was entirely shot on Mount Lu, was released to the public and won considerable positive reception. It was considered as the most progressive film since the founding ofcommunist China, because there was a kissing scene in the movie, which was seen as public taboo in the pre-reform-and-opening-up China. It still holds theGuinness World Record for "the longest first run of a film in one cinema" for having been shown continuously since 1980 until today.[8]
Popular attractions on Mount Lu include the Immortal Caverns (仙人洞), Meilu Outhouse (美庐别墅), Five Old Man Peaks (五老峰), White Deer Cavern Academy (白鹿洞书院), Three Tiled Springs (三叠泉), Lulin Lake (芦林湖), Lushan Hot Springs (庐山温泉),Lushan Botanical Garden (植物园), Bamboo Temple (竹山寺), Guanyin Bridge (观音桥), Peach Blossom Garden (桃花源), and theCatholic Church of Mount Lu (庐山天主堂).[9]
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| Climate data for Mount Lu (elevation 1,165 m (3,822 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 19.4 (66.9) | 20.5 (68.9) | 24.6 (76.3) | 26.4 (79.5) | 28.1 (82.6) | 29.3 (84.7) | 31.8 (89.2) | 31.9 (89.4) | 30.2 (86.4) | 28.5 (83.3) | 25.1 (77.2) | 18.9 (66.0) | 31.9 (89.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.5 (40.1) | 7.0 (44.6) | 11.0 (51.8) | 16.8 (62.2) | 20.7 (69.3) | 23.2 (73.8) | 26.1 (79.0) | 25.3 (77.5) | 21.9 (71.4) | 17.3 (63.1) | 12.7 (54.9) | 7.0 (44.6) | 16.1 (61.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.6 (33.1) | 2.9 (37.2) | 6.7 (44.1) | 12.5 (54.5) | 16.8 (62.2) | 19.8 (67.6) | 22.5 (72.5) | 21.8 (71.2) | 18.1 (64.6) | 13.3 (55.9) | 8.5 (47.3) | 2.9 (37.2) | 12.2 (54.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.3 (27.9) | −0.1 (31.8) | 3.5 (38.3) | 9.1 (48.4) | 13.7 (56.7) | 17.3 (63.1) | 20.3 (68.5) | 19.5 (67.1) | 15.7 (60.3) | 10.5 (50.9) | 5.5 (41.9) | −0.2 (31.6) | 9.4 (48.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −13.6 (7.5) | −11.6 (11.1) | −10.4 (13.3) | −5.1 (22.8) | 1.6 (34.9) | 5.8 (42.4) | 11.9 (53.4) | 12.8 (55.0) | 6.5 (43.7) | −2.4 (27.7) | −9.9 (14.2) | −16.7 (1.9) | −16.7 (1.9) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 85.3 (3.36) | 98.5 (3.88) | 167.9 (6.61) | 202.2 (7.96) | 251.2 (9.89) | 306.1 (12.05) | 274.2 (10.80) | 290.3 (11.43) | 147.8 (5.82) | 97.4 (3.83) | 83.0 (3.27) | 61.7 (2.43) | 2,065.6 (81.33) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 14.3 | 13.7 | 17.0 | 16.7 | 16.2 | 17.4 | 13.5 | 15.3 | 10.8 | 10.4 | 11.7 | 11.2 | 168.2 |
| Average snowy days | 9.3 | 6.7 | 3.5 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.3 | 5.2 | 26.1 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 73 | 76 | 77 | 77 | 79 | 85 | 85 | 87 | 84 | 75 | 69 | 65 | 78 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 112.3 | 102.4 | 112.9 | 130.4 | 136.5 | 111.4 | 175.7 | 153.9 | 147.6 | 158.8 | 144.0 | 142.7 | 1,628.6 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 35 | 32 | 30 | 34 | 32 | 27 | 41 | 38 | 40 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 37 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[10][11] all-time extreme temperature[12] | |||||||||||||
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