Mount Kailash is located close toManasarovar andRakshastal lakes. The sources of four rivers:Indus,Sutlej,Brahmaputra, andGhaghara lie in the vicinity of the region. Mount Kailash is sacred inBon,Buddhism,Hinduism, andJainism. People from China, India, Nepal, and other countries in the region undertake apilgrimage to the mountain. The pilgrimage generally involves trekking towards Lake Manasarovar and a circumambulation of Mount Kailash.
While the mountain has been surveyed by climbers in the past, there has been no recorded successful ascent of the mountain. The climbing of the mountain is prohibited by theChinese government due to its religious significance.
Etymology
The mountain is known as "Kailāsa" (कैलास; var.Kailāśaकैलाश) in Sanskrit.[5][6] The name could have been derived from the word "kelāsa" (केलास), which means "crystal".[7][8]
In hisTibetan-English dictionary,Sarat Chandra Das states that 'kai la ca' (Wylie:kai la ca) from SanskritKailāsa is used to denote the mountain.[9] The mountain is also called asGang Rinpoche (Tibetan: གངས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་;simplified Chinese:冈仁波齐峰;traditional Chinese:岡仁波齊峰) orGang Tise locally.[9][10][11]Gang Rinpoche means "snow jewel mountain" withKang (orGang) being the Tibetan word meaningwhite mountain (snow peak) andrinpoche is an honorific meaning "precious one".[10][12][13]Gang Tise means "mountain of ice or cool".[10]
"Tibetan Buddhists call it Kangri Rinpoche; 'Precious Snow Mountain'.Bon texts have many names: Water's Flower, Mountain of Sea Water, Nine Stacked Swastikas Mountain. For Hindus, it is the home of the Hindu godShiva...forJains it is where their first leader was enlightened; for Buddhists, the navel of the universe; and for adherents of Bon, the abode of the sky goddess Sipaimen."
— Alice Albinia lists some of the names for the mountain, and its religious significance to various faiths[14]
Geography and topography
Topography of the region with Mount Kailash in the background andManasarovar (right) andRakshastal lakes in the foreground
The major rivers rising from the western Gangdise Mountains are theYarlung Tsangpo (which becomes theBrahmaputra), theIndus, theSutlej and theGhaghara, a tributary of theGanges. All these river systems originate within a 60 km (37 mi) stretch in the region.[15][18][19] Mount Kailash is located on the banks ofManasarovar andRakshastal lakes. Spread over an area of 320 km2 (120 sq mi), Manasarovar is the highest freshwater lake in the world.[18][20][21]
The Kailashflysch zone extends about 20 km (12 mi) from the mountain and marks the northern end of theHimalayas and the start of the Trans Himalayas. The Trans Himalayan range was formed by the subduction of sediments from the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates.[24] The flysch zone consists of alternate areas ofperidotites, sandy shales, anddolomites, covered by gravel terraces. The mountain itself consists of thickconglomerate rocks sitting ongranite. The visible part of the conglomerates extend from 4,700 m (15,400 ft) to the top with the base located deeper in the mountain.[25]
Climate
The weather is fairly dry during April to June with day time temperatures of 5 to 17 °C (41 to 63 °F) and night time temperatures of 0 to 6 °C (32 to 43 °F). The temperature starts to decrease in October and winters have much lower day time temperatures ranging from −4 to 0 °C (25 to 32 °F) and further lower in the night reaching up to −20 °C (−4 °F) with January being the coldest.[26]Monsoons bring rain from late June to August with cold winds.[27]
Global warming is described as happening three times faster (by about 0.3 C per decade) on the Tibetan Plateau than the global average with lessersnowfall in the winter.[28][29] According to locals, the land around Mount Kailash has been growing warmer in recent years with winters not as cold as it used to be.[30] The retreatingglaciers and thawing of thepermafrost in the Tibet region might lead to uncertain effects on water resources of the region. These effects along with population explosion and tourism has put severe stress on the fragile ecosystem around Mount Kailash.[31][32][33]
The intergovernmental organisationInternational Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) is involved in a trans boundary project called the Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation and Development Initiative in the region around Mount Kailash.[34][35] The organization is involved in ongoing efforts to generate climate data, and to devise sustainable ways of life for the people of the region.[36][37]
Mountaineering
Mount Kailash from the south
In 1926,Hugh Ruttledge, the deputy commissioner ofAlmora, visited the area to meet theGarpön (local Tibetan leader) of Ngari. As the Garpön was away, he circumambulated Mount Kailash while studying it.[38] As per Ruttledge, the mountain was about 6,000 m (20,000 ft) high and utterly unclimbable.[39] He thought about an ascent along the northeast ridge and had been exploring the area with Colonel R. C. Wilson, who was on the other side of the mountain with aSherpa named Tseten. As per Wilson, Tseten told him that the southeast ridge represented a feasible route to the summit. Wilson explained that although they attempted to climb the mountain, they ran into heavy snowfall, making the ascent impossible.[40][41]
Herbert Tichy visited the area in 1936, attempting to climb the mountain.[42] When he asked the local people whether Kailash was climbable, a Garpön replied: "Only a man entirely free of sin could climb Kailash. And he wouldn't have to actually scale the sheer walls of ice to do it — he'd just turn himself into a bird and fly to the summit".[43]Italian mountaineerReinhold Messner was given the opportunity by theChinese government to climb the mountain in the mid-1980s, but he reportedly declined, saying "If we conquer this mountain, then we conquer something in people's souls. I would suggest they go and climb something a little harder."[44][45][46] In 2001, permission was denied to a Spanish team, who requested to climb the peak.[47] Chinese authorities stated that any climbing activities on Mount Kailash were strictly prohibited.[44][48] To date, there have been no known successful ascents of the mountain.[45][47]
As per Buddhist texts, Mount Kailash (Kailasa) is known as the mythologicalMount Meru.[52][53] Kailash is central to its cosmology, and a major pilgrimage site for some Buddhist traditions.[54] In Buddhism, Kailash represents the father of the world and Lake Manasarovar symbolizes the mother.[18] Numerous sites in the region are associated withPadmasambhava, who is credited with establishing Tantric Buddhism in Tibet in the 8th century CE.[55][56][57]Vajrayana Buddhists believe that saintMilarepa (c. 1052 – c. 1135) had a challenge with Naro Böncham, a follower ofBön religion of Tibet.[58] The two engaged in a battle of wits with neither able to gain a decisive advantage. Finally, it was agreed that whoever could reach the summit of Kailash first would be the victor. While Naro sat on his magicdrum to climb up the slope, Milarepa reached the summit riding on therays of the Sun, thus winning the contest. He also gave the nearby mountain, since known asBönri bequeathing it to Bön.[59][60][61]
For the Bon people, the mountain is the abode of sky goddess Sipaimen and the mountain was the centre of the ancient Bon empire ofZhang Zhung.[14][62][63] As per Tibetan beliefs, the mountain was the centre of the universeMandala and the source of the mythical Lion, Horse, Peacock, and Elephant Rivers which flowed in the four cardinal directions.[64]
An illustration depicting theHindu holy family ofShiva atKailasha (c.1810-1820)
InHindu art and literature, the mountain is described as the abode ofShiva, who is depicted as residing there along with his consortParvati and their children,Ganesha andKartikeya.[65][66] In early Hindu depictions, Kailash was described as one of the mountains in the Himalayas.[67] In Hindu mythology,Mount Meru is considered as a stairway toheaven, where thedevas reside and theVishnu Purana states that it lies in the center of the world surrounded by six mountain ranges similar to alotus, one of which is the Himalayas.[68][69] In the later Hindu theology, Kailash came to be identified with Meru.[70][52][71] Shiva is described as sitting in a lotus position, engaged in meditation within the confines of the mountain.[72][73] Kailash and Manasarovar are mentioned in theHindu epicsRamayana andMahabharata.[74] According to the Hindu scriptures and sculptural depictions, the demon-kingRavana shook the mountain after he was refused entry to Kailash. This enraged Shiva, who pressed his toe upon the mountain, trapping Ravana in between. Ravana sang hymns in praise of Shiva for a thousand years before he was released.[75][76][77][78] This representation of Shiva is also referred to asRavananugraha (meaning "form showing favour to Ravana").[79]
Jainism
According to Jain scriptures,Rishabhadeva, the firstTirthankar ofJainism attainedmoksha (liberation) on Mount Kailash.[14][80][81] It is believed by Jains that after Rishabhadeva attained moksha, his son emperorBharata Chakravartin had constructed three stupas and twenty four shrines of the 24 tirthankaras in the region with their idols studded with precious stones and named itSinhnishdha.[82] He also performed a fortnight of worship termedMahamaga and attained moksha from Kailash.[83] Large pits were dug around the mountain later and the River Ganges was made to flow through it.[82] The 24th and the last Tirthankara,Mahavira, was taken to the summit of Meru byIndra shortly after his birth, after puttinghis mother into deep slumber. There he was anointed with precious unctions.[84][85]
Pilgrimage
Due to its perceived sacredness to various religions, people undertake a pilgrimage calledyatra to the mountain.[86] While it is not known when the first pilgrimage started, it is one of the oldest pilgrimage routes, which has been in existence for many years.[18][73]
Pilgrimage to the mountain increased in the 1930s but was affected later due to both China andthe British Empire claiming the region.[87] Religious pilgrimages to Mount Kailas and Manasarovar were permitted by China afterits occupation of Tibet in 1950-51. While pilgrimage from India was guaranteed by the1954 Sino-Indian Agreement, access was restricted after the subsequent1959 Tibetan uprising and the borders were closed after theSino-Indian War in 1962.[11][88] After nearly two decades, pilgrimage from India was allowed in 1981 after an agreement between the governments ofIndia and China.[86][88] The pilgrimage was suspended for three years since 2020 due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.[89] The route was re-opened in 2023 with new regulations.[90][91]
Since the reopening of the pilgrimage route from India in 1981, the numbers of pilgrims going on the annual yatra has grown considerably.[92] Before the closure in 2020, several thousand pilgrims from India were going to this pilgrimage every year.[93] Since 2015, aspiring pilgrims from India were required to apply in advance to theMinistry of External Affairs and specific number of passes were issued to pilgrims by computerized random selection with preference given to first timers.[94][95] In India, the pilgrimage is organized by the Government of India and is permitted between June and September.[86] Pilgrims from India travel through two routes opened for the purpose with border crossings atLipu Lekh pass inUttarakhand and theNathu La pass inSikkim.[96] Since 2020, a motorable road is available till the Lipu Lekh pass through the Indian side of the Mahakali valley, before crossing over to China.[97] The Nathu La route was opened in 2015 and involves traveling toGangtok before crossing the Nathu La pass into China.[98]
Since 2015, the pilgrimage from Nepal is commonly undertaken via the Humla district in northwestern Nepal, with a newer and more efficient route now available. The helicopter route from Nepalgunj to Simikot, and then to Hilsa near the Nepal-Tibet border, has become the shortest and most convenient option.[99][100] TheApril 2015 Nepal Earthquake resulted in the closure of the border crossing atTatopani-Zangmu.[101] Pilgrims also pray to Mount Kailash from within Nepal where it is visible from the Lapcha La pass above theLimi valley on a clear day.[102] Another route exists through the crossing atRasuwa-Gyirong.[103] Pilgrims could reachLhasa by air before the journey to Lake Manasarovar or Darchen.[90]
The pilgrimage involves trekking towards Lake Manasarovar and a circumambulation of Mount Kailash. The path around Mount Kailash is 53 km (33 mi) long.[86] The circumambulation is made in a clockwise direction by Hindus, Buddhists, and Jains, while Bönpos circumambulate the mountain in a counterclockwise direction. The circumambulation usually begins and ends atDarchen, a small outpost located at an elevation of 4,670 m (15,320 ft) with the highest point at the Drölma pass situated at 5,650 m (18,540 ft).[27][100][104][105] Trekking around the mountain can be done on foot with support from apony ordomestic yak. The circumambulation takes three days on average with the first day trek from Darchen to Dirapukgompa for about 14 km (8.7 mi), followed by a journey from Dirpauk to Zutulphuk via the Drölma pass for 19 km (12 mi) on the second day and the final trek back to Darchen on the last day.[27][104] The most extreme method of doing the circumambulation (calledKora) in Tibetan Buddhism is performed by doing full body-lengthprostrations over the entire stretch around the mountain.[106] The pilgrim bends down, kneels, prostrates full-length, makes a mark with her fingers, rises to her knees, prays, and then crawls forward on hands and knees to the mark made by her fingers before repeating the process. With this method, the pilgrimage takes three weeks on average to complete.[100]
Pilgrims believe that doing a circumambulation of Mount Kailash is a spiritually beneficial practice that can bring various positive effects, such as the cleansing of one's sins.[107][106] Each circumambulation is considered to have fulfilled a life-death cycle. There are manystupas, flag poles,Buddhist monasteries and praying stations along the route.[106][108] Many of the cultural artifacts along the route were destroyed during theCultural Revolution of China from 1966 to 1976. Hindus take a ritual bath in the Manasarovar before doing circumambulation.[106] Hindu textSkanda Purana states that "There are no mountains like the Himalaya, for in them are Kailas and Manasarovar. As the dew is dried up by the morning Sun, so are the sins of mankind dried up by the sight of the Himalaya."[86][109]
Tibetan Buddhist pilgrims often chantOm mani padme hum (jewel in the lotus) and singnyelu songs while crossing the Dolma La pass which are believe to proclaim a fraternity amongst all pilgrims who cross paths on a Kailash pilgrimage.[106][110] As the mountain is located in a remote area of the Himalayas, very few facilities exist to aid during the pilgrimage.[111] For varied reasons for the different faiths that revere the mountain, setting foot on the slopes of the mountain or attempting to climb it is forbidden by law.[112]
^"KSLCDI Components".ICIMOD - International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development.ICIMOD. 16 December 2019.Archived from the original on 7 August 2022. Retrieved7 August 2022.
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