Mount Auburn Cemetery | |
 The cemetery in 2005 | |
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 Interactive map showing the location for Mount Auburn Cemetery | |
| Location | 580 Mount Auburn Street,Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 42°22′16″N71°08′41″W / 42.37111°N 71.14472°W /42.37111; -71.14472 |
| Built | 1831 |
| Architect | Alexander Wadsworth andJacob Bigelow |
| Architectural style | Exotic Revival, Other, Gothic Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 75000254[1] |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | April 21, 1975 |
| Designated NHLD | May 27, 2003 |
Mount Auburn Cemetery, located inCambridge andWatertown, Massachusetts, is the firstrural or garden cemetery in the United States. It is the burial site of many prominentBoston Brahmins, and is aNational Historic Landmark.
Dedicated in 1831 and set with classical monuments in a rolling landscaped terrain,[2] it marked a distinct break with Colonial-era burying grounds and church-affiliatedgraveyards. The appearance of this type of landscape coincides with the rising popularity of the term "cemetery," derived from theGreek for "a sleeping place," instead of graveyard. This language and outlook eclipsed the previous harsh view of death and the afterlife embodied by old graveyards and church burial plots.[3]
The 174-acre (70 ha) cemetery is important both for its historical aspects and for its role as anarboretum. It is Watertown's largest contiguous open space and extends into Cambridge to the east, adjacent to the Cambridge City Cemetery and Sand Banks Cemetery. It was designated aNational Historic Landmark District in 2003 for its pioneering role in 19th-century cemetery development.[4]
The land that became Mount Auburn Cemetery was originally named Stone's Farm, though locals referred to it as "Sweet Auburn" after the 1770 poem "The Deserted Village" byOliver Goldsmith.[5] Mount Auburn Cemetery was inspired byPère Lachaise Cemetery inParis and was itself an inspiration to cemetery designers, most notably atGreen-Wood Cemetery inBrooklyn (1838),Hollywood Cemetery inRichmond, Virginia, andAbney Park inLondon. Mount Auburn Cemetery was designed largely byHenry Alexander Scammell Dearborn with assistance fromJacob Bigelow andAlexander Wadsworth.
Bigelow came up with the idea for Mount Auburn as early as 1825, though a site was not acquired until five years later.[6] Bigelow, a medical doctor, was concerned about the unhealthiness of burials under churches as well as the possibility of running out of space.[7] With help from theMassachusetts Horticultural Society, Mount Auburn Cemetery was founded on 70 acres (28 hectares) of land authorized by the Massachusetts Legislature for use as a garden or rural cemetery.[8] The original land cost $6,000; it was later extended to 170 acres (69 hectares). The main gate was built in theEgyptian Revival style and costUS$10,000 (equivalent to $295,281 in 2024).[9] The first president of the Mount Auburn Association,Supreme CourtJusticeJoseph Story, dedicated the cemetery in 1831.[7] Story's dedication address, delivered on September 24, 1831,[10] set the model for many more addresses in the following three decades.[11]Garry Wills focuses on it as an important precursor to President Lincoln'sGettysburg Address.[12]
The cemetery is credited as the beginning of the American public parks and gardens movement. It set the style for other suburban American cemeteries such asLaurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia, 1836),Mount Hope Cemetery (Bangor, Maine, 1834), America's first municipal rural cemetery;Green-Wood Cemetery (Brooklyn, 1838), TheGreen Mount Cemetery (Baltimore, Maryland, 1839)Mount Hope Cemetery (Rochester, NY, 1838),Lowell Cemetery (Lowell, Massachusetts, 1841),Allegheny Cemetery (Pittsburgh, 1844),Albany Rural Cemetery (Menands, New York, 1844),Swan Point Cemetery (Providence, Rhode Island 1846),Spring Grove Cemetery (Cincinnati, 1844),[13] andForest Hills Cemetery (Jamaica Plain, 1848) as well asOakwood Cemetery inSyracuse, New York. It can be considered the link betweenCapability Brown's Englishlandscape gardens andFrederick Law Olmsted'sCentral Park in New York (1850s).[citation needed]
Mount Auburn was established at a time when Americans had a sentimental interest in rural cemeteries.[14] It is still well known for its tranquil atmosphere and accepting attitude toward death. Many of the more traditional monuments featurepoppy flowers, symbols of blissful sleep. In the late 1830s, its first unofficial guide,Picturesque Pocket Companion and Visitor's Guide Through Mt. Auburn, was published and featured descriptions of some of the more interesting monuments as well as a collection of prose and poetry about death by writers includingNathaniel Hawthorne andWillis Gaylord Clark.[14] Because of the number of visitors, the cemetery's developers carefully regulated the grounds: they had a policy to remove "offensive and improper" monuments and only "proprietors" (i.e., plot owners) could have vehicles on the grounds and were allowed within the gates on Sundays and holidays.[14] However, Mount Auburn differed from previously established cemeteries in that it was open to the general public and was not restricted to specific religious groups, reflecting the growing religious pluralism of Boston during the time.[15]
In the 1840s, Mount Auburn was considered one of the most popular tourist destinations in the nation, along withNiagara Falls andMount Vernon.[16] A 16-year-oldEmily Dickinson wrote about her visit to Mount Auburn in a letter in 1846.[16][17] 60,000 people visited the cemetery in 1848 alone.[16]
The cemetery has three notable buildings on its grounds. Washington Tower was designed by Bigelow and built in 1852–54. Named forGeorge Washington, the 62-foot (19 m) tower was built of Quincy granite and provides excellent views of the area. Bigelow Chapel was built in the 1840s and rebuilt in the 1850s, also of Quincy granite, and was renovated in 1899 under the direction of architectWillard Sears to accommodate a crematorium. Its interior was again renovated in 1924 byAllen & Collens. Through all of these alterations, stained-glass windows by the Scottish firm of Allan & Ballantyne were preserved.[18]
In 1870 the cemetery trustees, feeling the need for additional function space, purchased land across Mount Auburn Street and constructeda reception house.[19] This building was supplanted in the 1890s by the construction of the Story Chapel and Administration Building, adjacent to the main gate.[18] The first reception house was designed byNathaniel J. Bradlee, and is (like the cemetery) listed on theNational Register of Historic Places.[19] The second building was designed by Willard Sears, and is built of Potsdam sandstone in what Sears characterized as"English Perpendicular Style". The chapel in this building was redecorated in 1929 by Allen & Collens to include stained-glass by New England artist Earl E. Sanborn.[18]
More than 93,000 people are buried in the cemetery as of 2003.[9] A number of historically significant people have been interred there since its inception, particularly members of theBoston Brahmins and the Boston elite associated withHarvard University, as well as a number of prominentUnitarians.
The cemetery is nondenominational and continues to make space available for new plots. The area is well known for its beautiful environs and is a favorite location for bird-watchers; over 220 species of birds have been observed at the cemetery since 1958.[20] Guided tours of the cemetery's historic, artistic, and horticultural points of interest are available.
Mount Auburn's collection of over 5,500 trees includes nearly 700 species and varieties. Thousands of very well-kept shrubs and herbaceous plants weave through the cemetery's hills, ponds, woodlands, and clearings. The cemetery contains more than 10 miles (17 km) of roads and many paths. Landscaping styles range from Victorian-era plantings to contemporary gardens, from natural woodlands to formal ornamental gardens, and from sweeping vistas through majestic trees to small enclosed spaces. Many trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants are tagged with botanic labels containing their scientific and common names.
The cemetery was among those profiled in the 2005PBS documentaryA Cemetery Special.
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