Amotor vehicle, also known as amotorized vehicle,automotive vehicle,automobile, orroad vehicle, is a self-propelled landvehicle, commonlywheeled, that can operate onrails (such astrains ortrams), does not fly (such asairplanes orhelicopters), does not float on water (such asboats orships), and is used for the transportation of people orcargo.
Thevehicle propulsion is provided by anengine or motor, usually agasoline/dieselinternal combustion engine or anelectrictraction motor, or somecombination of the two as inhybrid electric vehicles andplug-in hybrid vehicles. For legal purpose, motor vehicles are often identified within a number of vehicle classes includingcars,buses,motorcycles,off-road vehicles,light trucks and regulartrucks. These classifications vary according to the legal codes of each country.ISO 3833:1977 is the standard for road vehicle types, terms and definitions.[2] Typically, to avoid requiring people withdisabilities from having to possess an operator's license to use one, or requiring tags and insurance,powered wheelchairs will be specifically excluded by law from being considered motor vehicles.
As of 2011[update], there were more than one billion motor vehicles in use in the world, excluding off-road vehicles andheavy construction equipment.[3][4][5] The US publisherWard's estimates that as of 2019, there were 1.4 billion motor vehicles in use in the world.[6] And now according to the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA), the global number of motor vehicles in use reachedaround 1.55 billion by 2023, reflecting steady growth driven by rising ownership in Asia and Africa.
Global vehicle ownershipper capita in 2010 was 148 vehicles in operation (VIO) per 1000 people.[5] By the end of 2024,China’s total number of registered motor vehicles surpassed 440 million, including more than 36 million new energy vehicles, according to data from the Ministry of Public Security of China.[7] The United States has the highest vehicle ownershipper capita in the world, with 832 vehicles in operation per 1000 people in 2016.[8] Also, China became the world's largest new car market in 2009.[4][5][9] In 2022, a total of 85 million cars and commercial vehicles were built, led by China which built a total of 27 million motor vehicles.[10]
In 1968 theVienna Convention on Road Traffic gave one of the first international definitions of a motor vehicle:
- (o) “Power-driven vehicle” means any self-propelled road vehicle, other than a moped in the territories of Contracting Parties which do not treat mopeds as motorcycles, and other than a rail-borne vehicle;
- (p) “Motor vehicle” means any power-driven vehicle which is normally used for carrying persons or goods by road or for drawing, on the road, vehicles used for the carriage of persons or goods. This term embraces trolley-buses, that is to say, vehicles connected to an electric conductor and not rail-borne. It does not cover vehicles, such as agricultural tractors, which are only incidentally used for carrying persons or goods by road or for drawing, on the road, vehicles used for the carriage of persons or goods
— Vienna convention on road traffic
Other sources might provide other definitions, for instance in the year 1977, ISO 3833:1977 provide other definitions.
The U.S. publisherWard's estimates that as of 2010, there were 1.015 billion motor vehicles in use in the world. This figure represents the number of cars, trucks (light, medium and heavy duty), and buses, but does not includeoff-road vehicles orheavy construction equipment. The world vehicle population passed the 500 million-unit mark in 1986, from 250 million motor vehicles in 1970. Between 1950 and 1970, the vehicle population doubled roughly every 10 years.[3][4][5]Navigant Consulting forecasts that the global stock of light-duty motor vehicles will reach 2 billion units in 2035.[13]
Global vehicle ownership in 2010 was 148 vehicles in operation per 1,000 people, a ratio of 1:6.75 vehicles to people, slightly down from 150 vehicles per 1,000 people in 2009, a rate of 1:6.63 vehicles to people.[5] The global rate of motorization increased in 2013 to 174 vehicles per 1000 people.[14] Indeveloping countries vehicle ownership rates rarely exceed 200 cars per 1,000 population.[15]
The following table summarizes the evolution of motor vehicle registrations in the world from 1960 to 2019:
| Historical trend of worldwide vehicle registrations 1960-2017 (thousands)[8][16][17][18][19][20][21] | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of vehicle | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
| Car registrations(1) | 98,305 | 193,479 | 320,390 | 444,900 | 548,558 | 617,914 | 723,567 | 931,260 | 973,353 | 1,015,643 | 1,042,274 | 1,083,528 |
| Truck and bus registrations | 28,583 | 52,899 | 90,592 | 138,082 | 203,272 | 245,798 | 309,395 | 332,434 | 348,919 | 356,044 | 389,174 | 406,770 |
| World total | 126,888 | 246,378 | 410,982 | 582,982 | 751,830 | 863,712 | 1,032,962 | 1,263,694 | 1,322,272 | 1,371,687 | 1,431,448 | 1,490,298 |
| Note (1) Car registrations do not include U.S. light trucks (SUVs, minivan and pickups) that are used for personal travel. The US accounts these vehicles among trucks. | ||||||||||||
Since the early 2000s, the number ofalternative fuel vehicles has been increasing driven by the interest of several governments to promote their widespread adoption through public subsidies and other non-financial incentives. Governments have adopted these policies due to a combination of factors, such asenvironmental concerns, high oil prices, andless dependence on imported oil.[3][22][23]
Among the fuels other than traditionalpetroleum fuels (gasoline ordiesel fuel), and alternative technologies for powering the engine of a motor vehicle, the most popular options promoted by different governments are:natural gas vehicles,LPG powered vehicles,flex-fuel vehicles, use ofbiofuels,hybrid electric vehicles,plug-in hybrids,electric cars, andhydrogen fuel cell cars.[3]
Since the late 2000s, China, European countries, the United States, Canada, Japan and other developed countries have been providing strong financial incentives to promote the adoption ofplug-in electric vehicle.As of 2024, the global fleet of plug-in electric vehicles (battery-electric and plug-in hybrids) exceeded40 million units, with China and Europe accounting for over two-thirds of total sales.[24][25] As of 2019[update], in addition, the medium and heavy commercial segments add another 700,000 units to the global stock of plug-in electric vehicles.[25] In 2020 the global market share of plug-in passenger car sales was 4.2%, up from 2.5% in 2019.[24] Nevertheless, despite government support and the rapid growth experienced, the plug-in electric car segment represented just about 1 out of every 250 vehicles (0.4%) on the world's roads by the end of 2018.[26]
The People's Republic of China had 322 million motor vehicles in use at the end of September 2018, of which, 235 million were passenger cars in 2018, making China the country with largest motor vehicle fleet in the world.[7] In 2016, the motor vehicle fleet consisted of 165.6 million cars and 28.4 million trucks and buses.[8] About 13.6 million vehicles were sold in 2009, and motor vehicle registrations in 2010 increased to more than 16.8 million units, representing nearly half the world's fleet increase in 2010.[4][5] Ownership per capita rose from 26.6 vehicles per 1000 people in 2006 to 141.2 in 2016.[8]
The stock of highway-legalplug-in electric or new energy vehicles in China totaled 2.21 million units by the end of September 2018, of which, 81% areall-electric vehicles. These figures include heavy-duty commercial vehicles such buses and sanitation trucks, which represent about 11% of the total stock.[27] China is also the world's largest electric bus market, reaching about 385,000 units by the end of 2017.[28][29]
The number of cars and motorcycles in China increased 20 times between 2000 and 2010.[30] This explosive growth has allowed China to become the world's largest new car market, overtaking the US in 2009.[4][9] Nevertheless, ownership per capita is 58 vehicles per 1000 people, or a ratio of 1:17.2 vehicles to people, still well below the rate of motorization ofdeveloped countries.[5]
| Historical evolution of vehicle ownership rates in the U.S. (Selected years 1900–2016)[8] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Veh. per 1000 people | Year | Veh. per 1000 people | Year | Veh. per 1000 people |
| 1900 | 0.11 | 1940 | 245.63 | 1990 | 773.4 |
| 1905 | 0.94 | 1945 | 221.80 | 2000 | 800.3 |
| 1910 | 5.07 | 1950 | 323.71 | 2005 | 837.3 |
| 1920 | 86.78 | 1960 | 410.37 | 2010 | 808.4 |
| 1930 | 217.34 | 1970 | 545.35 | 2015 | 821.5 |
| 1935 | 208.6 | 1980 | 710.71 | 2016 | 831.9 |
The United States has the second-largest fleet of motor vehicles in the world after China. As of 2016[update], had a motor vehicles stock of 259.14 million, of which, 246 million were light duty vehicles, consisting of 112.96 million passenger cars and 133 million light trucks (includesSUVs). A total of 11.5 million heavy trucks were registered at the end 2016[8] Vehicle ownershipper capita in the U.S. is also the highest in the world, theU.S. Department of Energy (USDoE) reports a motorization rate of 831.9 vehicles in operation per 1000 people in 2016, or a ratio of 1:1.2 vehicles to people.[8]
According to USDoE, the rate of motorization peaked in 2007 at 844.5 vehicles per 1,000 people.[8] In terms oflicensed drivers, as of 2009 the country had 1.0 vehicle for every licensed driver, and 1.87 vehicles per household.[31] Passenger car registrations in the United States declined -11.5% in 2017 and -12.8% in 2018.[32]
As of 2016[update], the stock ofalternative fuel vehicles in the United States included over 20 millionflex-fuel cars and light trucks, the world's second-largestflexible-fuel fleet in the world afterBrazil.[33] However, actual use ofethanol fuel is significantly limited due to the lack ofE85 refueling infrastructure.[34]
Regarding theelectrified segment, the fleet ofhybrid electric vehicles in the United States is the second largest in the world after Japan, with more than four million units sold through April 2016.[35] Since the introduction of theTesla Roadsterelectric car in 2008, cumulative sales of highway legalplug-in electric vehicles in the United States passed one million units in September 2018.[36][37] The U.S. stock ofplug-in vehicles is the second largest afterChina (2.21 million by September 2018).[27]
As of 2017[update], the country's fleet also includes more than 160,000natural gas vehicles, mainly transit buses and delivery fleets.[38] Despite its relative small size, natural gas use accounted for about 52% of all alternative fuels consumed by alternative transportation fuel vehicles in the U.S. in 2009.[39]
The 27 European Union (EU-27) member countries had a fleet of over 256 million in 2008, and passenger cars accounted for 87% of the union's fleet. The five largest markets, Germany (17.7%), Italy (15.4%), France (13.3%), the UK (12.5%), and Spain (9.5%), accounted for 68% of the region's total registered fleet in 2008.[40][41] The EU-27 member countries had in 2009 an estimated ownership rate of 473 passenger cars per 1000 people.[42]
According to Ward's, Italy had the second highest (after the U.S.) vehicle ownership per capita in 2010, with 690 vehicles per 1000 people.[5] Germany had a rate of motorization of 534 vehicles per 1000 people and the UK of 525 vehicles per 1000 people, both in 2008. France had a rate of 575 vehicles per 1000 people and Spain 608 vehicles per 1000 people in 2007.[43] Portugal, between 1991 and 2002 grew up 220% on its motorization rate, having had in 2002, 560 cars per 1000 people.[44]
Italy also leads inalternative fuel vehicles, with a fleet of 779,090 natural gas vehicles as of June 2012[update], the largest NGV fleet in Europe.[45] Sweden, with 225,000 flexible-fuel vehicles, has the largest flexifuel fleet in Europe by mid-2011.[46]
More than one millionplug-in electric passenger cars and vans have been registered in Europe by June 2018,[47] the world's second largest regional plug-in stock after China.[48][49][50]
Norway is the leading plug-in market in Europe with almost 500,000 units registered as of December 2020[update].[51] In October 2018, Norway became the world's first country where 10% of all passenger cars on the road are plug-in electrics.[52][53] Also, the Norwegian plug-in car segmentmarket share has been the highest in the world for several years, achieving 39.2% in 2017, 49.1% in 2018, and 74.7% in 2020.[54][55][56]
Japan had 73.9 million vehicles by 2010, and had the world's second largest motor vehicle fleet until 2009.[5] As of 2016[update], the registered motor vehicle fleet totaled 75.81 million vehicles consisting of 61,40 million cars and 14,41 million trucks and buses.[8] Japan has the largesthybrid electric vehicle fleet in the world.[35] As of March 2018[update], there were 7.51 million hybrids registered in the country, excludingkei cars, and representing 19.0% of all passenger cars on the road.[57]
The Brazilian vehicle fleet reached 64.8 million vehicles in 2010, up from 29.5 million units in 2000, representing a 119% growth in ten years, and reaching a motorization rate of 340 vehicles per 1000 people.[59] In 2010 Brazil experienced the second largest fleet increase in the world after China, with 2.5 million vehicle registrations.[5]
As of 2018[update], Brazil has the largest alternative fuel vehicle fleet in the world with about 40 million alternative fuel motor vehicles in the road. The clean vehicle stock includes 30.5 millionflexible-fuel cars and light utility vehicles and over 6 million flex-fuelmotorcycles by March 2018;[60] between 2.4 and 3.0 millionneat ethanol vehicles still in use,[61][62] out of 5.7 million ethanol only light-vehicles produced since 1979;[63] and, as of December 2012[update], a total of 1.69 million natural gas vehicles.[45]
In addition, all the Brazilian gasoline-powered fleet is designed to operate with high ethanol blends, up to 25%ethanol fuel (E25).[64][65][66] Themarket share of flex fuel vehicles reached 88.6% of all light-duty vehicles registered in 2017.[60]
India's vehicle fleet had the second-largest growth rate after China in 2010, with 8.9%. The fleet went from 19.1 million in 2009 to 20.8 million units in 2010.[5] India's vehicle fleet has increased to 210 million in March 2015.[67] India has a fleet of 1.1 million natural gas vehicles as of December 2011[update] .[45]
As of January 2011, the Australian motor vehicle fleet had 16.4 million registered vehicles, with an ownership rate of 730 motor vehicles per 1000 people, up from 696 vehicles per 1000 residents in 2006. The motor vehicle fleet grew 14.5% since 2006, for an annual rate of 2.7% during this five-year period.[68]
The following table compares vehicle ownership rates by region with theUnited States, the country withone of the highest motorization rates in the world, and how it has evolved from 1999 to 2016.
| Comparison of motorization rates by region and selected country (1999 and 2016) (vehicles per 1,000 people) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Country or region | 1999[69] | 2006[8] | 2016[8] |
| Africa | 20.9 | 25.2 | 38.9 |
| Asia –Far East | 39.1 | 49.7 | 105.6 |
| Asia –Middle East | 66.2 | 99.8 | 147.4 |
| Brazil | 107.5 | 129.0 | 209.3 |
| Canada | 560.0 | 599.6 | 686.3 |
| Central and South America | 133.6 | 102.4 | 174.7 |
| China | 10.2 | 26.6 | 141.2 |
| Europe –Eastern Europe | 370.0 | 254.4 | 362.1 |
| Europe –Western Europe | 528.8 | 593.7 | 606.0 |
| India | 8.3 | 11.6 | 36.3 |
| Indonesia | 13.7 | 31.7 | 87.2 |
| Pacific | 513.9 | 524.7 | 634.9 |
| United States | 790.1 | 840.7 | 831.9 |
In 2023, global motor vehicle production reached approximately93.5 million units, according to data from the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA).[70] The following table shows the top 15 manufacturing countries for 2017 and their corresponding annual production between 2004 and 2017.
| World rank 2017 | Country | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | China | 29,015,434 | 28,118,794 | 24,503,326 | 23,722,890 | 22,116,825 | 19,271,808 | 18,418,876 | 18,264,761 | 13,790,994 | 9,299,180 | 8,882,456 | 7,188,708 | 5,717,619 | 5,234,496 |
| 2 | United States | 11,189,985 | 12,198,137 | 12,100,095 | 11,660,699 | 11,066,432 | 10,335,765 | 8,661,535 | 7,743,093 | 5,709,431 | 8,672,141 | 10,780,729 | 11,263,986 | 11,946,653 | 11,989,387 |
| 3 | Japan | 9,693,746 | 9,204,590 | 9,278,238 | 9,774,558 | 9,630,181 | 9,943,077 | 8,398,630 | 9,628,920 | 7,934,057 | 11,575,644 | 11,596,327 | 11,484,233 | 10,799,659 | 10,511,518 |
| 4 | Germany | 5,645,581 | 6,062,562 | 6,033,164 | 5,907,548 | 5,718,222 | 5,649,260 | 6,146,948 | 5,905,985 | 5,209,857 | 6,045,730 | 6,213,460 | 5,819,614 | 5,757,710 | 5,569,954 |
| 5 | India | 4,782,896 | 4,488,965 | 4,125,744 | 3,840,160 | 3,898,425 | 4,174,713 | 3,927,411 | 3,557,073 | 2,641,550 | 2,332,328 | 2,253,729 | 2,019,808 | 1,638,674 | 1,511,157 |
| 6 | South Korea | 4,114,913 | 4,228,509 | 4,555,957 | 4,524,932 | 4,521,429 | 4,561,766 | 4,657,094 | 4,271,741 | 3,512,926 | 3,826,682 | 4,086,308 | 3,840,102 | 3,699,350 | 3,469,464 |
| 7 | Mexico | 4,068,415 | 3,597,462 | 3,565,469 | 3,365,306 | 3,054,849 | 3,001,814 | 2,681,050 | 2,342,282 | 1,561,052 | 2,167,944 | 2,095,245 | 2,045,518 | 1,684,238 | 1,577,159 |
| 8 | Spain | 2,848,335 | 2,885,922 | 2,733,201 | 2,402,978 | 2,163,338 | 1,979,179 | 2,373,329 | 2,387,900 | 2,170,078 | 2,541,644 | 2,889,703 | 2,777,435 | 2,752,500 | 3,012,174 |
| 9 | Brazil | 2,699,672 | 2,156,356 | 2,429,463 | 3,146,118 | 3,712,380 | 3,402,508 | 3,407,861 | 3,381,728 | 3,182,923 | 3,215,976 | 2,977,150 | 2,611,034 | 2,530,840 | 2,317,227 |
| 10 | France | 2,227,000 | 2,082,000 | 1,970,000 | 1,817,000 | 1,740,000 | 1,967,765 | 2,242,928 | 2,229,421 | 2,047,693 | 2,568,978 | 3,015,854 | 3,169,219 | 3,549,008 | 3,665,990 |
| 11 | Canada | 2,199,789 | 2,370,271 | 2,283,474 | 2,393,890 | 2,379,834 | 2,463,364 | 2,135,121 | 2,068,189 | 1,490,482 | 2,082,241 | 2,578,790 | 2,572,292 | 2,687,892 | 2,711,536 |
| 12 | Thailand | 1,988,823 | 1,944,417 | 1,915,420 | 1,880,007 | 2,457,057 | 2,429,142 | 1,457,798 | 1,644,513 | 999,378 | 1,393,742 | 1,287,346 | 1,194,426 | 1,122,712 | 927,981 |
| 13 | United Kingdom | 1,749,385 | 1,816,622 | 1,682,156 | 1,598,879 | 1,597,872 | 1,576,945 | 1,463,999 | 1,393,463 | 1,090,139 | 1,649,515 | 1,750,253 | 1,648,388 | 1,803,109 | 1,856,539 |
| 14 | Turkey | 1,695,731 | 1,485,927 | 1,358,796 | 1,170,445 | 1,125,534 | 1,072,978 | 1,189,131 | 1,094,557 | 869,605 | 1,147,110 | 1,099,413 | 987,780 | 879,452 | 823,408 |
| 15 | Russia | 1,551,293 | 1,303,989 | 1,384,399 | 1,886,646 | 2,184,266 | 2,233,103 | 1,990,155 | 1,403,244 | 725,012 | 1,790,301 | 1,660,120 | 1,508,358 | 1,354,504 | 1,386,127 |
| World total | 97,302,534 | 94,976,569 | 90,780,583 | 89,747,430 | 87,507,027 | 84,236,171 | 79,880,920 | 77,583,519 | 61,762,324 | 70,729,696 | 73,266,061 | 69,222,975 | 66,719,519 | 64,496,220 |
The EV-volumes.com data showed the five highest national sales were in China (1.3m), Germany (0.4m), the US (0.3m), France and the UK (both 0.2m).Global sales of plug-ins cars totaled 3 million in 2020, 43% up from 2018. The market share of plug-in vehicles reached 4.2% of the global market, up from 2.5% in 2019. Tesla was the best selling brand with almost 500,000 units delivered.
Despite exponential growth, with a record 2 million or so EVs sold worldwide last year, only one in 250 cars on the road is electric.
China's fleet of electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids topped 2.21 million by the end of September as sales of electrified vehicles continued to surge in the country. Of the total, EVs accounted for 1.78 million, or nearly 81 percent. The rest were plug-in hybrids, China's Ministry of Public Security said this week. Electrified cargo vehicles — which include trucks, pickups and delivery vans — approached 254,000, representing 11 percent of the electrified vehicle fleet as of last month.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)Click on "Download File" to get the full report, 15 pp.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)See pp. 4–5, and 24–25 and Statistical annex, pp. 34–37.Despite the huge increase in new electric cars on the road, EVs still only account for roughly 10% of all of Norway's vehicles.
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