Acar is moving in highspeed during achampionship, with respect to the ground theposition is changing according totime hence the car is in relative motion
Inphysics,motion is when an object changes itsposition with respect to a reference point in a giventime. Motion is mathematically described in terms ofdisplacement,distance,velocity,acceleration,speed, andframe of reference to an observer, measuring the change in position of the body relative to that frame with a change in time. The branch of physics describing the motion of objects without reference to their cause is calledkinematics, while the branch studyingforces and their effect on motion is calleddynamics.
If an object is not in motion relative to a given frame of reference, it is said to beat rest,motionless,immobile,stationary, or to have a constant ortime-invariant position with reference to its surroundings. Modern physics holds that, as there is no absolute frame of reference,Isaac Newton's concept ofabsolute motion cannot be determined.[1] Everything in the universe can be considered to be in motion.[2]: 20–21
Motion applies to various physical systems: objects, bodies,matterparticles, matter fields,radiation, radiation fields, radiation particles,curvature, andspace-time. One can also speak of the motion of images, shapes, and boundaries. In general, the term motion signifies a continuous change in the position or configuration of a physical system in space. For example, one can talk about the motion of a wave or the motion of aquantum particle, where the configuration consists of the probabilities of the wave or particle occupying specific positions.
Inphysics,equations of motion areequations that describe the behavior of aphysical system in terms of itsmotion as afunction of time.[3] More specifically, the equations of motion describe the behavior of a physical system as a set of mathematical functions in terms of dynamic variables. These variables are usually spatial coordinates and time, but may includemomentum components. The most general choice aregeneralized coordinates which can be any convenient variables characteristic of the physical system.[4] The functions are defined in aEuclidean space inclassical mechanics, but are replaced bycurved spaces inrelativity. If thedynamics of a system is known, the equations are the solutions for thedifferential equations describing the motion of the dynamics.
If the resultant force acting on a body or an object is not equal to zero, the body will have an acceleration that is in the same direction as the resultant force.
Third law:
When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction onto the first body.
Classical mechanics is fundamentally based onNewton's laws of motion. These laws describe the relationship between the forces acting on a body and the motion of that body. They were first compiled bySir Isaac Newton in his workPhilosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, which was first published on July 5, 1687. Newton's three laws are:
Abody at rest will remain at rest, and a body in motion will remain in motion unless it is acted upon by an external force. (This is known as the law ofinertia.)
Force () is equal to the change in momentum per change in time (). For a constant mass, force equals mass times acceleration ( ).
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. (In other words, whenever one body exerts a force onto a second body, (in some cases, which is standing still) the second body exerts the force back onto the first body. and are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. So, the body that exerts will be pushed backward.)[5]
Newton's three laws of motion were the first to accurately provide a mathematical model for understandingorbiting bodies inouter space. This explanation unified the motion of celestial bodies and the motion of objects on Earth.
In classical mechanics, accuratemeasurements andpredictions of the state of objects can be calculated, such aslocation andvelocity. In quantum mechanics, due to theHeisenberg uncertainty principle, the complete state of a subatomic particle, such as its location and velocity, cannot be simultaneously determined.[7]
Humans, like all known things in the universe, are in constant motion;[2]: 8–9 however, aside from obvious movements of the various externalbody parts andlocomotion, humans are in motion in a variety of ways that are more difficult toperceive. Many of these "imperceptible motions" are only perceivable with the help of special tools and careful observation. The larger scales of imperceptible motions are difficult for humans to perceive for two reasons:Newton's laws of motion (particularly the third), which prevents the feeling of motion on a mass to which the observer is connected, and the lack of an obviousframe of reference that would allow individuals to easily see that they are moving.[9] The smaller scales of these motions are too small to be detected conventionally with humansenses.
Spacetime (the fabric of the universe) isexpanding, meaning everything in theuniverse is stretching, like arubber band. This motion is the most obscure, not involving physical movement but a fundamental change in the universe's nature. The primary source of verification of this expansion was provided byEdwin Hubble who demonstrated that all galaxies and distant astronomical objects were moving away from Earth, known asHubble's law, predicted by a universal expansion.[10]
TheMilky Way Galaxy is moving throughspace and many astronomers believe the velocity of this motion to be approximately 600 kilometres per second (1,340,000 mph) relative to the observed locations of other nearby galaxies. Another reference frame is provided by theCosmic microwave background. This frame of reference indicates that the Milky Way is moving at around 582 kilometres per second (1,300,000 mph).[11][failed verification]
The Milky Way isrotating around itsdenseGalactic Center, thus theSun is moving in a circle within thegalaxy'sgravity. Away from the central bulge, or outer rim, the typical stellarvelocity is between 210 and 240 kilometres per second (470,000 and 540,000 mph).[12] All planets and their moons move with the Sun. Thus, theSolar System is in motion.
The Earth isrotating or spinning around itsaxis. This is evidenced byday andnight, at the equator the earth has an eastward velocity of 0.4651 kilometres per second (1,040 mph).[13] The Earth is alsoorbiting around theSun in anorbital revolution. A complete orbit around the Sun takes oneyear, or about 365 days; it averages a speed of about 30 kilometres per second (67,000 mph).[14]
The Theory ofPlate tectonics tells us that thecontinents are drifting onconvection currents within themantle, causing them to move across the surface of theplanet at the slow speed of approximately 2.54 centimetres (1 in) per year.[15][16] However, the velocities of plates range widely. The fastest-moving plates are the oceanic plates, with theCocos Plate advancing at a rate of 75 millimetres (3.0 in) per year[17] and thePacific Plate moving 52–69 millimetres (2.0–2.7 in) per year. At the other extreme, the slowest-moving plate is theEurasian Plate, progressing at a typical rate of about 21 millimetres (0.83 in) per year.
The humanheart is regularly contracting to moveblood throughout the body. Through larger veins and arteries in the body, blood has been found to travel at approximately 0.33 m/s. Though considerable variation exists, and peak flows in thevenae cavae have been found between 0.1 and 0.45 metres per second (0.33 and 1.48 ft/s).[18] additionally, thesmooth muscles of hollow internalorgans are moving. The most familiar would be the occurrence ofperistalsis, which is where digestedfood is forced throughout thedigestive tract. Though different foods travel through the body at different rates, an average speed through the humansmall intestine is 3.48 kilometres per hour (2.16 mph).[19] The humanlymphatic system is also constantly causing movements of excessfluids,lipids, and immune system related products around the body. The lymph fluid has been found to move through a lymph capillary of theskin at approximately 0.0000097 m/s.[20]
Thecells of thehuman body have many structures and organelles that move throughout them.Cytoplasmic streaming is a way in which cells move molecular substances throughout thecytoplasm,[21] variousmotor proteins work asmolecular motors within a cell and move along the surface of various cellular substrates such asmicrotubules, and motor proteins are typically powered by thehydrolysis ofadenosine triphosphate (ATP), and convert chemical energy into mechanical work.[22]Vesicles propelled by motor proteins have been found to have a velocity of approximately 0.00000152 m/s.[23]
According to thelaws of thermodynamics, allparticles ofmatter are in constant random motion as long as thetemperature is aboveabsolute zero. Thus themolecules andatoms that make up the human body are vibrating, colliding, and moving. This motion can be detected as temperature; higher temperatures, which represent greaterkinetic energy in the particles, feel warm to humans who sense the thermal energy transferring from the object being touched to their nerves. Similarly, when lower temperature objects are touched, the senses perceive the transfer of heat away from the body as a feeling of cold.[24]
Within the standardatomic orbital model,electrons exist in a region around the nucleus of each atom. This region is called theelectron cloud. According toBohr's model of the atom, electrons have a highvelocity, and the larger the nucleus they are orbiting the faster they would need to move. If electrons were to move about the electron cloud in strict paths the same way planets orbit the Sun, then electrons would be required to do so at speeds that would far exceed the speed of light. However, there is no reason that one must confine oneself to this strict conceptualization (that electrons move in paths the same way macroscopic objects do), rather one can conceptualize electrons to be 'particles' that capriciously exist within the bounds of the electron cloud.[25] Inside theatomic nucleus, theprotons andneutrons are also probably moving around due to the electrical repulsion of the protons and the presence ofangular momentum of both particles.[26]
Light moves at a speed of 299,792,458 m/s, or 299,792.458 kilometres per second (186,282.397 mi/s), in a vacuum. The speed of light in vacuum (or) is also the speed of allmassless particles and associatedfields in a vacuum, and it is the upper limit on the speed at which energy, matter, information orcausation can travel. The speed of light in vacuum is thus the upper limit for speed for all physical systems.
In addition, the speed of light is aninvariant quantity: it has the same value, irrespective of the position or speed of the observer. This property makes the speed of lightc a natural measurement unit for speed and afundamental constant of nature.
In 2019, the speed of light was redefined alongside all seven SI base units using what it calls "the explicit-constant formulation", where each "unit is defined indirectly by specifying explicitly an exact value for a well-recognized fundamental constant", as was done for the speed of light. A new, but completely equivalent, wording of the metre's definition was proposed: "The metre, symbol m, is the unit of length; its magnitude is set by fixing the numerical value of the speed of light in vacuum to be equal to exactly299792458 when it is expressed in the SI unitm s−1."[27] This implicit change to the speed of light was one of the changes that was incorporated in the2019 revision of the SI, also termed theNew SI.[28]
Some motion appears to an observer to exceed the speed of light. Bursts of energy moving out along therelativistic jets emitted from these objects can have aproper motion that appears greater than the speed of light. All of these sources are thought to contain ablack hole, responsible for the ejection of mass at high velocities.Light echoes can also produce apparent superluminal motion.[29] This occurs owing to how motion is often calculated at long distances; oftentimes calculations fail to account for the fact that the speed of light is finite. When measuring the movement of distant objects across the sky, there is a large time delay between what has been observed and what has occurred, due to the large distance the light from the distant object has to travel to reach us. The error in the above naive calculation comes from the fact that when an object has a component of velocity directed towards the Earth, as the object moves closer to the Earth that time delay becomes smaller. This means that the apparent speed as calculated above isgreater than the actual speed. Correspondingly, if the object is moving away from the Earth, the above calculation underestimates the actual speed.[30]
Simple harmonic motion – motion in which the body oscillates in such a way that the restoring force acting on it is directly proportional to the body's displacement. Mathematically Force is directly proportional to the negative of displacement. Negative sign signifies the restoring nature of the force. (e.g., that of apendulum).
^M. Fischer; U.K. Franzeck; I. Herrig; U. Costanzo; S. Wen; M. Schiesser; U. Hoffmann; A. Bollinger (1 January 1996). "Flow velocity of single lymphatic capillaries in human skin".Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.270 (1):H358 –H363.doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1996.270.1.H358.PMID8769772.
