| Mota | |
|---|---|
| Pronunciation | [ŋ͡mʷota] |
| Native to | Vanuatu |
| Region | Mota island |
Native speakers | 750 (2012)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mtt |
| Glottolog | mota1237 |
| ELP | Mota |
Mota is anOceanic language spoken by about 750 people onMota island, in theBanks Islands ofVanuatu. It is the most conservativeTorres–Banks language, and the only one to keep its inherited five-vowel system intact while also preserving most final vowels.[2]
The language is named after theisland.
During the period 1840–1940, Mota was used as a missionarylingua franca throughout areas ofOceania included in theMelanesian Mission, anAnglican missionary agency.[3] Mota was used onNorfolk Island, in religious education; on other islands with differentvernacular languages, it served as the language of liturgical prayers, hymns, and some other religious purposes.Elizabeth Fairburn Colenso translated religious material into the language.[3]
Robert Henry Codrington compiled the first dictionary of Mota (1896), and worked withGeorge Sarawia and others to produce a large number of early publications in this language.
Motaphonemically contrasts 14 consonants and 5 vowels, /i e a o u/.[4][5] These 19 phonemes form the smallest phonemic inventory among theTorres-Banks languages, because it did not undergo vowel hybridization, and also merged two ancient consonants*ⁿd and*n.[6]
| Labiovelar | Bilabial | Alveolar | Dorsal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | ŋ͡mʷ⟨m̄⟩ | m⟨m⟩ | n⟨n⟩ | ŋ⟨n̄⟩ | |
| Stop | k͡pʷ⟨q⟩ | p⟨p⟩ | t⟨t⟩ | k⟨k⟩ | |
| Fricative | β⟨v⟩[a] | s⟨s⟩ | ɣ⟨g⟩ | ||
| Rhotic | r⟨r⟩ | ||||
| Approximant | w⟨w⟩ | l⟨l⟩ | |||
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Close-mid | e | o |
| Open | a | |
There is no stress in Mota. As a result, penultimate high vowels tend to be deleted, creating new consonant clusters (see below).
Proto-Torres–Banks, the ancestor of allTorres–Banks languages including Mota, is reconstructed as a language withopen syllables of type {CV}, and no closed syllable {CVC}. That phonotactic profile has been preserved in many words of modern Mota (e.g.salagoro[salaɣoro] “secret enclosure for initiation rituals”,ran̄oran̄o[raŋoraŋo] “Acalypha hispida”), unlike surrounding languages whichmassively created closed syllables. That said, modern Mota also reflects the regular loss of unstressed high vowels *i and *u ‒ a process already incipient in the earliest attestations of the language (circa 1860) and completed in modern Mota. However, this is thought to be a relatively recent process compared to other Torres-Banks languages, because when Maligo and Veverao dialects are compared, such as Maligorusag and Veveraorusai (<*rusagi), shows that high vowel loss must have occurred after the irregular loss of Veveraog in the transitive marker-ag/-ai (<*-agi), though Codrington suggests a shift of word-final*-g to-i (*-ag >-ai).[7] As a result, many modern Mota words now feature final consonants and/orconsonant clusters: e.g.pal[pal] (<palu) "to steal";snaga[snaɣa] (<sinaga) "vegetable food";ptepte[ptepte] (<putepute) "to sit".[8]
The New Testament was translated by Robert Henry Codrington, John Palmer, John Coleridge Patteson and L. Pritt all of the Melanesian Mission. The Bible was published in 1912 and then revised in 1928. The New Testament (O Vatavata we Garaqa) was further revised by W.G. Ivens of the Anglican Melanesian Mission and published in 1931 by the British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS).[9]The Anglican Prayer Book was produced in Mota in 1947.[10]