| Mordred | |
|---|---|
| Matter of Britain character | |
 Sir Mordred byH. J. Ford (1902) | |
| First appearance | Annales Cambriae (Medraut) Historia Regum Britanniae (Mo[r]dred) |
| In-universe information | |
| Title | Sir, Prince, King |
| Occupation | UsurperKing of the Britons (a prince of Orkney and a knight of theRound Table in later tradition) |
| Family | Parents:Arthur orLot,Anna / Morgause Brothers:Gawain; often alsoAgravain,Gaheris andGareth |
| Spouse | EitherGuinevere or others (includingGwenhwyfach andCwyllog) |
| Children | Two sons |
| Relatives | King Arthur's family |
| Home | Lothian /Orkney,Camelot |
| Nationality | Briton |
Mordred orModred (/ˈmɔːrdrɛd/ or/ˈmoʊdrɛd/; Welsh:Medraut orMedrawt) is a major figure in the legend ofKing Arthur. The earliest known mention of a possibly historical Medraut is in the Welsh chronicleAnnales Cambriae, wherein he and Arthur are ambiguously associated with theBattle of Camlann in a brief entry for the year 537. Medraut's figure seemed to have been regarded positively in the early Welsh tradition and may have been related to that ofArthur's son. AsModredus, Mordred was depicted as Arthur's traitorous nephew and a legitimate son ofKing Lot in the pseudo-historical workHistoria Regum Britanniae, which then served as the basis for the subsequent evolution of the legend from the 12th century. Later variants most often characterised Mordred as Arthur's villainous bastard son, born of an incestuous relationship withhis half-sister, the queen ofLothian orOrkney named either Anna, Orcades, or Morgause. The accounts presented in theHistoria and most other versions include Mordred's death at Camlann, typically in a final duel, during which he manages to mortally wound his own slayer, Arthur. Mordred is usually a brother or half-brother toGawain; however, his other family relations, as well as his relationships with Arthur's wifeGuinevere, vary greatly.
In a popular telling, originating from the French chivalric romances of the 13th century and made prominent today through its inclusion inLe Morte d'Arthur, Mordred is a power-hungry son of Arthur from the incest with Morgause, prophesied byMerlin and destined to bring Britain to ruin. He survives Arthur's attempt to get rid of him soon after his birth and, years later, joins his half-brothers Gawain,Agravain,Gaheris andGareth in Arthur's fellowship of theRound Table as a young and immoral knight. Eventually, Mordred learns of his true parentage and becomes the main actor in Arthur's downfall. He helps Agravain to expose the illicit love affair between Guinevere andLancelot and then takes advantage of the resulting civil war to make himself thehigh king of Britain, ultimately leading to both his own and Arthur's deaths in their battle. Today, he remains an iconic character in many modern adaptations of Arthurian legend, in which he usually appears as a villain and the archenemy of Arthur.
The nameMordred, found as theLatinisedModredus inGeoffrey of Monmouth'sHistoria Regum Britanniae, comes fromOld WelshMedraut (comparable toOld CornishModred andOld BretonModrot).[1] It may be ultimately derived from LatinModerātus, meaning "within bounds, observing moderation, moderate" with some influence from Latinmors, "death".[2][3]
The earliest surviving mention of Mordred (referred to as Medraut) is found in an entry for the year 537 in the chronicleAnnales Cambriae (The Annals of Wales), which references his name in an association with theBattle of Camlann.[4]
Gueith Camlann in qua Arthur et Medraut corruerunt.
"The strife of Camlann, in which Arthur and Medraut fell."
This brief entry gives no information as to whether Mordred killed Arthur or was killed by Arthur, if they were fighting against one another at all, if they were fighting on the same side, or even if they died in the battle or were just defeated. As noted byLeslie Alcock, the reader assumes conflict between the two in the light of later tradition.[5] TheAnnales themselves were completed between 960 and 970, meaning that (although their authors likely drew from older material[6]) they cannot be considered a contemporary source, having been compiled 400 years after the events they describe.[7]
Meilyr Brydydd, writing at the same time as Geoffrey of Monmouth, mentions Mordred in his lament for the death ofGruffudd ap Cynan (d. 1137). He describes Gruffudd as havingeissor Medrawd ("the nature of Medrawd"), as to have valour in battle. Similarly,Gwalchmai ap Meilyr praisedMadog ap Maredudd, king ofPowys (d. 1160) as havingArthur gerdernyd, menwyd Medrawd ("Arthur's strength, the good nature of Medrawd").[8] This would support the idea that early perceptions of Mordred were largely positive.
However, Mordred's later characterisation as the king's villainous son has a precedent in the figure ofAmr (or Amhar), a son of Arthur's known from only two references. The more important of these, found in an appendix to the 9th-century chronicleHistoria Brittonum (The History of the Britons), describes his marvelous grave beside theHerefordshire spring where he had been slain by his own father in some unchronicled tragedy.[9][10] What connection exists between the stories of Amr and Mordred, if there is one, has never been satisfactorily explained.
An early 12th-century Italian high relief known as theModena Archivolt seems to show a scene of abduction ofGuinevere inspired by an original Welsh Arthurian tradition, perhaps as retold by Breton and other continental bards in their otherwise unrecorded oral stories. While often interpreted as that ofMelwas, a mysterious figure identified as Mardoc may instead represent Mordred.[11][12][13]
In Geoffrey's influentialHistoria Regum Britanniae (The History of the Kings of Britain), written around 1136, Modredus (Mordred) is portrayed as the nephew of and traitor to King Arthur. Geoffrey might have based his Modredus on the early 6th-century "high king" ofGwynedd,Maelgwn, whom the 6th-century writerGildas had described as ausurper,[14] or onMandubracius, a 1st-century BC king of theTrinovantes.[15] The unhistorical account presented by Geoffrey narrates Arthur leaving Modredus in charge of his throne as he crosses theEnglish Channel to wage war onLucius Tiberius of Rome. During Arthur's absence, Modredus crowns himself asKing of the Britons and lives in an adulterous union with Arthur's wife, Guenhuvara (Guinevere). Geoffrey does not make it clear how complicit Guenhuvara is with his actions, simply stating that the Queen had "broken her vows" and "about this matter... [he] prefers to say nothing."[16] Arthur returns to Britain and they fight at the Battle of Camlann, where Modredus is ultimately slain. Arthur, having been gravely wounded in battle, is sent off to be healed byMorgen inAvalon.
A number of other Welsh sources also refer to Medraut, usually in relation to Camlann. OneWelsh Triad, based on Geoffrey'sHistoria, provides an account of his betrayal of Arthur;[17] in another, he is described as the author of one of the "Three Unrestrained Ravagings of the Isle of Britain" – he came to Arthur's court atKelliwic inCornwall, devoured all of the food and drink, and even dragged Gwenhwyfar (Guinevere) from her throne and beat her.[18] In another Triad, however, he is described as one of "men of such gentle, kindly, and fair words that anyone would be sorry to refuse them anything."[1] TheMabinogion also describes him in terms of courtliness, calmness, and purity.[19]
The 12th-century poems of the emergingchivalric romance genre such as those byChrétien de Troyes, dealing with the adventures of various knights during Arthur's reign, would typically not mention Mordred at all. This changed through the 13th century, as theOld French cyclical prose romance literature greatly expanded on the history of Mordred prior to the war against Arthur. In the ProseMerlin part of theVulgate Cycle (in which his name is sometimes written asMordret), Mordred's elder half-brotherGawain saves the infant Mordred and their motherMorgause from being taken away as prisoners by theSaxon king Taurus. In the revision known as thePost-Vulgate Cycle, and consequently inThomas Malory's English compilationLe Morte d'Arthur (The Death of Arthur), Arthur is told a cryptic (and, apparently,self-fulfilling) prophecy byMerlin about a newly-born child that is to be his undoing, and so he tries to avert his fate by ordering to get rid of allMay Day newborns. Whether they were intended to be killed or merely sent off to a distant land (the texts are vague about this), the ship on which the children were placed sinks and they drown. This episode, sometimes dubbed the "May Day massacre",[note 1] leads to a war between Arthur and the furiousKing Lot, acting on his belief that he is the biological father of Mordred. Lot dies in a battle at the hands of Arthur's vassal kingPellinore, beginning a long and deadly blood feud between the two royal families. Meanwhile, however, and unknown to both Lot and Arthur, the baby miraculously survives. It turns out Mordred was found and rescued by a fisherman and his wife, who then raise him as their own son until he is 14.[21] In this branch of the legend, following his early life as a commoner, the young Mordred is later reunited with his mother, which happens long after Merlin's downfall caused by theLady of the Lake.
The grown-up Mordred becomes involved in the adventures of his brothers, first as asquire and then as aknight, as well as others such asBrunor, eventually joining King Arthur's elite fellowship of theKnights of the Round Table. Especially since the Post-Vulgate, Mordred tends to be depicted as murderously violent and known for his un-chivalrous and lustful habits, including engaging in rape (as in an incident in the Post-VulgateQueste, when he brutally kills a maiden and is injured for his actions by KingBagdemagus, who is then in turn mortally wounded by Gawain; there is also an attempted rape in the standalone romanceClaris et Laris).[19] Notably, it is Mordred who fatally stabs in the back one of the best Knights of the Round Table,Lamorak, in an unfair fight involving most of his brothers (one of whom had even murdered their own mother for being Lamorak's lover). Mordred displays stronger knightly values in the earlier Vulgate Cycle (as does Gawain too in comparison to his later Post-Vulgate portrayal), where he is also shown as womanising and murderous, but to a significantly lesser degree. The ProseLancelot describes Mordred, at the age of 20, as "a large, tall knight; he had curly, blond hair and would have had a very handsome face if his demeanour had not been so wicked."[22] He becomes a protege and companion of the eponymous great knightLancelot. The older knight comes to the young Mordred's rescue on multiple occasions, such as helping to save his life at the Castle of the White Thorn (Castel de la Blanche Espine), and Mordred in turn treats the much older Lancelot as his personal hero. In this version, his turning point toward villainy happens after they meet an old hermit monk who begins to tell his own prophecy for the two "most unfortunate knights", revealing Mordred's true parentage by Arthur and predicting Mordred's and Lancelot's respective roles in the coming ruin of Arthur's kingdom.[23] However, the angry Mordred kills the monk before he can finish. While Lancelot tells his secret lover Guinevere (but not Arthur), she refuses to believe in the story of the prophecy and does not banish Mordred. The young knight, on his part, tries to get himself killed before accepting his destiny. The ProseLancelot indicates Mordred was about 22 years old at the time, as well as just two years into his knighthood.
Mordred overthrows Arthur's rule when the latter is engaged in, depending on the version, either the war against Lancelot (as in Malory) or the second Roman War that followed it immediately afterwards. In the VulgateMort Artu, Mordred achieves his coup with the help of a letter supposedly sent by the dying Arthur but actually forged by Mordred. TheMort Artu narration adds that "there was much good in Mordred, and as soon as he made himself elevated to the throne, he made himself well beloved by all," and so they were "ready to die to defend [his] honor" once Arthur did return with his army.[24] Mordred's few opponents during his brief rule includedKay, who was gravely wounded by Mordred's supporters and died after fleeing toBrittany. In the VulgateMort Artu, Arthur himself proposes him as a regent, while in the French-influenced English poemStanzaicMorte Arthur, the council of Britain's knights first elects Mordred for the position in Arthur's absence as the most worthy candidate. TheAlliterativeMorte Arthure is a unique text in which Mordred is presented as not only a possibly better ruler than Arthur[25] but also as reluctant to be left by Arthur in charge of Britain.[26] In the later romances, as in the chronicles, the returning Arthur's veteran army is ambushed and nearly destroyed by Mordred's supporters and foreign allies during their sea landing atDover, where Gawain is mortally wounded while fighting as Arthur's loyalist. Afterwards, a series of inconclusive engagements follows, until both sides agree to all meet each other at theone final battle, in which Mordred typically fights exceptionally well while commanding the loyalty of thousands of men willing to lay down their lives for him against Arthur. In some versions, includingElis Gruffydd's[27] and Malory's, the fighting begins accidentally during the last-moment negotiations between Arthur and Mordred.
InHenry of Huntingdon's retelling of Geoffrey'sHistoria, Mordred is beheaded at Camlann in a lone charge against him and his entire host by King Arthur himself, who suffers many injuries in the process. In the AlliterativeMorte Arthure, Mordred first kills Gawain by his own hand in an early battle against Arthur's landing forces and then deeply grieves after him. In the VulgateMort Artu (and consequently in Malory'sLe Morte d'Arthur), the terrible final battle begins by accident during a last-effort peace meeting between him and Arthur. In the ensuing fighting, Mordred personally slays his cousinYwain after the latter's rescue of the unhorsed Arthur, and decapitates the already badly woundedSagramore. He also kills Sagramore in addition to six other Round Table knights loyal to Arthur in the Post-Vulgate depiction of the battle, which presents this as an incredible and unprecedented feat. These and many other versions of the legend feature the motif of Arthur and Mordred striking down each other in a duel after most of the others on both sides have died. Furthermore, the Post-Vulgate says it was only the death of Sagramore, here depicted as Mordred's own foster brother, that finally motivates Arthur to kill his son immediately afterwards.
Le Morte d'Arthur features the now-iconic scene where the two meet on foot as Arthur charges Mordred and runs a spear through him. With the last of his strength, Mordred impales himself even further to come within striking distance, and lands a mortal blow with his sword to Arthur's head. Malory's telling is a variant of the original account from the VulgateMort Artu, in which Arthur and Mordred both charge at each other on horses three times until Arthur drives his lance through Mordred's body, but then fully withdraws it (a ray of sunlight even shines through the hole) before Mordred's sword powerfully strikes his head and they both fall from their saddles.[28] The AlliterativeMorte Arthure has Mordred grievously wound Arthur with the ceremonial swordClarent, stolen for him from Arthur by his co-conspirator Guinevere, but then Arthur slashes off Mordred's sword arm and brutally skewers him up on the sword Caliburn (Excalibur). One copy of the Welsh textYmddiddan Arthur a'r Eryr has the dying Arthur tell Guinevere how he struck Mordred nine times with Caledfwlch (another name variant of Excalibur).[29]
The Post-Vulgate retelling ofMort Artu deals with the aftermath of Mordred's death in more detail than the earlier works. In it, Arthur says before being taken away: "Mordred, in an evil hour did I beget you. You have ruined me and the kingdom ofLogres, and you have died for it. Cursed be the hour in which you were born."[30] One of the few survivors of Arthur's army,Bleoberis, then drags Mordred's corpse behind a horse around the battlefield ofSalisbury Plain until it is torn to pieces. Later, as it had been commanded by the dying Arthur, theArchbishop of Canterbury constructs the Tower of the Dead tomb memorial, from which Bleoberis hangs Mordred's head as a warning against treason. It remains there for centuries until it is removed by the visitingGanelon. Conversely,Margam Abbey's chronicleAnnales de Margan claims Arthur is buried alongside Mordred, here described as his nephew, in another tomb purportedly exhumed in the "real Avalon" atGlastonbury Abbey.[31]
There have also been alternative stories of Mordred's demise.Thomas Grey'sScalacronica attributes the killing of Mordred to Ywan (Ywain) at Camlann.[32] InLa Tavola Ritonda, it is Lancelot who kills Mordred at the castle of Urbano where Mordred has besieged Guinevere after Arthur's death.[33] InJean d'Outremeuse'sLy Myreur des Histors, Mordred survives the great battle and rules with the traitorous Guinevere until they are defeated and captured by Lancelot andKing Carados in London; Guinevere is then executed by Lancelot, and Mordred is entombed alive with her body, which heconsumes before dying of starvation.[34]
Traditions vary regarding Mordred's relationship to Arthur. Medraut is never considered Arthur's son in Welsh texts, only his nephew, thoughThe Dream of Rhonabwy mentions that the king had been his foster father. In early literature derived from Geoffrey'sHistoria, Mordred was considered the legitimate son of Arthur's sister or half-sister queen namedAnna or Gwyar and her husbandLot, the king of eitherLothian orOrkney. Today, however, he is best known as Arthur's own illegitimate son by his beautiful half-sister and Lot's wife, known as Morgause (Orcades / Morcades / Morgawse / Margawse),the Queen of Orkney. This motif was introduced in the Vulgate Cycle, in which their union happens at the time when neither of them have yet known of their blood relation and she was not married yet. Accounts of Mordred's incestuous origin story (including two different variants in just the different parts of the main version of the Vulgate Cycle) present the circumstances of it variably, attributing various degrees of blame or innocence to either party of the teenage (usually aged 15) Arthur's tryst with his much older (mother to children almost his age) half-sister.[note 2]
Her eldest son Gawain has been Mordred's brother already in theHistoria as well as inLayamon'sBrut. Besides him, Mordred's other brothers or half-brothers often appearing in literature includeAgravain andGaheris in the tradition derived from the French romances, beginning with the prose versions ofRobert de Boron's poemsMerlin andPerceval. Another of the brothers,Gareth, joined them in the later versions. In the VulgateLancelot, Mordred is the youngest of the siblings who begins his knightly career as Agravain's own squire, and the two of them later conspire to reveal Lancelot's affair with Guinevere, resulting in Agravain's death and consequently the civil war between Arthur's and Lancelot's factions. In stark contrast to many modern works, Mordred's only interaction with Arthur's other sisterMorgan in any medieval text occurs in the Post-VulgateQueste, when all the Orkney brothers visit Morgan's castle and are informed by her about Guinevere's infidelity.
The 14th-century Scottish chroniclerJohn of Fordun claimed that Mordred was the rightful heir to the throne of Britain, as Arthur was an illegitimate child (in his account, Mordred was the legitimate son of Lot and Anna, who here isUther's sister). This sentiment was elaborated upon byWalter Bower and byHector Boece, who in hisHistoria Gentis Scotorum goes so far as to say Arthur and Mordred's brother Gawain were traitors and villains, and Arthur usurped the throne from Mordred.[35] According to Boece, Arthur agreed to make Mordred his heir, but on the advice of the Britons who did not want Mordred to rule, he later madeConstantine his heir; this led to the war in which Arthur and Mordred died. InJohn Mair's ScottishHistoria Maioris Britanniae, Arthurus, Modred and Valvanus (Gawain) were all said to be underage and thus unfit to rule, with Arthur himself described as a bastard. However, Mordred is also not depicted heroically, using mercenaries to seize both the throne and Guanora (Guinevere).[36]
In Geoffrey'sHistoria and certain other texts (such as the AlliterativeMorte Arthure reimagination of theHistoria, where he is portrayed sympathetically), Mordred marries his aunt Guinevere consensually after taking over the throne. However, in later writings like the Vulgate Cycle (Lancelot-Grail) andLe Morte d'Arthur, Guinevere (now the wife of Mordred's real father) is not treated as a traitor and instead flees Mordred's proposal and hides in theTower of London. Willing adultery is still tied to her role in these later romances, but Mordred has been replaced as her lover by Lancelot. Related to this motif, a version of the Galician-Portuguese Post-VulgateDemanda makes Mordred hate Lancelot due to his own, unrequited love for Guinevere.[37]
The 18th-century Welsh antiquarianLewis Morris, based on statements made by Boece, suggested that Medrawd had a wife namedCwyllog, daughter of Caw.[38] Another late Welsh tradition tells of Medrawd's marriage with Guinevere's sister,Gwenhwy(f)ach.[38]
Mordred has been often said to be succeeded by his sons. They are always being numbered as two, though they are usually not named, nor is their mother. In Geoffrey's version, after the Battle of Camlann, Constantine is appointed Arthur's successor. However, Mordred's young sons and their Saxon allies rise against him.[39] After they are defeated, one of them flees to sanctuary in the Church ofAmphibalus inWinchester while the other hides in a Londonfriary. Constantine tracks them down and kills them before the altars of their respective hiding places. This act invokes the vengeance of God, and three years later Constantine is killed by his nephewAurelius Conanus.[40] Geoffrey's account of the episode may be based on Constantine's murder of two "royal youths" as mentioned by Gildas.[41] In the AlliterativeMorte Arthure, the dying Arthur personally orders Constantine to kill Mordred's infant sons. Guinevere had been asked by Mordred to flee with them to Ireland, but she instead returns to Arthur'sCaerleon without care or concern for the safety of their children[42] who are then consequently drowned.
The elder of Mordred's sons is named Melehan or Melian (possibly the same as Melou from Layamon'sBrut[43]), but he is the younger one in theLancelot-Grail and the Post-Vulgate Cycle. In the Vulgate telling, in a battle nearWinchester years later (soon after Guinevere's death), Melehan mortally woundsLionel, brother toBors the Younger and a cousin of Lancelot. Bors then splits Melehan's head, avenging his brother's death, while the angry Lancelot chases after and decapitates the unnamed other brother who tried to escape deep into a forest.[44] Spanish chivalric romanceFlorambel de Lucea tells of the surviving Arthur having been saved by his sister Morgaina (i.e. Morgan) in a later battle against the grown-up sons ofMorderec.[45] In the post-medieval Portuguese romanceMemorial das Proezas da Segunda Távola Redonda (Memorial of the Deeds of the Second Round Table), the adult sons ofMorderete, named Godifert and Dagobert, oppose Arthur's successor King Sagramor Constantino following the almost complete Saxon occupation of Britain. They are described as half-Saxon children of the daughter of the Duke ofSaxony, Arnalda, aided by their cousin Briantes.[46]
Mordred is especially prominent in popular modern era Arthurian literature, as well as in other media such as film, television, and comics.[47] He has been played on screen byLeonard Penn (TheAdventures of Sir Galahad, 1949),Brian Worth (The Adventures of Sir Lancelot, 1956–1957),David Hemmings (Camelot, 1967),Robert Addie (Excalibur, 1981),Nickolas Grace (Morte d'Arthur, 1984),Simon Templeman (voice inThe Legend of Prince Valiant, 1991–1993),Jason Done (Merlin, 1998),Craig Sheffer (Merlin: The Return, 2000),Hans Matheson (The Mists of Avalon, 2001),Asa Butterfield andAlexander Vlahos (Merlin, 2008–2012),Rob Knighton (King Arthur: Legend of the Sword, 2017), andMiyuki Sawashiro (voice inFate/Apocrypha, 2017), among others. In modern adaptations, the character of Morgause is usually conflated with that ofMorgan, typically cast as Mordred's villainous mother (or alternatively his lover or wife), often manipulative and sometimes abusive. Some modern books and other media even feature Mordred as protagonist.
Virtually everywhere Mordred appears, his name is synonymous withtreason. InDante'sInferno, he is found in the first round of the lowest circle of Hell, set apart for traitors: "him who, at one blow, had chest and shadow / shattered by Arthur's hand" (Canto XXXII).[48] A few works from the Middle Ages and today, however, portray Mordred as less a traitor and more a conflicted opportunist, or even a victim of fate.[49] Even Malory, who depicts Mordred as a villain, notes that the people rallied to him because, "with Arthur was none other life but war and strife, and with Sir Mordred was great joy and bliss."[50]
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