As of 2021,[update] the city had a population of 1,762,949,[24] and ametropolitan population of 4,291,732,[25] making it thesecond-largest metropolitan area in Canada.French is the city's official language.[26][27] In 2021, 85.7% of the population of the city of Montreal considered themselves fluent in French while 90.2% could speak it in the metropolitan area.[28][29] Montreal is one of the mostbilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 58.5% of the population able to speak both French and English.[30]
Historically the commercial capital of Canada, Montreal was surpassed in population and economic strength byToronto in the 1970s.[31] It remains an important centre of art,culture, literature,film and television, music, commerce, aerospace,transport, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design,education,tourism, food, fashion, video game development, and world affairs. Montreal is the location of the headquarters of theInternational Civil Aviation Organization, and was named aUNESCOCity of Design in 2006.[32][33] In 2017, Montreal was ranked the 12th-most livable city in the world by theEconomist Intelligence Unit in its annualGlobal Liveability Ranking,[34] although its ranking slipped to 40th in the 2021 index, primarily due to stress on the healthcare system from theCOVID-19 pandemic.[35] It is regularly ranked as one of the ten best cities in the world to be a university student in theQS World University Rankings.[36] In 2018, Montreal was ranked as aglobal city.[37]
In theOjibwe language, the land is calledMooniyaang[45] orMoon’yaang[46] which was "the first stopping place" in the Ojibwe migration story as related in theseven fires prophecy.
In theMohawk language, the land is calledTiohtià:ke.[47][48][49][50] This is an abbreviation ofTeionihtiohtiá:kon, which loosely translates as "where the group divided/parted ways."[49][51]
French settlers fromLa Flèche in the Loire valley first named their new town, founded in 1642,Ville Marie ("City of Mary"),[19] named for theVirgin Mary.[52]
The current form of the name,Montréal, is generally thought to be derived from Mount Royal (Mont Royal in French),[20][53] the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. There are multiple explanations for howMont Royal becameMontréal. In 16th century French, the formsréal androyal were used interchangeably, soMontréal could simply be a variant ofMont Royal.[54][55][56] In the second explanation, the name came from an Italian translation. Venetian geographerGiovanni Battista Ramusio used the nameMonte Real to designate Mount Royal in his 1556 map of the region.[53] However, theCommission de toponymie du Québec disputes this explanation.[55]
Historiographer François de Belleforest was the first to use the formMontréal with reference to the entire region in 1575.[53]
Jacques Cartier atHochelaga. Arriving in 1535, Cartier was the first European to visit the area.
Archaeological evidence in the region indicates thatFirst Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago.[57] By the year AD 1000, they had started to cultivatemaize. Within a few hundred years, they had builtfortified villages.[58] TheSaint Lawrence Iroquoians, an ethnically and culturally distinct group from theIroquois nations of theHaudenosaunee (then based in present-day New York), established thevillage of Hochelaga at the foot of Mount Royal two centuries before the French arrived. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at other locations in the valley since at least the 14th century.[59] The French explorer Jacques Cartier visitedHochelaga on October 2, 1535, and estimated the population of the native people at Hochelaga to be "over a thousand people".[59] Evidence of earlier occupation of the island, such as those uncovered in 1642 during the construction of Fort Ville-Marie, have effectively been removed.
In 1603, French explorerSamuel de Champlain reported that the St Lawrence Iroquoians and their settlements had disappeared altogether from the St Lawrence valley. This is believed to be due to outmigration, epidemics of European diseases, or intertribal wars.[59][60] In 1611, Champlain established afurtrading post on the Island of Montreal on a site initially namedLa Place Royale. At the confluence ofPetite Riviere andSt. Lawrence River, it is where present-dayPointe-à-Callière stands.[61] On his 1616 map, Champlain named the island Lille de Villemenon in honour of the sieur de Villemenon, a French dignitary who was seeking the viceroyship of New France.[62] In 1639,Jérôme Le Royer de La Dauversière obtained theSeigneurial title to the Island of Montreal in the name of theNotre Dame Society of Montreal to establish a Roman Catholicmission toevangelize natives.
Dauversière hiredPaul Chomedey de Maisonneuve, then age 30, to lead a group of colonists to build a mission on his new seigneury. The colonists left France in 1641 for Quebec and arrived on the island the following year. On May 17, 1642, Ville-Marie was founded on the southern shore of Montreal island, with Maisonneuve as its first governor. The settlement included a chapel and a hospital, under the command ofJeanne Mance.[63] By 1643, Ville-Marie had come under Iroquois raids. In 1652, Maisonneuve returned to France to raise 100 volunteers to bolster the colonial population. If the effort had failed, Montreal was to be abandoned and the survivors re-located downriver toQuebec City. Before these 100 arrived in the fall of 1653, the population of Montreal was barely 50 people.
French authorities surrender the city of Montreal to the British after theArticles of Capitulation was signed in 1760.
By 1685, Ville-Marie was home to some 600 colonists, most of them living in modest wooden houses. Ville-Marie became a centre for thefur trade and a base for furtherexploration.[63] In 1689, the English-allied Iroquoisattacked Lachine on the Island of Montreal, committing the worst massacre in the history of New France.[64] By the early 18th century, theSulpician Order was established there. To encourage French settlement, it wanted the Mohawk to move away from the fur trading post at Ville-Marie. It had a mission village, known asKahnewake, south of the St Lawrence River. The fathers persuaded some Mohawk to make a new settlement at their former hunting grounds north of the Ottawa River. This becameKanesatake.[65] In 1745, several Mohawk families moved upriver to create another settlement, known asAkwesasne. All three are now Mohawk reserves in Canada. The Canadian territory was ruled as a French colony until 1760, whenMontreal fell to a British offensive during theSeven Years' War. The colony then surrendered to Great Britain.[66]
Ville-Marie was the name for the settlement that appeared in all official documents until 1705, when Montreal appeared for the first time, although people referred to the "Island of Montreal" long before then.[67]
Wooster left Hazen in command on March 20, 1776, as he left to replace Arnold in leading further attacks on Quebec City. On April 19, Arnold arrived in Montreal to take over command from Hazen, who remained as his second-in-command. Hazen sent ColonelTimothy Bedel to form a garrison of 390 men 40 miles upriver in a garrison atLes Cèdres, Quebec, to defend Montreal against the British army. In theBattle of the Cedars, Bedel's lieutenantIsaac Butterfield surrendered to George Forster.
Forster advanced toFort Senneville on May 23. By May 24, Arnold was entrenched inMontreal's borough of Lachine. Forster initially approached Lachine, then withdrew toQuinze-Chênes. Arnold's forces then abandoned Lachine to chase Forster. The Americans burned Senneville on May 26. After Arnold crossed theOttawa River in pursuit of Forster, Forster's cannons repelled Arnold's forces. Forster negotiated a prisoner exchange withHenry Sherburne and Isaac Butterfield, resulting in a May 27 boating of their deputy Lieutenant Park being returned to the Americans. Arnold and Forster negotiated further and more American prisoners were returned to Arnold atSainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, ("Fort Anne") on May 30 (delayed two days by wind).
Arnold eventually withdrew his forces back to the New York fort of Ticonderoga by the summer. On June 15, Arnold's messenger approachingSorel spotted Carleton returning with a fleet of ships and notified him. Arnold's forces abandoned Montreal (attempting to burn it down in the process) prior to the June 17 arrival of Carleton's fleet.
The Americans did not return British prisoners in exchange, as previously agreed, due to accusations of abuse, with Congress repudiating the agreement at the protest of George Washington. Arnold blamed Colonel Timothy Bedel for the defeat, removing him and Lieutenant Butterfield from command and sending them to Sorel for court-martial. The retreat of the American army delayed their court martial until August 1, 1776, when they were convicted andcashiered at Ticonderoga. Bedel was given a new commission by Congress in October 1777 after Arnold was assigned to defend Rhode Island inJuly 1777.
View ofLachine Canal in 1826, a year after it opened. It bypassed the rapids west of the city, linking Montreal with other continental markets.
Montreal was incorporated as a city in 1832.[68] The opening of the Lachine Canal permitted ships to bypass the unnavigableLachine Rapids,[69] while the construction of theVictoria Bridge established Montreal as a major railway hub. The leaders of Montreal's business community had started to build their homes in theGolden Square Mile from about 1850. By 1860, it was the largest municipality inBritish North America and the undisputed economic and cultural centre of Canada.[70][71]
In the 19th century, maintaining Montreal's drinking water became increasingly difficult with the rapid increase in population. A majority of the drinking water was still coming from the city's harbour, which was busy and heavily trafficked, leading to the deterioration of the water within. In the mid-1840s, the City of Montreal installed a water system that would pump water from the St. Lawrence and intocisterns. The cisterns would then be transported to the desired location. This was not the first water system of its type in Montreal, as there had been one in private ownership since 1801. In the middle of the 19th century, water distribution was carried out by "fontainiers". The fountainiers[clarification needed] would open and close water valves outside of buildings, as directed, all over the city. As they lacked modern plumbing systems it was impossible to connect all buildings at once and it also acted as a conservation method. However, the population was not finished rising — it rose from 58,000 in 1852 to 267,000 by 1901.[72][73][74]
Montreal was the capital of theProvince of Canada from 1844 to 1849, but lost its status when aTory mobburnt down the Parliament building to protest the passage of theRebellion Losses Bill.[75] Thereafter, the capital rotated between Quebec City andToronto until in 1857,Queen Victoria herself establishedOttawa as the capital due to strategic reasons. The reasons were twofold. First, because it was located more in the interior of the Province of Canada, it was less susceptible to attack from the United States. Second, and perhaps more importantly, because it lay on the border between French and English Canada, Ottawa was seen as a compromise between Montreal, Toronto,Kingston and Quebec City, which were all vying to become the young nation's official capital. Ottawa retained the status as capital of Canada when the Province of Canada joined withNova Scotia andNew Brunswick to form the Dominion of Canada in 1867.[citation needed]
Aninternment camp was set up at Immigration Hall in Montreal from August 1914 to November 1918.[76]
An anti-conscription rally in Montreal, 1917. During bothWorld Wars, the city saw protest against the implementation of conscription.
DuringWorld War II, MayorCamillien Houde protested against conscription and urged Montrealers to disobey the federal government's registry of all men and women.[79] The federal government, part of theAllied forces, was furious over Houde's stand and held him in a prison camp until 1944.[80] That year, the government decided to institute conscription to expand the armed forces and fight theAxis powers. (SeeConscription Crisis of 1944.)[79]
Montreal was the official residence of theLuxembourg royal family in exile during World War II.[81]
By 1951, Montreal's population had surpassed one million.[82] However, Toronto's growth had begun challenging Montreal's status as the economic capital of Canada. Indeed, the volume of stocks traded at theToronto Stock Exchange had already surpassed that traded at theMontreal Stock Exchange in the 1940s.[83] TheSaint Lawrence Seaway opened in 1959, allowing vessels to bypass Montreal. In time, this development led to the end of the city's economic dominance as businesses moved to other areas.[84] During the 1960s, there was continued growth as Canada's tallest skyscrapers, new expressways and the subway system known as theMontreal Metro were finished during this time. Montreal also held the World's Fair of 1967, better known asExpo67.
The 1970s ushered in a period of wide-ranging social and political changes, stemming largely from the concerns of theFrench-speaking majority about the conservation of their culture and language, given the traditional predominance of theEnglish Canadian minority in the business arena.[85] TheOctober Crisis and the 1976 election of theParti Québécois, which supported sovereign status for Quebec, resulted in the departure of many businesses and people from the city.[86] In 1976, Montreal hosted theSummer Olympics. While the event brought the city international prestige and attention, theOlympic Stadium built for the event resulted in massive debt for the city.[87] During the 1980s and early 1990s, Montreal experienced a slower rate of economic growth than many other major Canadian cities. Montreal was the site of the 1989École Polytechnique massacre, one of Canada's worstmass shootings, where 25-year-oldMarc Lépine shot and killed 14 people, all of them women, and wounded 14 other people before shooting himself atÉcole Polytechnique.
Montreal wasmerged with the 27 surrounding municipalities on the Island of Montreal on January 1, 2002, creating a unified city encompassing the entire island. There was substantial resistance from the suburbs to the merger, with the perception being that it was forced on the mostly English suburbs by the Parti Québécois. As expected, this move proved unpopular and several mergers were later rescinded. Several former municipalities, totalling 13% of the population of the island, voted to leave the unified city in separatereferendums in June 2004. The demerger took place on January 1, 2006, leaving 15 municipalities on the island, including Montreal. Demerged municipalities remain affiliated with the city through an agglomeration council that collects taxes from them to pay for numerous shared services.[88] The 2002 mergers were not the first in the city's history. Montreal annexed 27 other cities, towns and villages beginning withHochelaga in 1883, with the last prior to 2002 beingPointe-aux-Trembles in 1982.
Montreal is in the southwest of the province of Quebec. The city covers most of the Island of Montreal at the confluence of the Saint Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers. The port of Montreal lies at one end of the Saint Lawrence Seaway, the river gateway that stretches from theGreat Lakes to the Atlantic.[89] Montreal is defined by its location between the Saint Lawrence river to its south and theRivière des Prairies to its north. The city is named after the most prominent geographical feature on the island, a three-head mountain called Mount Royal, topped at 232 m (761 ft)above sea level.[90]
Montreal is classified as awarm-summerhumid continental climate (Köppen climate classification:Dfb).[92][93] The city also borders ahot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification:Dfa) (Summers are warm to hot and humid with a daily maximum average of 26 to 27 °C (79 to 81 °F) in July; temperatures in excess of 30 °C (86 °F) are common. Conversely, cold fronts can bring crisp, drier and windy weather in the early and later parts of summer.
Winters in Montreal bring cold, snowy, windy, and at times, icy weather.
Winter brings cold, snowy, windy, and, at times, icy weather, with a daily average ranging from −10.5 to −9 °C (13.1 to 15.8 °F) in January. However, some winter days rise above freezing, allowing for rain on an average of 4 days in January and February each. Usually, snow covering some or all bare ground lasts on average from the first or second week of December until the last week of March.[94] While the air temperature does not fall below −30 °C (−22 °F) every year,[95] thewind chill often makes the temperature feel this low to exposed skin.
Spring and fall are pleasantly mild but prone to drastic temperature changes; spring even more so than fall.[96] Late season heat waves as well as "Indian summers" are possible. Early and late season snow storms can occur in November and March, and more rarely in April. Montreal is generally snow free from late April to late October. However, snow can fall in early to mid-October as well as mid to late-May on rare occasions.[citation needed]
The lowest temperature in Environment Canada's books was −37.8 °C (−36 °F) on January 15, 1957, and the highest temperature was 37.6 °C (99.7 °F) on August 1, 1975, both atDorval International Airport.[97]
Before modern weather record keeping (which dates back to 1871 for McGill),[98] a minimum temperature almost 5 degrees lower was recorded at 7 a.m. on January 10, 1859, where it registered at −42 °C (−44 °F).[99]
Annual precipitation is around 1,000 mm (39 in), including an average of about 210 cm (83 in) of snowfall, which occurs from November through March. Thunderstorms are common from late spring through summer to early fall; additionally, tropical storms or their remnants can cause heavy rains and gales. Montreal averages 2,050 hours of sunshine annually, with summer being the sunniest season, though slightly wetter than the others in terms of total precipitation—mostly from thunderstorms.[100]
Many colonial era buildings can be found inOld Montreal with several dating as far back as the late 17th century.
For over a century and a half, Montreal was the industrial and financial centre of Canada.[106] This legacy has left a variety of buildings including factories,elevators,warehouses, mills, andrefineries, that today provide an invaluable insight into the city's history, especially in the downtown area and theOld Port area. There are 50National Historic Sites of Canada, more than any other city.[107]
Some of the city's earliest still-standing buildings date back to the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Although most are clustered around theOld Montreal area, such as theSulpician Seminary adjacent toNotre-Dame Basilica that dates back to 1687, andChâteau Ramezay, which was built in 1705, examples of early colonial architecture are dotted throughout the city. Situated in Lachine, theLe Ber-Le Moyne House is the oldest complete building in the city, built between 1669 and 1671. InPoint St. Charles, visitors can see theMaison Saint-Gabriel, which can trace its history back to 1698.[108] There are many historic buildings in Old Montreal in their original form: Notre-Dame Basilica,Bonsecours Market, and the 19th‑century headquarters of all major Canadian banks onSt. James Street (French:Rue Saint Jacques). Montreal's earliest buildings are characterized by their uniquely French influence and grey stone construction.[109]
TheUnderground City (officially RÉSO), an important tourist attraction, is an underground network connecting shopping centres, pedestrian thoroughfares, universities, hotels, restaurants, bistros, subway stations and more, in and around downtown with 32 km (20 mi) of tunnels over 12 km2 (4.6 sq mi) in the most densely populated part of Montreal.[citation needed]
The Plateau Mount Royal borough was a working class francophone area. The largest neighbourhood isthe Plateau (not to be confused with the whole borough), which was undergoing considerable gentrification as of 2009,[115] and a 2001 study deemed it as Canada's most creative neighbourhood because artists comprise 8% of its labour force.[116] The neighbourhood ofMile End in the northwestern part of the borough has been a very multicultural area of the city, and features two of Montreal's well-knownbagel establishments,St-Viateur Bagel andFairmount Bagel. TheMcGill Ghetto is in the extreme southwestern portion of the borough, its name being derived from the fact that it is home to thousands ofMcGill University students and faculty members.[citation needed]
The Southwest borough was home to much of the city's industry during the late 19th and early-to-mid 20th century. The borough includedGoose Village and was historically home to the traditionally working-classIrish neighbourhoods ofGriffintown andPoint Saint Charles as well as the low-income neighbourhoods ofSaint Henri andLittle Burgundy.[citation needed]
Architecture and cobbled streets in Old Montreal have been maintained or restored. Old Montreal is accessible from the downtown core via theunderground city and is served by severalSTM bus routes and Metro stations, ferries to the South Shore and a network of bicycle paths.[citation needed]
The riverside area adjacent to Old Montreal is known as the Old Port. It was once the site of thePort of Montreal, but its shipping operations have been moved to a larger site downstream, leaving the former location as a recreational and historical area maintained byParks Canada. The new Port of Montreal is Canada's largest container port and the largest inland port on Earth.[117]
The mountain is the site of Mount Royal Park, one of Montreal's largestgreenspaces. The park, most of which is wooded, was designed byFrederick Law Olmsted, who also designed New York'sCentral Park, and was inaugurated in 1876.[118]
The park contains twobelvederes, the more prominent of which is the Kondiaronk Belvedere, a semicircular plaza with achalet overlooking Downtown Montreal. Other features of the park are Beaver Lake, a small man-made lake, a shortskislope, asculpture garden, Smith House, aninterpretive centre, and a well-knownmonument to Sir George-Étienne Cartier. The park hosts athletic, tourist and cultural activities.
The mountain is home to two major cemeteries, Notre-Dame-des-Neiges (founded in 1854) and Mount Royal (1852).Mount Royal Cemetery is a 165 acres (67 ha) terraced cemetery on the north slope of Mount Royal in the borough of Outremont.Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery is much larger, predominantly French-Canadian and officially Catholic.[119] More than 900,000 people are buried there.[120]
Mount Royal Cemetery contains more than 162,000 graves and is the final resting place for a number of notable Canadians. It includes a veterans section with several soldiers who were awarded theBritish Empire's highest military honour, theVictoria Cross. In 1901, the Mount Royal Cemetery Company established the first crematorium in Canada.[121]
The firstcross on the mountain was placed there in 1643 by Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve, the founder of the city, in fulfilment of a vow he made to theVirgin Mary whenpraying to her to stop a disastrous flood.[118] Today, the mountain is crowned by a 31.4 m-high (103 ft) illuminated cross, installed in 1924 by theJohn the Baptist Society and now owned by the city.[118] It was converted tofibre optic light in 1992.[118] The new system can turn the lights red, blue, or purple, the last of which is used as a sign of mourning between the death of the Pope and the election of the next.[122]
In the2021 Census of Population conducted byStatistics Canada, Montreal had a population of1,762,949 living in816,338 of its878,542 total private dwellings, a change of3.4% from its 2016 population of1,704,694. With a land area of 364.74 km2 (140.83 sq mi), it had a population density of4,833.4/km2 (12,518.6/sq mi) in 2021.[125]
According toStatistics Canada, at the2016 Canadian census the city had 1,704,694 inhabitants.[126] A total of 4,098,927 lived in the MontrealCensus Metropolitan Area (CMA) at the same 2016 census, up from 3,934,078 at the 2011 census (within 2011 CMA boundaries), which is a population growth of 4.19% from 2011 to 2016.[127] In 2015, the Greater Montreal population was estimated at 4,060,700.[128][129] According to StatsCan, by 2030, the Greater Montreal Area is expected to number 5,275,000 with 1,722,000 being visible minorities.[130]In the 2016 census, children under 14 years of age (691,345) constituted 16.9%, while inhabitants over 65 years of age (671,690) numbered 16.4% of the total population of the CMA.[127]
As of the 2021 Census,[132] 47.0% of Montreal residents spokeFrench alone as a first language, while 13.0% spokeEnglish alone. 2% spoke both English and French as first languages, 2.6% spoke both French and a non-official language and 1.5% spoke both English and a non-official language. 0.8% of residents spoke English, French and a non-official language as first languages. 32.8% of residents spoke one non-official language as a first language, and 0.3% spoke multiple non-official languages as first languages. The most common wereArabic (5.7%),Spanish (4.6%),Italian (3.3%),Chinese Languages (2.7%),Haitian Creole (1.6%),Vietnamese (1.1%), andPortuguese (1.0%).
The2021 census reported thatimmigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 576,125 persons or 33.4% of the total population of Montreal. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin wereHaiti (47,550 residents or 8.3% of the population),Algeria (43,840; 7.6%),France (39,275; 6.8%),Morocco (33,005; 5.7%),Italy (30,215; 5.2%),China (26,335; 4.6%), thePhilippines (20,475; 3.6%),Lebanon (17,455; 3.0%),Vietnam (16,395; 2.8%), andIndia (13,575; 2.4%).[137]
The Greater Montreal Area is predominantlyCatholic; however, weekly church attendance in Quebec was among the lowest in Canada in 1998.[139] Historically Montreal has been a centre of Catholicism in North America with its numerous seminaries and churches, including theNotre-Dame Basilica, theCathédrale Marie-Reine-du-Monde, andSaint Joseph's Oratory.
Some 49.5% of the total population is Christian,[138] largely Roman Catholic (35.0%), primarily because of descendants of original French settlers, and others of Italian and Irish origins.Protestants which includeAnglican Church in Canada,United Church of Canada,Lutheran, owing to British and German immigration, and other denominations number 11.3%, with a further 3.2% consisting mostly ofOrthodox Christians, fuelled by a large Greek population. There is also a number of Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox parishes.
Islam is the largest non-Christian religious group, with 218,395 members,[140] the second-largest concentration of Muslims in Canada at 12.7%. TheJewish community in Montreal has a population of 90,780.[141] In cities such as Côte Saint-Luc and Hampstead, Jewish people constitute the majority, or a substantial part of the population. In 1971 the Jewish community in Greater Montreal numbered 109,480.[142] Political and economic uncertainties led many to leave Montreal and the province of Quebec.[143]
Montreal has the second-largest economy of Canadian cities based on GDP[144] and the largest in Quebec. In 2019, Metropolitan Montreal was responsible forCA$234.0 billion of Quebec'sCA$425.3 billion GDP.[145] The city is today an important centre of commerce, finance, industry, technology, culture, world affairs and is the headquarters of theMontreal Exchange. In recent decades, the city was widely seen as weaker than that of Toronto and other major Canadian cities, but it has recently experienced a revival.[146]
Industries includeaerospace,electronic goods,pharmaceuticals, printed goods,software engineering, telecommunications, textile and apparel manufacturing, tobacco, petrochemicals, and transportation. The service sector is also strong and includescivil,mechanical andprocess engineering, finance, higher education, and research and development. In 2002, Montreal was the fourth-largest centre in North America in terms of aerospace jobs.[147]ThePort of Montreal is one of the largestinland ports in the world, handling 26 milliontonnes of cargo annually as of 2008.[148] As one of the most important ports in Canada, it remains a transshipment point forgrain, sugar, petroleum products, machinery, and consumer goods. For this reason, Montreal is the railway hub of Canada and has always been an extremely important rail city; it is home to the headquarters of theCanadian National Railway,[149] and was home to the headquarters of theCanadian Pacific Railway until 1995.[150]
Montreal is a centre of film and television production. The headquarters ofAlliance Films and five studios of theAcademy Award-winningNational Film Board of Canada are in the city, as well as the head offices ofTelefilm Canada, the national feature-length film and television funding agency andTélévision de Radio-Canada. Given its eclectic architecture and broad availability of film services and crew members, Montreal is a popular filming location for feature-length films, and sometimes stands in for European locations.[157][158] The city is also home to many recognized cultural, film, and music festivals (Just For Laughs,Just For Laughs Gags,Montreal International Jazz Festival, and others), which contribute significantly to its economy. It is also home to one of the world's largest cultural enterprises, theCirque du Soleil.[159]
Tour de la Bourse has been home to theMontreal Exchange from 1965 to 2018, subsequently also including offices of various companies, entities and professional firms.
The video game industry has been booming in Montreal since November 2, 1995, coinciding with the opening ofUbisoft Montreal.[162] Recently, the city has attracted world leading game developers and publishers studios such asEA,Eidos Interactive,BioWare,Artificial Mind and Movement,Strategy First,THQ,Gameloft mainly because of the quality of local specialized labour, and tax credits offered to the corporations. In 2010,Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, a division ofWarner Bros., announced that it would open a video game studio.[163] Relatively new to the video game industry, it will be Warner Bros. first studio opened, not purchased, and will develop games for such Warner Bros. franchises asBatman and other games from theirDC Comics portfolio. The studio will create 300 jobs.
Montreal plays an important role in the finance industry. The sector employs approximately 100,000 people in the Greater Montreal Area.[164] As of March 2018, Montreal is ranked in the 12th position in theGlobal Financial Centres Index, aranking of thecompetitiveness offinancial centres around the world.[165] The city is home to the Montreal Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in Canada and the only financial derivatives exchange in the country.[166] The corporate headquarters of theBank of Montreal andRoyal Bank of Canada, two of the biggest banks in Canada, were in Montreal. While both banks moved their headquarters to Toronto, Ontario, their legal corporate offices remain in Montreal. The city is home to head offices of two smaller banks,National Bank of Canada andLaurentian Bank of Canada. TheCaisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, an institutional investor managing assets totalling $408 billion CAD, has its main business office in Montreal.[167] Many foreign subsidiaries operating in the financial sector also have offices in Montreal, includingHSBC,Aon,Société Générale,BNP Paribas andAXA.[166][168]
TheMontreal Oil Refining Centre is the largest refining centre in Canada, with companies likePetro-Canada,Ultramar,Gulf Oil, Petromont, Ashland Canada, Parachem Petrochemical, Coastal Petrochemical, Interquisa (Cepsa) Petrochemical,Nova Chemicals, and more. Shell decided to close the refining centre in 2010, throwing hundreds out of work and causing an increased dependence on foreign refineries for eastern Canada.
Montreal was referred to as "Canada's Cultural Capital" byMonocle magazine.[33] The city is Canada's centre for French-language television productions, radio, theatre, film, multimedia, and print publishing. Montreal's many cultural communities have given it a distinct local culture. Montreal was designated as theWorld Book Capital for the year 2005 byUNESCO.[198]
Montreal Fireworks Festival is the world's largest annual fireworks festival. The city hosts a number of festivals annually.
A cultural heart of classical art and the venue for many summer festivals, thePlace des Arts is a complex of different concert and theatre halls surrounding a large square in the eastern portion of downtown.Place des Arts has the headquarters of one of the world's foremost orchestras, theMontreal Symphony Orchestra. TheOrchestre Métropolitain and the chamber orchestraI Musici de Montréal are two other well-regarded Montreal orchestras. Also performing at Place des Arts are theOpéra de Montréal and the city's chief ballet companyLes Grands Ballets Canadiens. Internationally recognized avant-garde dance troupes such asCompagnie Marie Chouinard [fr],La La La Human Steps,O Vertigo [fr], and theFondation Jean-Pierre Perreault [fr] have toured the world and worked with international popular artists on videos and concerts. The unique choreography of these troupes has paved the way for the success of the world-renowned Cirque du Soleil.
View of theNotre-Dame Basilica fromPlace d'Armes. The number of churches in Montreal led it to be called "the city of a hundred steeples".
Nicknamedla ville aux cent clochers (the city of a hundred steeples), Montreal is renowned for its churches. There are an estimated 650 churches on the island, with 450 of them dating back to the 1800s or earlier.[199]Mark Twain noted, "This is the first time I was ever in a city where you couldn't throw a brick without breaking a church window."[200] The city has four Roman Catholicbasilicas:Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral,Notre-Dame Basilica,St Patrick's Basilica, andSaint Joseph's Oratory. The Oratory is the largest church in Canada, with the second largest copper dome in the world, afterSaint Peter's Basilica in Rome.[201]
Montreal is the site of a high-profileauto racing event each year: the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One (F1) racing. This race takes place on theCircuit Gilles Villeneuve on Île Notre-Dame. In 2009, the race was dropped from the Formula One calendar, to the chagrin of some fans,[207] but the Canadian Grand Prix returned to the Formula One calendar in 2010. It was dropped from the calendar again in 2020 and 2021, due toCOVID-19 pandemic, but racing resumed in 2022, with the2022 Canadian Grand Prix. The Circuit Gilles Villeneuve also hosted a round of theChamp Car World Series from 2002 to 2007, and was home to theNAPA Auto Parts 200, aNASCAR Nationwide Series race, and the Montréal 200, aGrand AmRolex Sports Car Series race.
Uniprix Stadium, built in 1993 on the site of Jarry Park, is used for theNational Bank Open (formerly known as the Rogers Cup) men's and women's tennis tournaments. The men's tournament is aMasters 1000 event on theATP Tour, and the women's tournament is aPremier tournament on theWTA Tour. The men's and women's tournaments alternate between Montreal and Toronto every year.[208]
Montreal was the host of the 1976 Summer Olympic Games. The stadium cost $1.5 billion;[209] with interest that figure ballooned to nearly $3 billion, and was paid off in December 2006.[210] Montreal also hosted the first everWorld Outgames in the summer of 2006, attracting over 16,000 participants engaged in 35 sporting activities.
Montreal was the host city for the 17th unicycling world championship and convention (UNICON) in August 2014.
Montreal has three daily newspapers, the English-languageMontreal Gazette and the French-languageLe Journal de Montréal, andLe Devoir; another French-language daily,La Presse, became an online daily in 2018. There are two free French dailies,Métro and24 Heures. Montreal has numerous weekly tabloids and community newspapers serving various neighbourhoods, ethnic groups and schools.
The city council is a democratically elected institution and is the final decision-making authority in the city, although much power is centralized in the executive committee. The council consists of 65 members from all boroughs.[211] The council has jurisdiction over many matters, including public security, agreements with other governments, subsidy programs, theenvironment,urban planning, and a three-year capital expenditure program. The council is required to supervise, standardize or approve certain decisions made by the borough councils.[citation needed]
Reporting directly to the council, the executive committee exercises decision-making powers similar to those of the cabinet in aparliamentary system and is responsible for preparing various documents includingbudgets andby-laws, submitted to the council for approval. The decision-making powers of the executive committee cover, in particular, the awarding of contracts or grants, the management of human and financial resources, supplies and buildings. It may also be assigned further powers by the city council.[citation needed]
Standing committees are the prime instruments for public consultation. They are responsible for the public study of pending matters and for making the appropriate recommendations to the council. They also review the annual budget forecasts for departments under their jurisdiction. A public notice of meeting is published in both French and English daily newspapers at least seven days before each meeting. All meetings include a public question period. The standing committees, of which there are seven, have terms lasting two years. In addition, the City Council may decide to create special committees at any time. Each standing committee is made up of seven to nine members, including a chairman and a vice-chairman. The members are all elected municipal officers, with the exception of a representative of the government of Quebec on the public security committee.[citation needed]
The city is only one component of the larger Montreal Metropolitan Community (Communauté Métropolitaine de Montréal, CMM), which is in charge of planning, coordinating, and financing economic development, public transportation, garbage collection andwaste management, etc., across the metropolitan area. The president of the CMM is the mayor of Montreal. The CMM covers 4,360 km2 (1,680 sq mi), with 3.6 million inhabitants in 2006.[212]
Montreal is the seat of thejudicial district of Montreal, which includes the city and the other communities on the island.[213]
Since 1975, when Montreal's homicide rate peaked at around 10.3 per 100,000 people with a total of 112 murders, the overall crime rate in Montreal has declined, with a few notable exceptions, reaching a minimum in 2016 with 23 murders.[217][218] Sex crimes have increased 14.5 per cent between 2015 and 2016 and fraud cases have increased by 13 per cent over the same period.[218] The major criminal organizations active in Montreal are theRizzuto crime family,Hells Angels andWest End Gang. However, in the 2020s, the city has seen an increase in overall crime, with a notable increase in homicides. 25 homicides were reported in 2020 which matched the number reported in 2019. The next year saw a 48% increase in murders with a total of 37 in 2021, giving the city a homicide rate of around 2.1 per 100,000 people. The Montreal Police Annual Report for 2021 showed that there were 144 shootings across the city, or an average of one shooting every 2.5 days. In comparison, there were 71 shootings recorded the year before.[219] 2022 saw another 10.8% increase in homicides, with a total of 41 being reported (giving a slightly higher homicide rate of 2.3 per 100,000 people), the highest number since 2007, when there were 42.[220]
Theeducation system in Quebec is different from other systems in North America. Between high school (which ends at grade 11) and university, students must go through an additional school calledCEGEP. CEGEPs offer pre-university (2-years) and technical (3-years) programs. In Montreal,seventeen CEGEPs offer courses in French and five in English.
With four universities, ten other degree-awarding institutions, and 12CEGEPs in an 8 km (5.0 mi) radius, Montreal has the highest concentration of post-secondary students of all major cities in North America (4.38 students per 100 residents, followed by Boston at 4.37 students per 100 residents).[226]
Established in 1821,McGill University is the oldest operating university in Montreal.
McGill University is one of Canada's leading post-secondary institutions and is widely regarded as a world-class institution. In 2021, McGill was ranked as the top medical-doctoral university in Canada for the seventeenth consecutive year byMaclean's[227] and second in Canada and the 27th best university in the world by theQS World University Rankings.[228]
Université de Montréal (UdeM) is the second largest research university in Canada and ranked as one of the top universities in Canada. Two separate institutions are affiliated to the university: theÉcole Polytechnique Montréal (School of Engineering) andHEC Montréal (School of Business). HEC Montreal was founded in 1907 and is considered one of the best business schools in Canada.[231]
Like many major cities, Montreal has a problem with vehicular traffic congestion. Commuting traffic from the cities and towns in the West Island (such asDollard-des-Ormeaux andPointe-Claire) is compounded by commuters entering the city that use twenty-four road crossings from numerous off-island suburbs on theNorth and South Shores. The width of the Saint Lawrence River has made the construction of fixed links to the south shore expensive and difficult. There are presently four road bridges (including two of the country's busiest) along with one bridge-tunnel, two railway bridges, and a metro line. The far narrower Rivière des Prairies to the city's north, separating Montreal from Laval, is spanned by nine road bridges (seven to the city of Laval and two that span directly to the north shore) and a Metro line.
The island of Montreal is a hub for the QuebecAutoroute system, and is served by Quebec AutoroutesA-10 (known as the Bonaventure Expressway on the island of Montreal),A-15 (aka the Décarie Expressway south of the A-40 and the Laurentian Autoroute to the north of it),A-13 (aka Chomedey Autoroute),A-20,A-25,A-40 (part of theTrans-Canada Highway system, and known as "The Metropolitan" or simply "The Met" in its elevated mid-town section),A-520 andR-136 (aka the Ville-Marie Autoroute). Many of these Autoroutes are frequently congested atrush hour.[232] However, in recent years, the government has acknowledged this problem and is working on long-term solutions to alleviate the congestion. One such example is the extension ofQuebec Autoroute 30 on Montreal's south shore, which will be abypass for trucks and intercity traffic.[233]
Public local transport is served by a network of buses, subways, and commuter trains that extend across and off the island. The subway and bus system are operated by theSociété de transport de Montréal (STM,'Montreal Transit Company'). TheSTM bus network consists of 203 daytime and 23 night time routes. STM bus routes serve 1,347,900 passengers on an average weekday in 2010.[234] It also provides adapted transport and wheelchair-accessible buses.[235] The STM won the award of Outstanding Public Transit System in North America by the APTA in 2010. It was the first time a Canadian company won this prize.
TheMetro was inaugurated in 1966 and has 68 stations on four lines.[236] Total daily passengers is 1,050,800 passengers on an average weekday (as of Q1 2010).[234] Each station was designed by different architects with individual themes and features original artwork, and the trains run on rubber tires, making the system quieter than most.[237] The project was initiated by Montreal MayorJean Drapeau, who later brought the Summer Olympic Games to Montreal in 1976. The Metro system has long had a station on the South Shore inLongueuil, and in 2007 was extended to the city of Laval, north of Montreal, with three new stations.[238] Starting in 2019, the metro has been modernizing its trains, running newAzur models with inter-connected wagons.[239]
Montreal has two international airports, one for passengers only, the other for cargo.Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport (also known asDorval Airport) in the City ofDorval serves all commercial passenger traffic and is the headquarters of Air Canada[240] and Air Transat.[241] To the north of the city isMontreal Mirabel International Airport inMirabel, which was envisioned as Montreal's primary airport but which now serves cargo flights along withMEDEVACs andgeneral aviation and some passenger services.[242][243][244][245][246] In 2018, Trudeau was thethird busiest airport in Canada by passenger traffic and aircraft movements, handling 19.42 million passengers,[247][248] and 240,159 aircraft movements.[249] With 63% of its passengers being on non-domestic flights it has the largest percentage of international flights of any Canadian airport.[250]
It is one of Air Canada's majorhubs and operates on average approximately 2,400 flights per week between Montreal and 155 destinations, spread on fivecontinents.
Airlines servicing Trudeau offer year-roundnon-stop flights to five continents, namely Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America.[251][252][253] It is one of only two airports in Canada with direct flights to five continents or more.
Montreal-based Via Rail Canada provides rail service to other cities in Canada, particularly to Quebec City and Toronto along theQuebec City – Windsor Corridor.Amtrak, the U.S. national passenger rail system, operates itsAdirondack daily to New York. All intercity trains and mostcommuter trains operate out ofCentral Station.
Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) was founded here in 1881.[254] Its corporate headquarters occupiedWindsor Station at 910Peel Street until 1995, when it moved toCalgary, Alberta.[150] With the Port of Montreal kept open year-round by icebreakers, lines to Eastern Canada became surplus, and now Montreal is the eastern and intermodal freight terminus of CPR's successor company,Canadian Pacific Kansas City (CPKC).[255] CPKC connects at Montreal with the Port of Montreal, theDelaware and Hudson Railway to New York, theQuebec Gatineau Railway to Quebec City andBuckingham, theCentral Maine and Quebec Railway to Halifax, andCanadian National Railway (CN). The CPR's flagship train,The Canadian, ran daily from Windsor Station toVancouver, but in 1978 all passenger services were transferred to Via. Since 1990,The Canadian has terminated in Toronto instead of in Montreal.
Montreal-based CN was formed in 1919 by the Canadian government following a series of country-wide rail bankruptcies. It was formed from theGrand Trunk, Midland andCanadian Northern Railways, and has risen to become CPR's chief rival in freight carriage in Canada.[256] Like the CPR, CN divested itself of passenger services in favour of Via.[257] CN's flagship train, theSuper Continental, ran daily from Central Station to Vancouver and subsequently became a Via train in 1978. It was eliminated in 1990 in favour of reroutingThe Canadian.
The commuter rail system is managed and operated byExo, and reaches the outlying areas of Greater Montreal with six lines. It carried an average of 79,000 daily passengers in 2014, making it the seventh busiest in North America following New York, Chicago, Toronto, Boston, Philadelphia, and Mexico City.[258]
On April 22, 2016, the forthcoming automatedrapid transit system, theRéseau express métropolitain (REM), was unveiled. Groundbreaking occurred April 12, 2018, and construction of the 67-kilometre-long (42 mi) network – consisting of three branches, 26 stations, and the conversion of the region's busiest commuter railway – commenced the following month. To be opened in three phases as of 2022, the REM will be completed by mid-2024, becoming the fourth largest automated rapid transit network after theDubai Metro, theSingapore Mass Rapid Transit, and theVancouver SkyTrain. Most of it will be financed by pension fund manager Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec (CDPQ Infra).[259]
The city of Montreal is world-renowned for being in the top 20 most cyclist-friendly cities around the globe.[260] It follows that they have one of the world's most successful bike share systems inBIXI. First launched in 2009[261] with Montreal-based PBSC Urban Solutions ICONIC bikes, the bicycle-sharing scheme has since grown its fleet to include 750 docking and charging stations across the different neighbourhoods with 9000 bikes available for users.[262] In what theSTM states is a mission to combine different forms of mobility, transit card holders can now take advantage of their membership to also rent bicycles at select stations.
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