| Montmartre Funicular | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Overview | |
| Stations | 2 |
| Service | |
| Operator(s) | RATP |
| Rolling stock | 2 cabins |
| Ridership | 2 million journeys per year |
| History | |
| Opened | 13 July 1900 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 0.108 km (0.067 mi) |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) |
TheMontmartre Funicular (French:Funiculaire de Montmartre) is an inclined transport system serving theMontmartre neighbourhood ofParis,France, in the18th arrondissement. Operated by theRATP, the Paris transport authority, the system opened in 1900; it was entirely rebuilt in 1935 and again in 1991.
The system is afunicular in name only. Its formal title, the Montmartre Funicular, is a vestige of its earlier configuration, where its cars operated in a counterbalanced, interconnected pair, always moving in opposite directions in concert, thus meeting the definition of afunicular. The system now uses two independently operating cars that can each ascend or descend on demand, qualifying as a doubleinclined elevator,[1][2][3] retaining the termfunicular in its title as a historical reference.
The system carries passengers between the base of Montmartre and its summit, accessing the nearbySacré-Cœur basilica and paralleling the adjacent staircases ofRue Foyatier. The 108 m (354 ft) cars climbs 36 m (118 ft) in under a minute and a half and carry two million passengers a year.
Constructed by theSchindler Group, the system with electrical traction entered service on 1 June 1991. It has two cabins with sixty places each which travel ontwo separate, parallel tracks using the internationalstandard gauge of1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in). It has a capacity of 2,000 passengers per hour in each direction. A trip in either direction, which covers a vertical distance of 36 m (118 ft) over a track distance of 108 m (354 ft), takes less than 90 seconds and climbs or descends a gradient as high as 35.2% (a little steeper than 1:3).
The technology of the Montmartre line differs from a funicular in that it uses independently operating cars more related to standard up-downelevators, each equipped with its owncounterweight. Again, a funicular's cars are by definition arranged incounterbalanced, interconnected pairs, moving in concert. The Montmartre system now allows each car to function independently, with its own hoist and cables. Advantages of this arrangement include the ability of one car to remain in service during maintenance of the other. Also, both cabins can ascend simultaneously (usually, more passengers use the system to ascend than to descend), where cars of a funicular always travel in opposite directions.[4]
The see-through stations were designed by architectFrançois Deslaugiers and the cabins were designed byRoger Tallon, who also designed the carriages of theTGV Atlantique. The cabin roofs are partly glazed, allowing a view during transit.[4]
The system operates daily from 6 am until 12.45 am, transporting 6,000 people a day, or around 2 million annually.[5]
The lower station (Gare Basse) is located between thePlace Saint-Pierre and thePlace Suzanne-Valadon, and the upper one (Gare Haute) on theRue du Cardinal-Dubois.
The Paris city government voted to construct the Montmartre transport system in 1891. Initially, operation was subcontracted toDecauville through a concession that ended in 1931.[6] Thereafter, theSociété des transports en commun de la région parisienne (STCRP) took control, and this was nationalized together with theCompagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP) to form theRégie autonome des transports parisiens (RATP), which continues to operate the funicular today.
The original system in contrast to the current system was, in fact, a funicular with twin counterbalanced and interconnected cars. In the case of the Montmartre design, a system of onboard water bladders of 5 m3 (180 cu ft) could be filled or emptied to move the cars and to compensate for passenger load. In 1935, the system was converted to electricity. The system was completely rebuilt by the RATP in 1990–1991, as dual independently operating inclined elevators.
The system was shut down after a minor accident during tests by the RATP in December 2006. It reopened in July 2007.
Construction of the Montmartre transport system was authorized by the Paris municipal council in 1891. It was built to serve theSacré-Cœur Basilica at the summit of theoutlier of Montmartre and was inaugurated on 5 June 1891. Original plans specified electrical traction and six stations between two termini.[7] As built, the system used only two terminal stations and water-filled bladders ascounterweights for motion.
The funicular entered service on 12[8] or 13 July (sources vary), and its operation was ceded to theDecauville company with a contract lasting until 1931. However, lacking the necessary authorisation from the ParisPrefecture of Police to run the service, the company had to close the funicular from 24 November 1900[9] until 22 May 1901.[10]
The funicular was ofdouble track atstandard gauge, using theStrub rack system for braking. The rails were supported bysleepers made ofstructural steel, supported on concrete pedestals.[11]
The system was powered by two sealed water tanks/bladders with a capacity of 5 m3 (180 cu ft) located under the floor of each cabin. The tanks of one cabin were refilled at the upper station, allowing its descent under gravity with the combined weight of the passengers and water, enabling the other carriage to ascend. A steam engine situated at the lower station worked the filling pumps at the upper station. The cabins held forty-eight passengers in four closed compartments arranged like a staircase; the two end platforms were reserved for the driver andbrakeman. These were retained for a brake system established on therack railway. This system transported a million passengers a year for some thirty years.
When the contract expired, theMayor of Paris and theSeine Department charged theSociété des transports en commun de la région parisienne (STCRP) with running the service and modernising the infrastructure. The rack system was deemed too dangerous and so the initial system was shut down; operations ceased on 1 November 1931. The water-driven system was replaced by two electrically driven cabins and reopened on 2 February 1935 after an interruption of more than three years.[12] Traction was provided by a winch driven by a 50 hp (37 kW)electric motor, allowing a cabin holding fifty people to make the journey in 70 seconds at a speed of 2 m/s (4.5 mph). The cabins were no longer arranged like a staircase but composed of a single compartment with a horizontal floor.
By 1955, the line was in service from 7 am until 9 pm in winter and until 11 pm in summer, entry to the station being made by cancelling a bus ticket.[13] In 1962, the funicular transported 1,600,000 passengers and operations were suspended for some weeks for a new renovation. The line was opened in the presence of "poulbots" (Parisian illustrators) and Émile Kérembrun, the President of theRépublique de Montmartre [fr], a philanthropic society.[14]
After fifty-five years of operation, transporting two million passengers annually, the system was in need of renovation. An idea was proposed by theRATP and the Mairie de Paris, to lengthen the line with a tunnel to theAnvers métro station. The idea was abandoned due to high cost.
The RATP entirely rebuilt the funicular in 1990–1991. Operations ceased on 1 October 1990, being substituted with a minibus service, the "Montmartrobus", between thePlace Pigalle and the top of thebutte, until the new system entered service on 5 October 1991. The old stations were demolished and rebuilt as designed by architect François Deslaugiers. The works were undertaken bySchindler Group, a lift manufacturer, and cost 43.1 millionfrancs.[15]
Since its latest renovation, the system uses angled lift technology with electrical traction. It is no longer a funicular but retains the term in reflection of its history. The system no longer functions with the requisite interconnected and counterbalanced arrangement of a funicular (where cabins always move in opposite directions, the descending cabin counterweighing the ascending one). The machinery is located in the higher station; it is composed of two totally independent winches powered by 130 kW (170 hp) motors. The cabins each weigh 6 tonnes (5.9 long tons; 6.6 short tons) unladen, 10 tonnes (9.8 long tons; 11 short tons) when full. They have a service brake and an emergency brake. The carriages and chassis were made bySkirail, and the electrics byPoma.
Operation is entirely automatic: The presence and number of passengers are detected by a system combining electronicbalance scales mounted in the cabin floor, andradar in the stations. A computer determines the cabin's departure, indicated with a display board in the cabin. According to the amount of passenger traffic, it chooses between the two possible operating speeds, 2 m/s (6.6 ft/s) and 3.5 m/s (11 ft/s). For safety, theplatform edge doors open only when a cabin is present, as on theParis Métro Line 14 and some stations on London'sJubilee line.[16]
On 7 December 2006 at 5.50 pm, a cabin crashed down the slope during a brake system test byRATP.[17][18] The terminal of the lifting cable broke. The service was suspended, adding to the problems of the residents and traders on thebutte, the first having to make do with a less-frequent replacement bus service, the second seeing their trading levels fall (20–30% lower than for December 2006 [sic]) from having fewer tourists. One of the two cabins was put back in service on 30 June 2007,[19] the other on 2 August 2008.[20]
The funicular has a similar fare system as theParis Métro network.[21] Each station hasturnstiles which accept theNavigo card. AMétro-Train-RER Ticket can be used for a single journey. The ticket does not allow for a free interchange between the Métro or bus network and the funicular.[22] Paris Visite, daily, weekly, and monthly passes are also valid for the funicular.
Two Métro stations are within easy walking distance of the lower station:Anvers onLine 2 about 200 m (220 yd) to the south andAbbesses onLine 12 about 350 m (380 yd) to the west. Bus line 40 has a stop Rue du Cardinal-Dubois in front of the upper station.
TheCodes d'oblitération ("Allocation codes") of the lower and upper stations are respectively31-02 and31-03. Code 31 corresponds to theQuartier Pigalle, orFUNB andFUNH.[23]
The RATP finances the line's operation (maintenance, infrastructure and cost of personnel). Fares are set by political decisions which do not cover the true cost of transportation. The loss is made good by the controlling authority, theSyndicat des transports d'Île-de-France (STIF), which since 2005 has been under the control of theConseil régional d'Île-de-France ("Île-de-France Regional Council") and composed of local representatives. It defines the general conditions of operation and the duration and frequency of services. Losses are made good by an annual block grant to regional transport operators funded by theversement transport ("Transport payment"), a tax raised on companies with more than nine employees. Public bodies also contribute.[24]
Given the interest in the technical solution provided by the funicular for public passenger transport over relatively short and extremely steep routes, studies have called for the RATP to build similar systems, notably atIssy-les-Moulineaux, in the renovation project of theFort d'Issy quarter, and to link the Meudon-sur-Seine station onParis Tramway Line 2 with theGare de Bellevue, which would recreate the oldBellevue funicular atMeudon, demolished in 1934.
The funicular is an essential element in Paris life, and thus appears in many films and television series having Montmartre as a theme. One of the most famous isRipoux contre ripoux (1990), starringThierry Lhermitte andPhilippe Noiret,[25][26] and it also appears inLes Randonneurs (1997),[27]El Tourbini (2006)[28] andLouise (Take 2) (1998).[26]
In the first pilot episode of the police seriesCapitaine Casta, a chase takes place on theRue Foyatier steps alongside the funicular, just like in the classic filmCéline et Julie vont en bateau (1974, Jacques Rivette); in the pilot, the character played byJean-Pierre Castaldi runs up it to catch the crooks. Similarly in the filmUne affaire d'État (2009), Michel Fernandez (Thierry Frémont) flees by the stairs, chased by Nora Chahyd (Rachida Brakni) who takes the funicular.[29]
Jean-Pierre Melville opened his filmBob le flambeur (1956) with atracking shot around the Montmartre quarter where the film is set, and voiceover then says "c'est tout à la fois le ciel [shot over the Basilique du Sacré-Coeur]et... [bird's eye view of the funicular descending, with musicpoco a poco fortissimo]... l'enfer [Shot of thePlace Pigalle]" ("It is at one and the same time heaven ... and ... hell").[30]
The funicular figures in an eponymous work byJean Marchand (1883–1940), on view at theMusée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris.[31] It appears in literature in a short story byBoileau-Narcejac titledL’énigme du funiculaire ("The enigma of the funicular"), published in 1971 in the reviewManigances, and also in the works ofJacques Charpentreau who, in a poem entitledLe funiculaire de Montmartre, compares the cabins to two contrary brothers:Quand l'un s'envole dans les airs/ L'autre se précipite en bas/ Et lan lan la ("When one flies into the air, the other falls to the ground/ And la, la la").[32]
In October 2006, at the request of the websitela Blogothèque for its "concerts à emporter" ("concerts to download"), the singerCali made an appearance in one of the funicular's cabins surrounded by passengers, singing her songLa Fin du monde pour dans 10 minutes ("The end of the world in ten minutes") from the albumMenteur as it ascended.[33]The funicular also appears in the 2011 3D computer generated animated film,A Monster in Paris.
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48°53′07″N2°20′33″E / 48.88528°N 2.34250°E /48.88528; 2.34250
