The city was incorporated in 1819 as a merger of two towns situated along theAlabama River. It replacedTuscaloosa as the state capital in 1846, representing the shift of power to the south-central area of Alabama with the growth of cotton as a commodity crop of theBlack Belt and the rise ofMobile as a mercantile port on the Gulf Coast. In February 1861, Montgomery was chosen the first capital of theConfederate States of America, which it remained until the Confederate seat of government moved toRichmond, Virginia, in May of that year. In the middle of the 20th century, Montgomery was a major center of events and protests in theCivil Rights Movement,[10] including theMontgomery bus boycott and theSelma to Montgomery marches.
Montgomery has also been recognized nationally for its downtown revitalization and new urbanism projects. It was one of the first cities in the nation to implementSmartCode Zoning.
Prior to European colonization, the east bank of theAlabama River was inhabited by theAlibamu tribe ofNative Americans. The Alibamu and theCoushatta, who lived on the west side of the river, were descended from theMississippian culture. This civilization had numerous chiefdoms throughout the Midwest and South along the Mississippi and its tributaries, and had built massiveearthworkmounds as part of their society about 950–1250 AD. Its largest location was atCahokia, in present-dayIllinois east ofSt. Louis.
The historic tribes spoke mutually intelligibleMuskogean languages, which were closely related. Present-day Montgomery is built on the site of two Alibamu towns:Ikanatchati (Ekanchattee or Ecunchatty or Econachatee), meaning "red earth;" andTowassa, built on abluff calledChunnaanaauga Chatty.[11] The first Europeans to travel through central Alabama wereHernando de Soto and his expedition, who in 1540 recorded going through Ikanatchati and camping for one week in Towassa.
The next recorded European encounter occurred more than a century later, when an English expedition fromCarolina went down the Alabama River in 1697. The first permanent European settler in the Montgomery area wasJames McQueen, aScots trader who settled there in 1716.[12] He married a high-status woman in the Coushatta or Alabama tribe. Theirmixed-race children were considered Muskogean, as both tribes had amatrilineal system of property and descent. The children were always considered born into their mother'sclan, and gained their status from her people.
In 1785, Abraham Mordecai, a war veteran from aSephardic Jewish family ofPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, established atrading post.[13] The Coushatta and Alabama had gradually moved south and west in the tidal plain. After the French were defeated by the British in 1763 in theSeven Years' War and ceded control of their lands, these Native American peoples moved to parts of present-day Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, thenareas of Spanish rule, which they thought more favorable than British-held areas. By the time Mordecai arrived,Creek had migrated into and settled in the area, as they were moving away fromCherokee and Iroquois warfare to the north. Mordecai married a Creek woman. When her people had to cede most of their lands after the 1813-14Creek War, she joined them in removal to Indian Territory. Mordecai brought the firstcotton gin to Alabama.[13]
View of the Capitol, an engraving published in 1857
The Upper Creek were able to discourage most white immigration until after the conclusion of theCreek War. Following their defeat by GeneralAndrew Jackson in August 1814, the Creek tribes were forced to cede 23 million acres to the United States, including remaining land in today's Georgia and most of today's central and southern Alabama. In 1816, theMississippi Territory (1798–1817) organizedMontgomery County. Its former Creek lands were sold off the next year at thefederal land office inMilledgeville, Georgia.
The first group of white settlers to come to the Montgomery area was headed by GeneralJohn Scott. This group founded Alabama Town about 2 miles (3 km) downstream on theAlabama River from present-day downtown Montgomery. In June 1818, county courts were moved fromFort Jackson to Alabama Town. Alabama was admitted to the Union in December 1819.
Soon after,Andrew Dexter Jr. founded New Philadelphia, the present-day eastern part of downtown. He envisioned a prominent future for his town; he set aside a hilltop known as "Goat Hill" as the future site of the state capitol building. New Philadelphia soon prospered, and Scott and his associates built a new town adjacent, calling it East Alabama Town. Originally rivals, the towns merged on December 3, 1819, and were incorporated as the town of Montgomery,[2][14] named forRichard Montgomery, anAmerican Revolutionary War general.
1887 bird's eye illustration of Montgomery
Slave traders used the Alabama River to deliver enslaved laborers to planters, to work thecotton. Buoyed by the revenues of the cotton trade at a time of high market demand, the newly united Montgomery grew quickly. In 1822, the city was designated as the county seat. A new courthouse was built at the present location of Court Square, at the foot of Market Street (now Dexter Avenue).[15] Court Square had one of the largest slave markets in the South. The state capital was moved fromTuscaloosa to Montgomery, on January 28, 1846.[16]
As state capital, Montgomery began to influence state politics, and it would also play a prominent role on the national stage. Beginning February 4, 1861, representatives from Alabama,Georgia, Florida,Louisiana,Mississippi, andSouth Carolinamet in Montgomery, host of theSouthern Convention,[17] to form theConfederate States of America. Montgomery was named the first capital of the nation, andJefferson Davis was inaugurated as president on the steps of theState Capitol. The capital was later moved to Richmond, Virginia.
Cotton being brought to market, Montgomery, c. 1900
In 1886 Montgomery became the first city in the United States to install citywide electricstreetcars along a system that was nicknamed theLightning Route. Residents followed the streetcar lines to settle in new housing in what were then "suburban" locations.
As theReconstruction era ended, mayor W. L. Moses asked the state legislature togerrymander city boundaries. It complied and removed the districts where African Americans lived, restoring white supremacy to the city's demographics and electorate. This prevented African Americans from being elected in the municipality and denied them city services.[19]
On February 12, 1945,a devastating and deadly tornado struck the western portion of the city. The tornado killed 26 people, injured 293 others, and caused a city-wide blackout which lasted for hours.[20] The United States Weather Bureau would describe this tornado as "the most officially observed one in history".[21]
In the post-World War II era, returning African-American veterans were among those who became active in pushing to regain their civil rights in the South: to be allowed to vote and participate in politics, to freely use public places, to end segregation. According to the historianDavid Beito of theUniversity of Alabama, African Americans in Montgomery "nurtured themodern civil rights movement."[10] African Americans comprised most of the customers on the city buses, but were forced to give up seats and even stand in order to make room for whites. On December 1, 1955,Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man, sparking theMontgomery bus boycott.Martin Luther King Jr., then the pastor ofDexter Avenue Baptist Church, andE.D. Nixon, a local civil rights advocate, founded theMontgomery Improvement Association to organize the boycott. In June 1956, the US District Court JudgeFrank M. Johnson ruled that Montgomery's busracial segregation was unconstitutional. After theUS Supreme Court upheld the ruling in November, the city desegregated the bus system, and the boycott was ended.[22]
In separate action, integrated teams ofFreedom Riders rode South on interstate buses. In violation of federal law and the constitution, bus companies had for decades acceded to state laws and required passengers to occupy segregated seating in Southern states. Opponents of the push for integration organized mob violence at stops along the Freedom Ride. In Montgomery, there was police collaboration when a white mob attacked Freedom Riders at theGreyhound Bus Station in May 1961.[23] Outraged national reaction resulted in the enforcement of desegregation of interstate public transportation.
Martin Luther King Jr. returned to Montgomery in 1965. Local civil rights leaders inSelma had been protestingJim Crow laws and practices that raised barriers to blacks registering to vote. Following the shooting of a man after a civil rights rally, the leaders decided tomarch to Montgomery to petition GovernorGeorge Wallace to allow free voter registration. The violence they encountered from county and state highway police outraged the country. The federal government ordered National Guard and troops to protect the marchers. Thousands more joined the marchers on the way to Montgomery, and an estimated 25,000 marchers entered the capital to press for voting rights. These actions contributed to Congressional passage of theVoting Rights Act of 1965, to authorize federal supervision and enforcement of the rights of African Americans and other minorities to vote.
On February 7, 1967, a devastating fire broke out at Dale's Penthouse, a restaurant and lounge on the top floor of the Walter Bragg Smith apartment building (now called Capital Towers) at 7 Clayton Street downtown. Twenty-six people died.[24]
In recent years, Montgomery has grown and diversified its economy. Active in downtown revitalization, the city adopted a master plan in 2007; it includes the revitalization of Court Square and the riverfront, renewing the city's connection to the river.[25] Many other projects under construction include the revitalization of Historic Dexter Avenue, pedestrian and infrastructure improvements along theSelma to Montgomery National Historic Trail, and the construction of a new environmental park on West Fairview Avenue.
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 162.27 square miles (420.3 km2), of which 159.86 square miles (414.0 km2) is land and 2.41 square miles (6.2 km2) (0.52%) is water.[4] The city is built over rolling terrain at an elevation of about 220 feet (67 m) above sea level.[27]
Downtown Montgomery lies along the southern bank of theAlabama River, about 6 miles (10 km) downstream from the confluence of theCoosa andTallapoosa rivers. The most prominent feature of Montgomery's skyline is the 375 ft (114 m), RSA Tower, built in 1996 by theRetirement Systems of Alabama.[28] Other prominent buildings include 60 Commerce Street, 8 Commerce Street, and theRSA Dexter Avenue Building. Downtown also contains many state and local government buildings, including theAlabama State Capitol. The Capitol is located atop a hill at one end of Dexter Avenue, along which also lies theDexter Avenue Baptist Church, where Martin Luther King Jr. was pastor. Both the Capitol and Dexter Baptist Church are recognized asNational Historic Landmarks by theU.S. Department of the Interior.[29] Other notable buildings include RSA Dexter Avenue, RSA Headquarters, Alabama Center for Commerce, RSA Union, and the Renaissance Hotel and Spa.[30]
One block south of the Capitol is theFirst White House of the Confederacy, the 1835 Italianate-style house in which President Jefferson Davis and family lived while the Confederate capital was in Montgomery. Montgomery's third National Historic Landmark isUnion Station. Passenger train service to Montgomery ceased in 1989. Today Union Station is part of the Riverfront Park development, which includes an amphitheater, ariverboat dock,[31] a river walk, andRiverwalk Stadium.[32]
The completion of a 112,000-square-foot (10,400 m2) space in 2007, the Convention Center, has encouraged growth and activity in the downtown area and attracted more high-end retail and restaurants.[33] Three blocks east of the Convention Center,Old Alabama Town showcases more than 50 restored buildings from the 19th century. The Riverwalk is part of a larger plan to revitalize the downtown area and connect it to the waterfront. The plan includesurban forestry, infill development, and façade renovation to encourage business and residential growth.[25]
Other downtown developments include historic Dexter Avenue, which will be the center of a Market District. A$6 million streetscape project is improving its design.[34] Maxwell Boulevard is home to the newly builtWright Brothers Park. High-end apartments are planned for this area. TheBell Building, located across from the Rosa Parks Library and Museum, is being redeveloped for mixed-use retail and residential space.[35]
Montgomery's east side is the fastest-growing part of the city.[40] Development of the Dalraida neighborhood, along Atlanta Highway, began in 1909, when developers Cook and Laurie bought land from the Ware plantation. A Scotsman, Georgie Laurie named the area forDál Riata, a 6th-7th century Gaelic overkingdom; a subsequent misspelling in an advertisement led to the current spelling. The first lots were sold in 1914.[41] The city's two largest shopping malls (Eastdale Mall andThe Shoppes at Eastchase),[42][43] as well as manybig-box stores and residential developments, are on the east side.
Montgomery has been recognized nationally for its continuing downtown revitalization. In the early 2000s, the city constructed theMontgomery Biscuits minor league baseball stadium and Riverfront Park. Following those developments, hundreds of millions of dollars have been invested by private companies that have adapted old warehouses and office buildings into loft apartments, restaurants, retail, hotels, and businesses. The demand for downtown living space has risen, as people want to have walkable, lively neighborhoods. More than 500 apartment units are under construction, including The Heights on Maxwell Boulevard, The Market District on Dexter Avenue, the Kress Building on Dexter Avenue, TheBell Building on Montgomery Street, and a new complex by the convention center. Additionally, Montgomery has recently opened a 50 million dollar white water park on July 7, located off Maxwell Boulevard.[45]
Montgomery has ahumid subtropical climate (KöppenCfa), with short, mild winters, warm springs and autumns, and long, hot, humid summers. The daily average temperature in January is 46.6 °F (8.1 °C), and there are 3.4 days of sub 20 °F (−7 °C) lows; 10 °F (−12 °C) and below is extremely rare. The daily average in July is 81.8 °F (27.7 °C), with highs exceeding 90 °F (32.2 °C) on 86 days per year and 100 °F (37.8 °C) on 3.9. Summer afternoon heat indices, much more often than the actual air temperature, are frequently at or above 100 °F.[46] Thediurnal temperature variation tends to be large in spring and autumn. Rainfall is well-distributed throughout the year, though February, March and July are the wettest months, while October is significantly the driest month. Snowfall occurs only during some winters, and even then is usually light. Substantial snowstorms are rare, but do occur approximately once every 10 years. Extremes range from −5 °F (−21 °C) onFebruary 13, 1899[47] to 107 °F (42 °C) on July 7, 1881.[48]
Thunderstorms bring much of Montgomery's rainfall. These are common during the summer months but occur throughout the year. Severe thunderstorms – producing large hail and damaging winds in addition to the usual hazards of lightning and heavy rain – can occasionally occur, particularly during the spring. Severe storms also bring a risk oftornadoes. Sometimes, tropical disturbances – some of which strike the Gulf Coast as hurricanes before losing intensity as they move inland – can bring very heavy rains.
Climate data for Montgomery, Alabama (1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1872–present)
Montgomery city, Alabama – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
As of the2010 census, there were 205,764 people, 81,486 households, out of which 29% had children under the age of 18 living with them. The racial makeup of the city was 37.3%White, 56.6%Black, 2.2%Asian, 0.2%Native American, 0.1%Pacific Islander, 2.2% fromother races, and 1.3% from two or more races. 3.9% of the population wereHispanic orLatino of any race.Non-Hispanic Whites were 36.1% of the population in 2010, down from 66% in 1970. The population density varies in different parts of the city; East Montgomery (Taylor Rd and East), the non-Hispanic White population is 74.5%, African American 8.3%, Latino 3.2%, other non-white races carry 2.7% of the population.
The city population was spread out, with 24.9% under the age of 18, 11.7% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.5 males. The median income for a household in the city was $41,380, and the median income for a family was $53,125. Males had a median income of $40,255 versus $33,552 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,139. About 18.2% of families and 21.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.8% of those under age 18 and 8.4% of those age 65 or over.
Montgomery's central location in Alabama'sBlack Belt has long made it a processing hub for commodity crops such as cotton, peanuts, andsoybeans. In 1840Montgomery County led the state in cotton production,[59] and by 1911, the city processed 160,000–200,000 bales of cotton annually.[60] Montgomery has also had large metal fabrication and lumber production sectors.[60]
Due to its location along theAlabama River and extensive rail connections, Montgomery has been and continues to be a regional distribution hub for a wide range of industries. Since the late 20th century, it has diversified its economy, achieving increased employment in sectors such as healthcare, business, government, and manufacturing. Today, the city's Gross Metropolitan Product is $12.15 billion, representing 8.7% of the gross state product of Alabama.[61]
According toBureau of Labor Statistics data from October 2008, the largest sectors of non-agricultural employment were: Government, 24.3%; Trade, Transportation, and Utilities, 17.3% (including 11.0% in retail trade); Professional and Business Services, 11.9%; Manufacturing, 10.9%; Education and Health Services, 10.0% (including 8.5% in Health Care & Social Assistance); Leisure and Hospitality, 9.2%; Financial Activities, 6.0%, Natural Resources, Mining and Construction, 5.1%; Information, 1.4%; and Other services 4.0%. Unemployment for the same period was 5.7%, 2.5% higher than October 2007.[62] The city also draws in workers from the surrounding area; Montgomery's daytime population rises 17.4% to 239,101.
According to the Living Wage Calculator, theliving wage for the city is US$19.73 per hour (or $41,038 per year) for an individual and $37.14 per hour ($77,251 per year) for a family of four.[65] These are slightly lower than the state averages of $20.15 per hour for an individual and $41.11 for a family of four.[66] US$7.25 per hour minimum wage in Alabama.[67]
Montgomery serves as a hub for healthcare in the central Alabama andBlack Belt region. Hospitals located in the city include Baptist Medical Center South on South East Boulevard, Baptist Medical Center East next to the campus ofAuburn University Montgomery on Taylor Road, and Jackson Hospital, which is located next to Oak Park off interstate 85. Montgomery is also home to two medical school campuses: Baptist Medical Center South (run byUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham) and Jackson Hospital (run by Alabama Medical Education Consortium).
Montgomery operates under aMayor–council government system. The mayor and council members are elected to four-year terms. The current mayor isSteven Reed,[68] who was elected as the city's first African-American mayor in a runoff election which was held on October 8, 2019.[69] The city is served by a nine-member city council, elected from nine single-member districts of equal size population.
At the federal level, Montgomery is part of Alabama's2nd,7th, and3rd Congressional district, currently represented byBarry Moore,Terri Sewell, andMike Rogers, respectively. The 7th represents most of Western Montgomery, the 2nd Southern and Northern Montgomery, and the 3rd Eastern Montgomery.
According to theUniform Crime Report statistics compiled by theFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 2022, there were 522 violent crimes and 2,636 property crimes per 100,000 residents. Of these, the violent crimes consisted of 18 murders, 9 forcible rapes, 141 robberies and 354 aggravated assaults, while 562 burglaries, 1,773 larceny-thefts, 301 motor vehicle thefts and 0 acts of arson defined the property offenses.
According to the city, there were 75 homicides in 2023.[70]
Montgomery's violent crime rates compare unfavorably to other large cities in the state. In 2009, Montgomery's crime rates were favorable compared to other large Alabamian cities such as Huntsville, Mobile, and Birmingham. However, crime rose in the 2010s and early 2020s, leading to a record high of over 320 shooting victims and over 77 homicide victims in 2021.[71][72] In 2022 Montgomery's violent crime rate was 514 per 100,000, earning only a crime score rating of 9/100.[73] For property crimes, Montgomery's average is similar to Alabama's other large cities, but higher than the overall state and national averages.
Montgomery has more than 1,600 acres of parkland, which are maintained and operated by the City of Montgomery Parks and Recreation Department. The department also operates 24 community centers, a skate park, two golf courses (Lagoon Park and Gateway Park), Cramton Bowl Stadium and Multiplex, two tennis centers (Lagoon Park and O'Conner), 65 playgrounds, 90 baseball/softball fields, 24 soccer fields including theEmory Folmar Soccer Facility, and one riverboat.[74]
Montgomery has one of the biggest arts scenes of any mid-sized city in America. TheWinton M. Blount Cultural Park (named forWinton M. Blount) in east Montgomery is home to theMontgomery Museum of Fine Arts. The museum's permanent collections include American art and sculpture,Southern art, master prints from European masters, and collections of porcelain and glass works.[75] The Society of Arts and Crafts operates a co-op gallery for local artists.[76]
Montgomery Zoo holds more than 500 animals, from five continents, in 40 acres (0.16 km2) of barrier-free habitats.[77] TheHank Williams Museum contains one of the largest collections of Williams memorabilia in the world.[78] The Museum of Alabama serves as the official state history museum and is located in theAlabama Department of Archives and History building downtown.[79] This museum was renovated and expanded in 2013 in a $10 million project that includes technological upgrades and many new exhibits and displays. TheW. A. Gayle Planetarium, operated byTroy University, is one of the largest in the southeast United States and offers tours of the night sky and shows about current topics inastronomy. Theplanetarium was upgraded to a full-dome digital projector in 2014.[80]
In addition to those notable earlier musicians, some of the rock bands from Montgomery have achieved national success since the late 20th century. Locals artistsTrust Company were signed toGeffen Records in 2002.Hot Rod Circuit formed in Montgomery in 1997 under the name Antidote, but achieved success withVagrant Records after moving toConnecticut.
Montgomery is home of theMontgomery Biscuits baseball team. The Biscuits play in theClass AASouthern League. They are affiliated with theTampa Bay Rays, and play atMontgomery Riverwalk Stadium. Riverwalk Stadium hosted theNCAA Division II National Baseball Championship from 2004 until 2007. The championship had previously been played atPaterson Field in Montgomery from 1985 until 2003.[90] Riverwalk Stadium has also been host to two Southern League All-Star games in 2006 and 2015.
Montgomery has many active governmental and nonprofit civic organizations. City funded organizations include the Montgomery Clean City Commission (a Keep America Beautiful Affiliate) which works to promote cleanliness and environmental awareness. BONDS (Building Our Neighborhoods for Development and Success) which works to engage citizens about city/nonprofit programs, coordinates/assists neighborhood associations, and works to promote neighborhood and civic pride amongst Montgomery residents.
Maxwell Air Force Base is zoned toDepartment of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) schools for grades K-8.[97] The DoDEA operates Maxwell Air Force Base Elementary/Middle School.[101] For high school, Maxwell AFB residents are zoned to Montgomery Public Schools facilities: residents of the main base are zoned to Carver High, while residents of the Gunner Annex are zoned toDr. Percy L. Julian High School. Residents may attend magnet schools.[102]
The city is home to Alabama's oldest law library, the Supreme Court and State Law Library, founded in 1828. Located in the Heflin-Torbert Judicial Building, the Law Library owns a rare book collection containing works printed as early as 1605.
Montgomery has been the home ofAlabama State University, ahistorically black university, since the Lincoln Normal University for Teachers relocated fromMarion in 1887. Today, ASU is the second largest HBCU in Alabama enrolling nearly 5,000 students from 42 U.S. states and 7 countries.[104] The publicTroy University maintains a 3,000 student population campus in downtown Montgomery that houses theRosa Parks Library and Museum. Another public institution,Auburn University at Montgomery, with an enrollment of nearly 5,000 mostly from theMontgomery area, is in the eastern part of the city.[105] Montgomery's Baptist Medical Center South also hosts a branch of theUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham medical school on its campus on the Eastern Boulevard.
The morning newspaper, theMontgomery Advertiser, began publication asThe Planter's Gazette in 1829. It is the principal newspaper of central Alabama and is affiliated with theGannett. In 1970, then publisherHarold E. Martin won thePulitzer Prize for special reporting while at theAdvertiser. TheAlabama Journal was a local afternoon paper from 1899 until April 16, 1993, when it published its last issue before merging with the morning Advertiser.
Montgomery Area Transit System (The M) provides public transportation with buses serving the city. The system has 32 buses providing an average of 4500 passenger trips daily.[113] The M's ridership has shown steady growth since the system was revamped in 2000; the system served over 1 million passenger trips in 2008.[114]Greyhound Lines operates a terminal in Montgomery for intercity bus travel in the downtown Intermodal Transit Facility.[115]
Passenger rail service to Montgomery was enhanced in 1898 with the opening ofUnion Station. Service continued until 1979, whenAmtrak terminated itsFloridian route.[117] Amtrak returned from 1989 until 1995 with theGulf Breeze, an extension of theCrescent line.[118]
According to the 2016American Community Survey, 84.3% of working city of Montgomery residents commuted by driving alone, 8.8% carpooled, 0.4% used public transportation, and 0.6% walked. About 3.5% used all other forms of transportation, including taxicab, motorcycle, and bicycle. About 5.9% of working city of Montgomery residents worked at home.[119] Despite the high level of commuting by automobile, 8.5% of city of Montgomery households were without a car in 2015, which increased to 11% in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Montgomery averaged 1.62 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8 per household.[120]
^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^ab"Montgomery, Alabama",Goldring / Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life,archived from the original on January 21, 2012, retrievedJanuary 31, 2009
^Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993).Significant tornadoes, 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: Environmental Films. pp. 922–925.ISBN1-879362-03-1.
^"Station: Montgomery AP, AL".U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. RetrievedJune 7, 2021.
^"Station: Montgomery Airport, AL".U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1981-2010). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Archived from the original on June 7, 2021. RetrievedJune 7, 2021.
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