Mongsen Ao is a member of theAo languages, a branch of theSino-Tibetan languages, predominantly spoken in centralMokokchung district ofNagaland, northeastIndia. Its speakers see the language as one of two varieties of a greater "Ao language," along with the prestige varietyChungli Ao.^[2]

A chapter in the anthropological monograph of Mills (1926) provides a grammatical sketch of the variety of Mongsen Ao spoken in Longjang village. Coupe (2003) is one of the fewacoustic studies published on a Kuki-Chin-Naga language (only three exist). Coupe (2007) is a reference grammar of the language, based on a revision of his PhD dissertation (Coupe 2004).

This section describes the sound system of Mongsen Ao as spoken in Mangmetong village and is based on Coupe (2007).

Mongsen Ao has 6vowels:

• Thehigh central/ʉ/ isrounded.
• The two low vowels/a,a̰/ differ in terms ofphonation type./a/ has modal voice (i.e. normal phonation);/a̰/ hascreaky voice (also known asvocal fry,laryngealization). Coupe (2003) argues that this is a separate vowelphoneme and not atone, aglottal stop, or resulting fromprosodic effects.

Mongsen Ao has 27consonants:

• Dental consonants/t,tʰ,ts,tsʰ,s,z,n,l/ arelaminaldenti-alveolar.
• The post-alveolar approximant/ɹ/ varies from anapical post-alveolar tosubapicalretroflex:[ɹ̠~ɻ].
• Theglottal stop/ʔ/ occurs only at the end of words. However, in this position it contrasts with words ending in vowels:/āmī/ 'spear' vs./āmīʔ/ 'person'. When a suffix is added to such words, the/ʔ/ is deleted:/tʃàʔ/ 'to eat' +/-ʉ̄ʔ/CAUS →/tʃàʉʔ/ 'to cause to eat'. Thus, the glottal stop has a somewhat marginal phonemic status.

Ao is atonal language with 3 contrasting lexical tones:

• high
• mid
• low

All are register tones.

The generalizedsyllable structure of Ao is abbreviated as the following:

(C₁)V(G)(C₂)+T

(C₁)

• Any of the 20 consonants may appear as an optionalsyllable onset (excluding the word-final/ʔ/).

V

• All 6 vowels may occur as the syllable nucleus.

(G)

• The optionalglide elements following the head vowel are essentially non-syllabic offglide realizations of the 4 vowels/i,ʉ,u,a/. For example,/jàuŋ/ →[jàu̯ŋ] 'species of centipede'.
• The following are the possible tautsyllabic combinations:[iu̯,ia̯,əʉ̯,əu̯,ai̯,aʉ̯,au̯].

(C₂)

• The following consonants may occur in the optionalsyllable coda: unaspirated stops, nasals, and the rhotic/p,t,k,m,n,ŋ,ɹ/. The glottal stop with its restricted distribution also occurs but only word-finally.

T

All syllables occur with one of the three tones. In a VG sequence, tone only occurs the vowel head.

This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(May 2008)

Ao is anSOV language with postpositions. Adjectives, numerals and demonstratives follow the nouns they modify, whilst relative clauses may be either externally or internally headed.Adverbial subordinators aresuffixes attached to the verb and the end of the subordinate clause.

• Ao Naga

• Clark, E. W. (1981) [1893].The Ao-Naga Grammar with Illustrations, Phrases, and Vocabulary. Delhi: Gian Publications, Mittal Publishers Distributors.
• Coupe, Alexander R. (2003).A Phonetic and Phonological Description of Ao: A Tibeto-Burman Language of Nagaland, North-east India. Pacific Linguistics. Vol. 543. Canberra: The Australian National University.doi:10.15144/PL-543.ISBN 0-85883-519-3.
• Coupe, Alexander R. (2004).The Mongsen Dialect of Ao: a language of Nagaland (PhD dissertation). La Trobe University.
• Coupe, Alexander R. (2007).A grammar of Mongsen Ao. Mouton Grammar Library. Vol. 39. Mouton de Gruyter.doi:10.1515/9783110198522.ISBN 978-3-11-019088-5.S2CID 142215440.
• Escamilla, Ramón Matthew Jr. (2012).An Updated Typology of Causative Constructions: Form-Function Mappings in Hupa (California Athabaskan), Chungli Ao (Tibeto-Burman), and Beyond (PhD dissertation). University of California, Berkeley.
• Gowda, K. S. Gurubasave (1972).Ao-Naga Phonetic Reader. CIIL Phonetic Reader Series. Vol. 7. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.
• Gowda, K. S. Gurubasave (1975).Ao Grammar. Grammar series. Vol. 1. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.
• Mills, J. P. (1926).The Ao Nagas. Foreword by Henry Balfour, supplementary notes and bibliography by J. H. Hutton. London: MacMillan & Co.

Mongsen Ao language test ofWikipedia atWikimedia Incubator

• Ao Naga Tribe
• Ao
• Bible Translation in Ao Naga(Language in India)
• Narrating an Ao Naga Folktale(Language in India)

• Ao languages
• Languages of Nagaland

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