| Mongondow | |
|---|---|
| Bolaang Mongondow | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | North Sulawesi |
| Ethnicity | Mongondow people |
Native speakers | (230,000 cited 2000 census)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mog |
| Glottolog | mong1342 |
Mongondow, orBolaang Mongondow, is one of thePhilippine languages spoken inBolaang Mongondow Regency as well asKotamobagu city and neighbouring regencies (North Bolaang Mongondow Regency,South Bolaang Mongondow Regency andEast Bolaang Mongondow Regency) ofNorth Sulawesi (Celebes) andGorontalo Provinces,Indonesia.[2] With more than 200,000 speakers, it is the major language of the regency. Historically, it served as the official language of theBolaang Mongondow Kingdom.[3]
There is some lexical influence fromMalay andTernate,[4][5][6] as well as the Indonesian national language.[7] It is a threatened language, with a shift toManado Malay in the younger generation.[8] The moribundLolak language has borrowed much of its lexicon from Mongondow, but appears to be more closely related toGorontalo.[9][10]
Mongondow has the following phoneme inventory:[11]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| voiced | b | d | (d͡ʒ) | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Rhotic | r | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
The lateral/l/ is pronounced as alveolar[l] when adjacent to the front vowels/e/,/i/. In all other environments, it is aretroflex[ɭ].[12]
The personal pronouns are:[13]
| nominative | genitive | oblique | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.sg. | akuoy | -ku | inako' |
| 2.sg. | iko | -mu | inimu |
| 3.sg. | sia | -ea/-nya | inia |
| 1.pl.inclusive | kita | -naton | inaton |
| 1.pl.exclusive | kami | -nami | inami |
| 2.pl. | mo'iko kamu-* | -monimu -namu-* | imonimu -inamu-* |
| 3.pl. | mosia taya-* | -monia -naya-* | imonia inaya-* |
| *kamu-,taya- etc. are used with suffixed numerals, e.g.taya-tolu 'the three of them' | |||
| 1 | inta' /mita'[14] |
|---|---|
| 2 | dua' /doyowa' |
| 3 | tolu' |
| 4 | opat |
| 5 | lima |
| 6 | onom |
| 7 | pitu |
| 8 | ualu |
| 9 | siow |
| 10 | mopulu' |
| 11 | mopulu' bo mita' |
| 12 (...) | mopulu' bo doyowa' |
| 20 | doyowa no pulu' |
| 21 (...) | doyowa no pulu' bo mita' |
| 30 | tolu no pulu' |
| 40 (...) | opat no pulu' |
| 100 | mogatut |
| 200 (...) | doyowa no gatut |
| 1000 | tongo ribu |
| 2000 (...) | doyowa no ribu |
