| Mongol invasion of Circassia | |||||||
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| Part of theMongol invasions and conquests | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
| Mongol Empire |  Zichia (Circassia) Kingdom of Alania | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Ögedei Khan | Tuqar † Tuqbash † Khour I | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 200,000 | Unknown | ||||||
| Part ofa series on the |
| Circassians Адыгэхэр |
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| Circassian diaspora |
| Circassian tribes |
Surviving Destroyed or barely existing |
| Religion |
| Religion in Circassia |
| Languages and dialects |
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| History |
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TheMongol invasion of Circassiaand Alania was the invasion ofZichia (Circassia) andAlania by theMongol Empire in 1237.[1]William of Rubruck, who travelled to the Caucasus in 1253,[2] wrote that the Circassians had never "bowed to Mongol rule", despite the fact that a whole fifth of the Mongol armies were at that time devoted to the task of crushing the Alano-Circassian resistance.[3] Circassians and Alans made use of both the forests and the mountains, and waged a successfulguerrilla war,[1] maintaining their freedom to some extent.[4][5]
During what was thelate Middle Ages of Western Europe, theCaucasus was invaded byMongols and theirTurkic vassals. The first appearance of Mongol troops in the Caucasus was an arrival of scouts between 1220 and 1222.[1]Kypchak Turkic peoples – some of which became future affiliates ofGenghis Khan – had been invading and settling areas further and further South and West (a process that had continued since the fall of theKhazars), including the fertile river valleys of theTerek and theKuban. In the 1230s, the Mongols gained rule over the Kypchaks, and turned them into vassals. The Circassians dominated the north and south of theKuban river before the Mongol arrival.
In 1237, the assault on theNorth Caucasus began.[1] Mongols launched the first attacks: against theCircassians and theAlans.[6] The king of the Circassians, Tuqar, was killed in battle against the Mongols.[7][8]
The people of the Caucasus proved no match for the arrows and flames of the Mongols, and their villages were totally destroyed.[2] The Northern Caucasus was mostly invaded, but its resistant people survived up in the mountains. Those remaining joined their mountainous brethren in the highlands (lowland Circassians and Alans fled to the Circassian and Alan highlands of Caucasus), fleeing out of lack of an alternative. They regrouped in the mountains and reorganized themselves, planning a counterattack on the Turkic and Mongol invaders. Their goal was to survive both biologically and culturally.[2]
They had both the forests and the mountains on their side, and waged a successfulguerrilla war.[1]
William of Rubruck, the emissary of theKingdom of France toSartaq Khan (son ofBatu) travelled to the Caucasus in 1253.[2] He wrote that the Circassians had never "bowed to Mongol rule", despite the fact that whole fifth of the Mongol armies were at that time devoted to the task of crushing their resistance.[3]
The concept of mythical beast known as the "almasti", an evil forest creature with enchanted hair, also dates to Mongol influence with the wordalmasti being a loan from Mongolian where it originally meant "forest-man"; Jaimoukha also proposes that the Mongol name may have become used in the place of a native name during the sojourn of the Golden Horde over Simsim.[9][10]
