| King in Right ofManitoba | |
|---|---|
Provincial | |
 | |
| Incumbent | |
 | |
| Charles III King of Canada since 8 September 2022 | |
| Details | |
| Style | His Majesty |
| First monarch | Victoria |
| Formation | 15 July 1870 |
By the arrangements of theCanadian federation,Canada's monarchy operates inManitoba as the core of the province'sWestminster-styleparliamentarydemocracy.[1] As such,the Crown within Manitoba's jurisdiction is referred to asthe Crown in Right of Manitoba,[2]His Majesty in Right of Manitoba,[3] orthe King in Right of Manitoba.[4] TheConstitution Act, 1867, however, leaves many royal duties in Manitoba specifically assigned to the sovereign's viceroy, thelieutenant governor of Manitoba,[1] whose direct participation in governance is limited by theconventional stipulations ofconstitutional monarchy.[5]
The role of the Crown is both legal and practical; it functions inManitoba in the same wayit does in all of Canada's other provinces, being the centre of a constitutional construct in which the institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority share the power of the whole.[6] It is thus the foundation of theexecutive,legislative, andjudicial branches of theprovince's government.[7] TheCanadian monarch—since 8 September 2022,KingCharles III—is represented and his duties carried out by theLieutenant Governor of Manitoba, whose direct participation in governance is limited by theconventional stipulations ofconstitutional monarchy, with most related powers entrusted for exercise by the electedparliamentarians, theministers of the Crown generally drawn from amongst them, and thejudges andjustices of the peace.[5] The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and anonpartisan safeguard against theabuse of power.[5][8][9] This arrangement began with the granting ofroyal assent to the 1870Manitoba Act and continued an unbroken line of monarchical government extending back to the early 17th century.[1] However, though Manitoba has a separate government headed by the King, as a province, Manitoba is not itself a kingdom.[10]
Government House inWinnipeg is owned by the sovereign in his capacity as King in Right of Manitoba and used as anofficial residence by both the lieutenant governor and the sovereign.[11] The lieutenant governor and Canadian royalty also have use of theLieutenant Governor's Reception Room in theManitoba Legislative Building.
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Those in the Royal Familyperform ceremonial duties when on a tour of the province; the royal persons do not receive any personal income for their service, only the costs associated with the exercise of these obligations are funded by both the Canadian and Manitoba Crownsin their respective councils.[12]Monuments around Manitoba mark some of those visits, while others honour a royal personage or event. Further, Manitoba's monarchical status is illustrated byroyal names applied regions, communities, schools, and buildings,[13] many of which may also have a specific history with a member or members of the Royal Family. Associations also exist between the Crown and many private organizations within the province; these may have been founded by aRoyal Charter,received aroyal prefix, and/or been honoured withthe patronage of a member of the Royal Family. Examples include theCourt of King's Bench of Manitoba, theRoyal Manitoba Winter Fair, which was under the patronage of Queen Elizabeth II,[14] and theRoyal Lake of the Woods Yacht Club, which received itsroyal prefix from KingGeorge V in 1924. At the various levels of education within Alberta, there also exist a number of scholarships and academic awards either established by or named for royal persons.[15]
The main symbol of the monarchy is the sovereign himself, his image (in portrait or effigy) thus being used to signify government authority.[16] Aroyal cypher or crown may also illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority, without referring to any specific monarch. Additionally, though the monarch does not form a part of the constitutions ofManitoba's honours, they do stem from the Crown as thefount of honour, and so bear on the insignia symbols of the sovereign.
Three large portraits of QueenElizabeth II were created forWinnipeg Arena. The first was in place upon the rink's opening in 1955; it watched overgame three of the 1972Summit Series between theSoviet andCanadian national ice hockey teams.
Twenty-one years later,[17] Lieutenant GovernorWilliam John McKeag commissionedbillboard artist Gilbert Burch to create a new portrait,[18] which was 4.2 metres (13.8 feet) square.[17] It was not, however, considered a good likeness; Burch admitted as much, explaining he only had a tiny, poorly-lit photograph to work from.[17] This prompted the commissioning of the third painting, which was a gift from Lieutenant GovernorFrancis Lawrence Jobin in 1978.[17]
Also painted by Burch, usingoil onplywood,[17] the final iteration, five by seven metres (16.4 by 23 feet) in size, depicts the Queen in the gown she wore for the 1977opening of the federal parliament, with her insignia of the Sovereign of theOrder of Canada and Sovereign of theOrder of Military Merit and, on her head, theGrand Duchess Vladimir Tiara. After it was installed the following year, when theWinnipeg Jets, housed in Winnipeg Arena, became aNational Hockey League team,[17] Jets players were known to try to hit the painting with pucks during practice.[19]
When the Jets left the city forPhoenix, Arizona, in 1996, the portrait remained in the arena for another three years, thereafter being purchased by Syd Davy, President of theRoyal Commonwealth Society,[18] and then Vancouver-based singer-songwriterTim Lawson, who put it in storage inWhitby, Ontario.[18] The present owner, Ron D'Errico, has willed it toBrent Fitz; though, D'Errico would like to see it installed at theCanada Life Centre, where the Jets now play;[20] the corporate ownership has not been receptive.[17] It was put on display outside the Canada Life Centre when Winnipeg hosted the2016 Heritage Classic[17] and atPolo Park mall, near where Winnipeg Arena used to stand, as a form of tribute following thedeath of Elizabeth II in 2022.[21]
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King Charles II in 1670 founded theHudson's Bay Company by aroyal charter[22] that applied to the entireHudson's Bay drainage basin, including the entirety of what is today Manitoba.[23] The King gave governorship of the company to his cousin,Prince Rupert of the Rhine, and the territory came to be known asRupert's Land.
When, in 1869, the newlyconfederated Canada sought tobuy Rupert's Land from the United Kingdom,[24] theAnglo-Métis andfrancophoneMétis who comprised theRed River Colony,[25] became concerned that their way of life would be threatened by increased Canadian migration, including possible confiscation of their farmland, to which they had only a tenuousright of occupancy.[26]Louis Riel emerged as a Métis leader who asserted he and the Métis were loyal subjects ofQueen Victoria,[27] the then-reigning monarch of the UK and, consequently, Canada. (TheRed River Colony's provisional government celebratedVictoria's birthday with a show of skill at the militia's drill.[28][29]) However, tensions within the Métis community and with theLieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories' Canadian government-appointed designate,William McDougal, led to theRed River Rebellion, in whichFort Garry was taken by Riel.
The Queen's Canadian representative,Governor Generalthe Lord Lisgar, was advised by his Prime Minister,John A. Macdonald, to proclaim, on 6 December, anamnesty for all in the Red River area who would lay down their arms.[30][31] Though the offer was ignored, negotiations between Riel's provisional government and theCanadian Cabinet continued and, on 12 May 1870, Lisgar grantedroyal assent to the Canadian parliament'sManitoba Act, 1870, creating an area around Winnipeg as the province of Manitoba.[32]
In the aftermath of the Red River Rebellion, Lisgar's viceregal successor,the Earl of Dufferin, prevented the execution ofAmbroise Lépine, a supporter of Riel who had executedThomas Scott. Although Scott had been the son a tenant on Dufferin's estate inNorthern Ireland, Dufferin heeded appeals from francophones in Quebec who were sympathetic to the Métis and reduced Lépine's sentence to two years in jail.[33]
In 1912,[34] parts were put in the jurisdiction of the Crown in Right of Manitoba, to form the province's current borders.
Princess Anne and her elder brother,Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, presided over the celebrations of the centennial of Manitoba's entry into Confederation in 1870.[35][36]
In 2022, Manitoba instituted aprovincial Platinum Jubilee medal to mark the Queen'sseventy years on the Canadian throne; the first time in Canada's history that a royal occasion was commemorated onprovincial medals.[37]
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