| Mojave River | |
|---|---|
 Mojave River at Afton Canyon, March 2010 | |
 Map of the Mojave River watershed | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| Cities | Hesperia,Apple Valley,Victorville,Barstow |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Confluence ofWest Fork Mojave River andDeep Creek |
| • location | Mojave River Forks Reservoir,San Bernardino Mountains |
| • coordinates | 34°20′29″N117°14′14″W / 34.34139°N 117.23722°W /34.34139; -117.23722[1] |
| • elevation | 2,986 ft (910 m) |
| Mouth | Soda Lake |
• location | Baker,Mojave Desert |
• coordinates | 35°06′20″N116°03′53″W / 35.10556°N 116.06472°W /35.10556; -116.06472[1] |
• elevation | 935 ft (285 m) |
| Length | 110 mi (180 km) |
| Basin size | 4,580 sq mi (11,900 km2)[2] |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Lower Narrows, near Victorville[3] |
| • average | 65.7 cu ft/s (1.86 m3/s)[4] |
| • minimum | 0 cu ft/s (0 m3/s) |
| • maximum | 70,600 cu ft/s (2,000 m3/s) |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Oro Grande Wash,Fremont Wash, Buckhorn Wash,Manix Wash |
| • right | Bell Mountain Wash, Stoddard Wash, Daggett Wash |
TheMojave River is anintermittent river in the easternSan Bernardino Mountains and theMojave Desert inSan Bernardino County,California, United States. Most of its flow is underground, while its surface channels remain dry most of the time, except for theheadwaters and several bedrock gorges in the lower reaches.
A desert branch of theSerranoNative Americans called theVanyume orBeñemé, asFather Garcés called them, lived beyond and along much of the length of the Mojave River, from east of Barstow to at least the Victorville region, and perhaps even farther upstream to the south, for up to 8,000 years in a series of villages, including the major village ofWá'peat.[5][6]
The Mohave's trail, later the European immigrants'Mojave Road, ran west from their villages on theColorado River to Soda Lake, then paralleled the river from its mouth on the lake to theCajon Pass. Native Americans used this trade route where water could easily be found en route to the coast. Garcés explored the length of the Mojave River in early 1776.[5] He called the riverArroyo de los Mártires ("river of the martyrs") on March 9, 1776 but later Spaniards called itRío de las Ánimas ("spirit river or river of the (lost) souls"). In 1826Jedediah Smith was the first non-Native American to travel overland to California by following the Mojave Indian Trail. He called this theInconstant River.
A pack horse and livestock trail, theOld Spanish Trail, was established byAntonio Armijo in 1829 betweenNew Mexico andEl Pueblo de Los Ángeles, joined the Mojave River at its mouth near what is nowSoda Lake. It followed the river to where the trail reached the foot of the mountains atSummit Valley and turned westward to pass over Cajon Pass and descend into the coastal valleys of southernAlta California. In 1830,Wolfskill andYount pioneered what became the Main Route of the Old Spanish Trail, which followed a different route than Armijo, farther south just west of the Colorado River and then followed Jedediah Smith's path on the old Mohave Trail west to the Mojave River mouth at Soda Lake, to meet with Armijo's route coming south fromSalt Spring.
Sometime before 1844, a cutoff developed on the Old Spanish Trail that cut the distance traveled along the upper river by cutting across what is now Victor Valley, from the Cajon Pass to acrossing just below the Lower Narrows of the river.John C. Frémont intercepted this route to the river, riding east southeast fromLake Elizabeth, north of the foot of theSan Gabriel Mountains on April 20, 1844.[7]: 258–259
Frémont named the riverMohahve after theMohave people on April 23, 1844, although these people lived two mountain ranges away on the Colorado River. He had met six traveling Mohaves that day. Some early Mormon ranchers called it the Macaby River.[7]: 259–260 [8] Additionally another cutoff to the Old Spanish Trail had developed before 1844, where the trail forked northeastward from the Mojave River and Mohave Trail, east of what is nowYermo, California running overAlvord Mountain, toBitter Spring, then throughRed Pass, to join the Armijo route near Salt Spring in theSilurian Valley.[7]: 261–264 The fork of the trails there on the Mojave River, later became known asFork of the Road.[9]
From 1847, Mormons pioneered the wagon road that became theMormon Road fromSalt Lake City toLos Angeles, closely following the route of the Old Spanish Trail fromParowan, Utah. They followed the Mojave River from the Fork of the Road to the Lower Narrows and left the river for the Cajon Pass on the route Frémont had found. In 1849,Forty-niners late on the main trail to California used the Mormon Road as a winter alternative route to California, referring to it as the "Southern Route" of theCalifornia Trail. Later, emigrants to California followed the same route during the winter months. In 1855, the Mormon Road was improved, and the route changed in places, becoming a major commercial wagon route between Utah and southern California, ending Utah's winter isolation until the railroads arrived there in 1869.
In 1859, as part of theMohave War, the Mohave people's trail was improved as the wagon route of the Mojave Road. It followed the Mojave River from where the Mormon Road turned north away from the river at Fork of the Road, near Daggett, to where historicCamp Cady was located. It then followed the river to Soda Lake, where the road turned eastward toFort Mojave, and in 1862 following the gold and silver strikes on the Colorado River, toHardyville and the mining districts near it, and its connection at the head of the toll road toPrescott and the mines in the interior ofArizona Territory.
From 1863 to 1864, the Mojave River valley was a refuge from the great drought in California in those years; cattle of some resourceful ranchers ofsouthern California were preserved by its resources.
The river's source is in theSan Bernardino Mountains, one of theTransverse Ranges, aboveHesperia-San Bernardino. The West Fork of the Mojave flows intoSilverwood Lake, formed by Cedar Springs Dam, which overflows in the Mojave River Forks Reserve area. On occasion, the lake releases water into the river.[10] Downstream,Deep Creek meets the West Fork, forming the Mojave River mainstem immediately upstream of theMojave Forks Dam, which provides flood control. Downstream of the dam, the Mojave River flows north and east, underground in most places, through Hesperia,Victorville, andBarstow.
Near its terminus, the Mojave River flows out onto a large inlanddelta called the Mojave River Wash at the western edge ofMojave National Preserve. During heavy flows, the river reaches Soda Lake nearBaker at the north end of Wash, and has reachedSilver Lake, even further north, in historic times. For example, during the unusually wet winter of 2004–2005, the Mojave River flowed on the surface to Silver Lake and filled both Soda and Silver Lakes to a depth of several feet.[11] A shallow pass, around 30 feet in height,[12] separates Silver Lake from theSilurian Valley that containsSalt Creek, a tributary of theAmargosa River and thus theDeath Valley drainage basin.
The water in the river is mostly underground. The channel at the surface remains dry most of the time, but extreme flooding is possible. For example, during a heavyEl Niño in theMojave Desert, rains caused the Mojave River to overflow onto overpassing bridges on February 22, 1993, the most damaged being on Bear Valley Road, where Victorville andApple Valley are separated. The water comes to the surface only in areas with impermeable rock, such as the upper and lower narrows near Victorville and in the Afton Canyon[13] area northeast of Barstow.
The Afton Canyon Natural Area is withinMojave Trails National Monument, and is managed by theBureau of Land Management.[14] It is located 37 mi (60 km) northeast of Barstow alongInterstate 15 between the Afton Road and Basin Road exits.
Afton Canyon is designated as an Area of Critical Environmental Concern to protect plant and wildlifehabitat, and to preserve scenic values of the Mojave River'sriparian area within the canyon.[15] TheRasor Off-Highway Vehicle Area boundary enforcement has begun to reverse the heavyoff-road vehicles use and damage that occurred in the riverbed and canyon. Restoration projects are ongoing and have already brought the river's "proper functioning condition" from a "non-functioning" to a "functioning at risk" status. The objectives of the ambitious restoration project are to control exotic plants, particularly thephreatophyteSaltcedar - Tamarix (primarilyTamarix ramosissima andTamarix parviflora), and restoring critical desertCalifornia native plant community "structural elements" for a functioning flora and fauna habitat.[16]
| Large-scale features | |
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| Alluvial rivers | |
| Bedrock river | |
| Bedforms | |
| Regional processes | |
| Mechanics | |
| National | |
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| Other | |
