Mohyliv-Podilskyi Могилів-Подільський | |
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  Mohyliv-Podilskyi Location in Ukraine Show map of Vinnytsia Oblast Mohyliv-Podilskyi Mohyliv-Podilskyi (Ukraine) Show map of Ukraine | |
| Coordinates:48°27′0″N27°47′0″E / 48.45000°N 27.78333°E /48.45000; 27.78333 | |
| Country |  Ukraine |
| Oblast | Vinnytsia Oblast |
| Raion | Mohyliv-Podilskyi Raion |
| Hromada | Mohyliv-Podilskyi urban hromada |
| Founded | 1595 |
| Magdeburg rights | 1743 |
| City status | 1796 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Petro Brovko |
| Area | |
• Total | 21.63 km2 (8.35 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 79 m (259 ft) |
| Population (2022)[1] | |
• Total | 29,925 |
| • Density | 1,383/km2 (3,583/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Postal code | 24000-24004 |
| Area code | +380-4337 |
| Website | mpmr |
Mohyliv-Podilskyi (Ukrainian:Могилів-Подільський,IPA:[moɦɪˈl⁽ʲ⁾iu̯poˈd⁽ʲ⁾ilʲsʲkɪj]ⓘ) is a city inVinnytsia Oblast,Ukraine. It serves as the administrative center ofMohyliv-Podilskyi Raion within the oblast. It is located in the historic region ofPodolia, on the border withBessarabia,Moldova, along the left bank of theDniester River. On the opposite side of the river lies the Moldovan town ofOtaci, and the two municipalities are connected to each other by a bridge. Population:29,925 (2022 estimate).[1]
In addition to theUkrainianМогилів-Подільський (Mohyliv-Podilskyi), in other languages the name of the city isPolish:Mohylów Podolski,Romanian:Moghilău/Movilău andYiddish:מאָהילעװ,romanized: Mohilev.
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1595–1672
Ottoman Empire 1672–1699
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1699–1793
Russian Empire 1793–1917
Soviet Ukraine 1920–1922
Soviet Union 1922–1941
Kingdom of Romania 1941–1944
Soviet Union 1944–1991
The first mention of the town dates from 1595. The owner of the town, MoldavianhospodarIeremia Movilă (from which the name Mohyliv,Moghilău/Movilău in Romanian) bestowed it as a dowry gift to his daughter, who married into thePotocki family ofPolish nobility. At that time, the groom named the town Movilău in honor of his father-in-law. In the first quarter of the 17th century, Mohyliv became one of the largest towns inPodolia. It was part of thePodolian Voivodeship of theLesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown. It was a multi-ethnicborder town whose population includedPoles,Greeks,Armenians,Serbs,Vlachs andBosniaks.[2] In the 18th century the main churches of the town were built: the Polish-Armenian Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Greek St. Nicholas Church.[3] Polish rule was interrupted byOttoman rule as part ofPodolia Eyalet. During Ottoman rule, it was nahiya centre ofKamaniçe sanjak asMıhaylov.[4]
The town was annexed by Russia after the 1793Second Partition of Poland. After the restoration of Polish independence, Mohyliv was briefly captured by the Poles under the command of GeneralFranciszek Krajowski in 1919, but it ultimately fell to theSoviet Union. In 1937, during thePolish Operation of the NKVD, the Soviets destroyed the Polish Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary.[citation needed]
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Mohyliv-Podilskyi was occupied by Romanian and German troops in July 1941 and incorporated into the Romanian-ruledTransnistria Governorate. Soon thereafter, thousands of Jews in the town were murdered by the occupiers.Mohyliv-Podilskyi soon became a transit camp for Jews expelled from Bessarabia and Bukovina toTransnistria. From September 15, 1941, to February 15, 1942, 55,913 deportees came through the town.[5] Thousands of people were jammed into the transit camp and maltreated by the Romanian guards.[5] Many Jews were not allowed to stay in Mohyliv-Podilskyi; thousands were forced to travel by foot to nearby villages and towns.[5] Some Jews were sent to thePechora concentration camp until November 8, 1942 (see below for more details).[6] The 15,000 who were initially permitted to stay in the town organized themselves into groups. Some 2,000—3,000 Jewish workers were given residence permits, as were their family members, while the rest lived in constant fear of being deported into the Transnistrian interior for forced labor.[5]
In the winter of 1941-1942, 3,410 Jews who lived in Mogilev-Podilskyi died of typhus (almost half of those infected), out of an authorized Jewish population of 12,276, according to Siegfried Jagendorf, the leader of the Jewish community of Mohyliv-Podilskyi during most of the 1941-1944 period.[7][8] On January 31, 1943, there were 15,000 Jews in Mogilev-Podilskyi, including 12,000 deportees and 3,000 local, Ukrainian Jews, according to Fred Sharaga of the Aid Committee of the Central Jewish Office of Romania, who visited the Mogilev-Podilsky ghetto.[9] The number of local Ukrainian Jews in Mohyliv-Podilskyi had been 3,733 in the fall of 1941.[10] The same number, 3,733 local Jews, is listed in a Romanian gendarmerie report from December 1941.[11] According to the Yad Vashem database, 407 Jews who had lived in Mohyliv-Podilskyi before the war whose names are available died in the city because of the Holocaust; many had been killed by the German troops before the arrival of the Romanian administration.[12] The local Jews were, according to a Jewish doctor deported to Mohyliv-Podilskyi who treated many cases of typhus, the local Jews had a much lower mortality rate because typhus was endemic in (most of) Transnistria.[13]
About 3,000 Jews who resided in Mohyliv-Podilskyi were sent in May–June 1942 to the nearby concentration camp in Skazinets, and about half of them died in there.[14] All of the 560 Jews who died in the Skazinets concentration camp in the summer and early fall of 1942 after being deported there in late May and early June 1942 whose names appear in the Yad Vashem database had been sent there from Mohyliv-Podilskyi.[15][16]
Among the Jews who died in the Pechora concentration camp in 1942-1943, 752 had lived in Mogilev-Podolski before World War II according to the Yad Vashem database, which lists their names.[17] The Jews who had been deported from Romania who died in the Pechora concentration camp in 1942-1943 had originally lived in Mohyliv-Podilskyi until October 12 - November 8, 1942, when they were sent to Pechora;[18] 479 of these dead Jews listed in the Yad Vashem database had lived in Romania before the war;[19] Among these, 245 had lived in Bukovina[20] and 121 had lived in Bessarabia.[21] Moreover, 71 had lived in Dorohoi and the neighboring villages,[22] `10 from Darabani and the neighboring villages,[23] 10 from Mihaileni and the neighboring villages,[24] 35 from Saveni and neighboring villages[25] and 9 from Hertsa and neighboring villages;[26] all of these people had lived in Dorohoi County in Romania, which administratively became a part of Bukovina in 1941. Between October 1942 and May 1943, 1,250 Jews from the Pechora concentration camp, where the living conditions were horrible, were handed over to the German Nazis, who killed them elsewhere.[27] If one excludes those Jews who escaped from the Pechora concentration camp, only 28 of the 3,000 Jews sent there from Mohyliv-Podilskyi to the Pechora concentration camp between October 12 and November 8, 1942, were still alive.[28][29] According to a memo of the former president of the Jewish Committee of Moghilev-Podolski/Mohyliv-Podilskyi, M. Katz, about 20% of those sent to the Pechora concentration camp escaped from there.[30] Moreover, on March 15, 1943, 220 Jews from the Pechora concentration camp were sent to a farm at Rahni.[31]
Overall, 8,761 Jews who had lived in Mohyliv-Podilskyi and its environs before the war or were deported there died in the Holocaust in the city and its environs according to the Yad Vashem database (though this excludes the almost 4,000 Jews who perished in the Skazinets and Pechora concentration camps sent there from Mohyliv-Podilskyi), and about 15,000 survived.[32] Among the Jews who died in Mohyliv-Podilskyi, 3,950 had been deported there from Bukovina according to the Yad Vashem database, which includes their names,[33] while 430 had been deported from Bessarabia.[34] Out of these, half (215) were from the city ofHotin andHotin County.[35] Moreover, 570 of the dead had lived in Dorohoi and nearby localities before the war,[36] including 123 who came from Darabani and nearby villages,[37] 79 who came from Mihaileni and nearby villages,[38] 118 who came from Saveni and neighboring villages,[39] and 74 who came from Hertsa and neighboring villages.[40] Among the dead whose names are listed by Yad Vashem, 1,230 came from Chernivtsi, the capital of Bukovina,[41] while 436 came from Radauti.[42] In December 1943, in Mohyliv-Podilskyi, there were 12,836 Jews deported from Bukovina, 348 from Bessarabia, and 3,000 local (Transnistrian/Ukrainian) Jews.[5] In December 1943, 3,198 Jews from Mohyliv-Podilskyi were allowed to return to Dorohoi County and city in the Old Kingdom of Romania.[5]
Among the Jews who died in the city for whom the names and some other information are available, 52 had lived before the war in Poland, but fled from the Soviet occupation of 1939.[43] According to an important study on the Jewish deportees in Transnistria authored by the Odessa-bornJoseph Schechtman, there were 700 Jews who had lived in Poland, typically eastern Galicia, before the war in the city (and are included in the figure of deportees from Bukovina); these Jews also had a natural immunity to typhus, just like the local Transnistrian Jews.[44][45] The data listed above indicates that, in the city, among the deportees, the Jews from Poland had the highest survival rate, Dorohoi County Jews had the highest survival rate, followed by the local Jews, followed by the Bukovinian Jews, and that most members of these two groups survived, whereas most Bessarabian Jews died.
In March 1944, Jewish leaders in Bucharest got permission to bring back 1,400 orphans.[5] Mohyliv-Podilskyi was liberated that month, on March 20; many Jewish men were immediately drafted by the Soviet army, and either sent to the front or to work in the coal mines in theArchangelsk basin in arctic area of European Russia, on the White Sea.[5] Many who stayed in the city were killed by German bombs.[46] Most of the deportees were allowed to return to Romania in the spring of 1945.[47] Those Jews who survived the forced labor in the Soviet camps who had been sent there from Mohyliv-Podilskyi returned to Romania in 1947.[47] According to the Yad Vashem data, 232 Jews sent there whose names are known died in the Arkhangelsk basin.[48] According to the Yad Vashem data, five Jews from Romania died there.[49] According to Nikolai Bougai, in March 1945, 12,852 Jews from 5,420 families with Romanian passports living in Ukraine were relocated (as Jews) by the NKVD to the Soviet north and east.[50]
Mohyliv-Podilskyi has been part of Ukraine since August 24, 1991.
On November 10, 2016, in Mohyliv-Podilskyi, a memorial to the heroes of border guards who died in 1941 was opened.[51]
Distribution of the population by native language according to the2001 census:[52]
| Language | Percentage |
|---|---|
| Ukrainian | 92.25% |
| Russian | 7.06% |
| other/undecided | 0.69% |
The city is located in the southwest of the Vinnytsia region in the ravine formed by theDniester River and other ravines (Karpivskyi yar), which are formed by the rivers that enter the Dniester basin (Derlo, Nemia, etc.). During the period of snow melting and after rains, temporary drains flow along the bottoms of the beams and the slopes of the ravines.
The average height above sea level is 80 m.
| Climate data for Mohyliv-Podilskyi (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.1 (34.0) | 2.9 (37.2) | 8.7 (47.7) | 16.4 (61.5) | 23.0 (73.4) | 25.8 (78.4) | 27.8 (82.0) | 27.4 (81.3) | 21.8 (71.2) | 15.5 (59.9) | 7.4 (45.3) | 2.1 (35.8) | 15.0 (59.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.3 (27.9) | −1.2 (29.8) | 3.4 (38.1) | 10.0 (50.0) | 16.0 (60.8) | 19.0 (66.2) | 20.9 (69.6) | 20.0 (68.0) | 14.9 (58.8) | 9.3 (48.7) | 3.6 (38.5) | −1.0 (30.2) | 9.4 (48.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.6 (21.9) | −4.8 (23.4) | −1.0 (30.2) | 4.4 (39.9) | 9.2 (48.6) | 12.7 (54.9) | 14.6 (58.3) | 13.6 (56.5) | 9.3 (48.7) | 4.6 (40.3) | 0.4 (32.7) | −3.9 (25.0) | 4.5 (40.1) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 29.0 (1.14) | 28.1 (1.11) | 27.7 (1.09) | 45.3 (1.78) | 64.2 (2.53) | 86.7 (3.41) | 97.1 (3.82) | 57.4 (2.26) | 55.4 (2.18) | 33.5 (1.32) | 39.3 (1.55) | 32.7 (1.29) | 596.4 (23.48) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.1 | 6.6 | 6.0 | 7.7 | 8.6 | 9.0 | 9.3 | 7.0 | 6.4 | 5.7 | 6.4 | 7.1 | 85.9 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 80.4 | 77.8 | 71.6 | 66.4 | 66.8 | 71.3 | 72.2 | 72.3 | 75.4 | 78.1 | 81.4 | 82.2 | 74.7 |
| Source:NOAA[53] | |||||||||||||
Now working in the city:
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Mohyliv-Podilskyi istwinned with:
Bakhmut, UkraineKoziatyn, Ukraine
Końskie, PolandPołaniec, PolandŚroda Wielkopolska, Poland
Bălți, MoldovaPitești, Romania
Šaľa, Slovakia
Cavriglia, Italy
