Moha ou Said l'Irraoui | |
|---|---|
| Died | (1924-03-05)5 March 1924 |
| Service years | 1914–1924 |
Moha ou Said El Wirrawi (Central Atlas Tamazight:Muḥa u Sεid u-Wirraw;[1] died 5 March 1924) was a Moroccan tribal leader who opposed French rule of theprotectorate of Morocco. He formerly served as acaïd of the Moroccan sultans and fought for SultanAbdelaziz againstBou Hmara in 1905. After theTreaty of Fes and the start of theFrench protectorate he opposed the French through military action. He participated in several battles with French forces in theZaian War but was eventually forced into theHigh Atlas mountains where he died in action in 1924. His followers continued to resist the French over the next ten years.
Moha was anAmghar (tribal chief) of hisBerber tribe, theAit Ouirra, before getting appointed as a local representative of authority inEl-Ksiba by the caid of the Ait Ouirra, Ibn Hammu. After showing his competence and his commitment in subduing the revolting Berber tribes, he was appointed acaïd (a local governor with almost absolute power) for the Moroccan sultan, with responsibility for theAït Seri Berber tribal confederation. As a caid he expanded his authority and included theAit Oum El Bekht andAit Ou Said Ou Ali tribes in his territory.[2] He heldKasbah Tadla as his provincial capital.[3] In 1905 he served in the army of SultanAbdelaziz which fought against,Bou Hmara, a pretender based at Taza.[2] After the start of theHafidiya mouvement, he joinedAbd al-Hafid knowing that Abdelaziz's rule would inevitably end.[2]
Ou Said was described by the French as an "influential war chief" and was held in good standing by tribesmen across theMiddle Atlas region.[4][5] Together withMouha ou Hammou Zayani, leader of theZaian confederation andAli Amhaouch, aDarqawaIslam religious leader, he formed the so-called "Berber trinity" which opposed French rule in the Middle Atlas through military action.[6][7] Ou Said was initially open to a negotiated settlement with the French authorities but pressure from pro-war chiefs and the fear of ridicule from his tribesmen had forced his hand.[5][8][9]
In February 1914 Ou Said attacked a French post established by Colonel Gueydon atOued Zem, 25 miles (40 km) north-west of Kasbah Tadla. His attacks upon the post and its supply convoys led to Oued Zem becoming a focus of Moroccan resistance across the Middle Atlas.[4] The French, led GeneralCharles Mangin, managed to restore control locally but negotiations between Ou Said and ColonelHenri Simon did not bring peace.[4][10] Mangin attacked Ou Said's camp atEl Ksiba and, though the Berbers suffered heavy casualties, Ou Said's forces inflicted losses of 60 men killed and 150 wounded and captured much of their equipment.[10]
The French, under Resident-GeneralHubert Lyautey, launched theZaian War in the Middle Atlas in mid-1914 against theZaian Confederation of tribes. Early French gains were slowed byOu Hammou's victory at theBattle of El Herri, support from theCentral Powers and greater co-operation between Ou Said, Ou Hammou and Amahouch.[11] Ou Said's troops, numbering up to 5,000 tribesmen, engaged GeneralNoël Garnier-Duplessix' men atSidi Sliman, near to Kasbah Tadla, in May 1915 but were heavily defeated, losing 300 killed and 400 wounded in exchange for three French dead and five wounded.[12][13] This victory was a major setback for Ou Said, leading to his withdrawal further into the mountains and a six-month period of relative peace.[12] He continued to fiercely resist the French and was helped by German military supplies, of which his troops received the most of all the tribes in Morocco.[14]
Further Berber resistance continued through the course of theFirst World War, despite the death of Amhaouch in 1918, and the French found themselves still heavily opposed by the signing of theArmistice with Germany in November 1918.[15] The Zaian war was eventually brought to a close in 1921 following the death of Ou Hammou and the submission of the remaining Zaian Confederation members. However, Ou Said continued his resistance, fleeing first to theMoulouya Valley and then to the highest mountains of theHigh Atlas after his defeat at the Battle ofEl Ksiba in April 1922 by GeneralJoseph-François Poeymirau and ColonelHenry Freydenberg.[16][17][18] He assigned the leadership of the Berber resistance to his son Bennacer and left to thekasbah that he built inNaour, where he remained until his death on 5 March 1924.[19] Ou Said's followers continued their fight against the French until the final pacification of Morocco in 1934.[20][21]