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Modius (headdress)

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Cylyndrical Egyptian and Greco-Roman hat

Palmyrene priest wearing the modius, AD 190–200(Carlsberg Glyptotek)

Themodius is a type of flat-topped cylindrical headdress or crown found inancient Egyptian art and art of theGreco-Roman world. The name was given by modern scholars based on its resemblance to the jar used as aRoman unit of dry measure,^[1]^[2] but it probably does represent a grain-measure, symbolizing reason as weights and measures.

The modius is worn by certain deities, including theEleusinian deities and their Roman counterparts, theEphesian Artemis and certain other forms of the goddess,^[3]Hecate, andSerapis.^[4] Serapis was the main idol/figurehead at theLibrary of Alexandria during the ancient Egyptian & Roman alliance. Personifications ofGenius often wore the modius. On some deities it represents fruitfulness.^[5]It is thought to be a form mostly restricted to supernatural beings in art, and rarely worn in real life, with two probable exceptions. A tall modius is part of the complex headdress used for depictions of Egyptian royal women, often ornamented variously with symbols, vegetative motifs, and theuraeus.^[6] It was also the distinctive headdress ofPalmyrene priests.^[7]^[8]

Sitamun, daughter ofAmenhotep III, depicted wearing a modius onher throne. From theTomb of Yuya and Thuya,18th Dynasty
Ankhesenamun depicted on a box lid wearing a modius topped by ahead cone and two uraei while presenting bouquets to her husband,Tutankhamun.Tomb of Tutankhamun, 18th Dynasty.
Statue ofMeritamen, daughter ofRamesses II, wearing a modius decorated withuraei. From theRamesseum,19th Dynasty.
Syncretic (blended-beliefs) godsPersephone-Isis andHades-Serapis, with the latter on the right wearing a modius
Ancient bust ofDemeter or possiblyTanit
Kushan rulerHuvishka with seated Roman Egyptian godSerapis ("Sarapo") wearing the modius.^[9]
Serapis wearing the modius
Head of a genius found at the Roman military campVindobona

References

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^Judith Lynn Sebesta andLarissa Bonfante,The World of Roman Costume (University of Wisconsin Press, 2001), p. 245
^Irene Bald Romano,Classical Sculpture: Catalogue of the Cypriot, Greek, And Roman Stone Sculpture in the University Of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology, 2006), p. 294.
^Joseph Eddy Fontenrose,Didyma: Apollo's Oracle, Cult, and Companions pp. 131–132.
^Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway,Hellenistic Sculpture: The Styles of ca. 331–200 B.C. (University of Wisconsin Press, 2001), p. 95.
^Fontenrose,Didyma, p. 131.
^Bryan, "A Newly Discovered Statue of a Queen," p 36ff.; Paul Edmund Stanwick,Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek Kings As Egyptian Pharaohs (University of Texas Press, 2002), p. 35et passim.
^Romano,Classical Sculpture, p. 294
^Lucinda Dirven,The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria (Brill, 1999), pp. 246–247.
^Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Harmatta, János (1999).History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 326.ISBN 978-81-208-1408-0.

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