Moderate Party Moderata samlingspartiet | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Abbreviation | M |
| Chairperson | Ulf Kristersson |
| Secretary | Karin Enström |
| Parliamentary group leader | Mattias Karlsson |
| Founded | 17 October 1904; 121 years ago (1904-10-17) |
| Headquarters | Blasieholmsgatan 4 A,Norrmalm,Stockholm |
| Student wing | Moderate Students (official) Confederation of Swedish Conservative and Liberal Students (unofficial) |
| Youth wing | Moderate Youth League |
| LGBT wing | Open Moderates |
| Membership(2023) |  46,501[1] |
| Ideology | Liberal conservatism Pro-Europeanism |
| Political position | Centre-right |
| European affiliation | European People's Party |
| European Parliament group | European People's Party Group |
| International affiliation | International Democracy Union |
| Nordic affiliation | Conservative Group |
| Colours |
|
| Slogan | Säkrare, grönare, friare ('Safer, Greener, Freer')[2] |
| Riksdag | 68 / 349 |
| European Parliament | 4 / 21 |
| County councils[3] | 328 / 1,720 |
| Municipal councils[3] | 2,584 / 12,614 |
| Website | |
| moderaterna.se | |
TheModerate Party (Swedish:Moderata samlingspartiet[mʊdɛˈrɑ̌ːtaˈsâmːlɪŋspaˌʈiːɛt]ⓘ,[4]lit. 'Moderate Coalition Party',M), commonly referred to as theModerates (Swedish:Moderaterna[mʊdɛˈrɑ̌ːtɛɳa]ⓘ), is aliberal-conservative[5]political party inSweden. The party generally supportstax cuts, thefree market,civil liberties andeconomic liberalism.[6] Globally, it is a full member of theInternational Democracy Union[7] and theEuropean People's Party.[8]
The party was founded in 1904 as theGeneral Electoral League (Allmänna valmansförbundet[ˈâlːmɛnːaˈvɑ̂ːlmansfœrˌbɵndɛt]ⓘ) by a group ofconservatives in theRiksdag, the Swedish parliament. The party was later known asThe Right (Högern[ˈhø̌ːɡɛɳ]ⓘ; 1938–1952) andRight Party (Högerpartiet[ˈhø̂ːɡɛrpaˌʈiːɛt]ⓘ; 1952–1969).[9] During this time, the party was usually called the Conservative Party outside of Sweden.[citation needed]
After holding minor posts incentre-right governments, the Moderates eventually became the leading opposition party to theSwedish Social Democratic Party and since then those two parties have dominated Swedish politics. After the1991 Swedish general election, party leaderCarl Bildt formed a minority government, the first administration since 1930 to be headed by a member of the party, which lasted three years. The party returned to government under leader and Prime MinisterFredrik Reinfeldt, after the2006 and2010 general elections. In 2010, the party was the leading member of theAlliance, a centre-right coalition, along with theCentre Party (C), theChristian Democrats (KD) and theLiberal People's Party (L), and obtained its best result ever (30.1%), despite the coalition not being able to obtain majority.[10]
The current chairman of the party,Ulf Kristersson, was elected at a special party congress on 1 October 2017, followingAnna Kinberg Batra's sudden resignation. Kinberg Batra had replaced Reinfeldt, Prime Minister from 2006 to 2014. Under Reinfeldt's leadership, the party moved more towards thecentre.[11] Under Kristersson's leadership, the party moved back to the right and opened up to theSweden Democrats (SD) following the2018 Swedish general election.[12] Having formed in late 2021 an informal right-wing alliance with SD and former Alliance members, KD and L, with Kristersson as the prime ministerial candidate, the right-wing bloc obtained a narrow win in the2022 Swedish general election.[13][14]
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The party was founded on 17 October 1904 in a restaurant calledRunan inStockholm. The intention was to start a campaign organization in support of the group of Conservatives which had emerged in theRiksdag. During the 19th centuryconservatives had organised themselves in the Riksdag but there was no party to support them. The Swedish right was also threatened by the rise of theSwedish Social Democratic Party (founded in 1889) and theLiberals (1902). The party was called theGeneral Electoral League (Swedish:Allmänna valmansförbundet).
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At first, the party was clearlynationalist and staunchlyconservative. The importance of a strong defence was underlined and other societal institutions embraced by the party were themonarchy and thestate of law. The party initially held iaprotectionist view towards the economy;tariffs were widely supported as well as interventionist economical measures such asagricultural subsidies. In thedefence policy crisis in 1914 (which overturned the parliamentary Liberal government), the party sided with KingGustaf V but stopped short of accepting a right-wing government by royal appointment, instead opting for an independent-conservative "war cabinet" underHjalmar Hammarskjöld which was eventually overturned in favour of a Liberal-Social Democratic majority coalition government and thus the breakthrough of parliamentary rule, albeit reluctantly embraced by the right.
Arvid Lindman (often called "The Admiral") became influential in the party and served two terms asPrime Minister of Sweden, before and after the enactment ofuniversal suffrage. In 1907, he proposed universal male suffrage to theparliament and in 1912 he was formally elected leader. But the party voted against universal suffrage and the party again voted against women's right to vote. It was only because the party was in the minority that Sweden was able to grant the right to vote for all, pushed through by the Liberals and the Social Democrats (the left), against the objections of the right. Although not one of the founders of the party and not a prominent ideologist, Lindman and his achievements as a leader are often appreciated as being of great importance to the new party. His leadership was marked by a consolidation of the Swedish right, and by transforming the party into a modern, effective, political movement. Lindman was a very pragmatic politician, but without losing his principles. He was a formidable negotiator and peace broker. For this, he was widely respected, even by his fiercest political opponents and when he resigned and left the parliament in 1935, the leader of the Social Democrats,Per Albin Hansson, expressed his "honest thanks over the battle lines".
From the beginning of the 20th century,social democracy and thelabour movement rose to replaceliberalism as the major political force for radical reforms. The Moderate Party intensified its opposition to socialism during the leadership of Lindman—the importance of continuance and strengthening national business were cornerstones. But at the same time, recent social issues gained significant political attention; by appeasing the working class, the party also hoped to reduce the threat of revolutionary tendencies. During the governments led by Lindman, several reforms for social progress were made, and it was his first government that initiated the public statepension.
In the 1920s, the Swedish right slowly started to move towards aclassical liberal view on economic issues, mainly under the influence of the liberal economistGustav Cassel, but the economic downturn following theGreat Depression frustrated the possible liberal transition of their economic policy. Before that occurred the party gained its greatest success yet with 29.4% inthe general election of 1928, often called theCossack Election, on a clearly anti-socialist programme. The government later formed by the party did not accept the concept of the market economy but continued the protectionist policy by generous financial aid. The government also began complete regulation of agriculture. Production associations, with the objective to administer the regulations and running monopolies on imports, were also established during the period. All this made for acorporate control of the Swedish economy unsurpassed since the popularisation of liberalism at the end of the 19th century.[15] The government of Lindman fell in 1930 after theSocial Democrats and theFreeminded People's Party had blocked a proposition for a raised customs duty on grain.
The 1930s saw the party in conflict over how to relate to the rising threat ofNational Socialism andFascism. Its loosely affiliated youth organisation, theNational Youth League of Sweden (Swedish:Sveriges Nationella Ungdomsförbund) was openly pro-Nazi and set up uniformed "fighting groups" to combat political enemies on the streets.[citation needed] The mother party did not like this development, with Lindman clearly stating that pro-Nazi views were not to be accepted in the party, and in 1933 the National Youth League was separated from the party. While the party set up a new youth league in 1934, calledThe Young Swedes (known since 1969 as theModerate Youth League), the core of the old one (in spite of some districts, such as Young Swedes-Gothenburg joining the new one) set up its own party—theNational League of Sweden—taking with them three of the mother party'sMPs and unsuccessfully fighting elections as a radical conservative and openly pro-Nazi party.[citation needed]
The party participated in thethird cabinet of Per Albin Hansson during the Second World War. It was agrand coalition including all major parties, only excluding theCommunist Party and the pro-NaziSocialist Party, both parties being members of the parliament at this time.
In 1934, the Social Democrats formed a new government, and except for theWorld War II era, would stay in power until 1976. From having been a ruling party, the General Electoral League turned into a bastion of right-wing opposition, and in 1938 it was renamed theNational Organization of the Right (Swedish:Högerns riksorganisation[ˈhøːɡɛɳʂˈrɪ̂ksɔrɡanɪsaˌɧuːn]ⓘ), a name that would stay until 1952. Outside Sweden, the party was typically called theConservative Party.
After the Second World War, the party gradually lost support and theLiberals rose to become the second most popular party after the Social Democrats.
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At the beginning of the 1950s, the party re-emerged after being renamed theRightist Party (Swedish:Högerpartiet); its name outside Sweden remainedConservative Party. Under the leadership ofJarl Hjalmarson (1950–1961) the party became a prominent voice against the rising levels of taxation and a defender ofprivate ownership from, what the party saw as, the growing tendencies ofstatecentralization.
The party had significant success in the elections during the 1950s and became the largest party of the opposition in 1958. However, the next decade brought changes to the political climate of Sweden. Theelection of 1968 gave the Social Democrats anabsolute majority in the parliament and made the Rightist Party into the smallest party of the opposition.
By 1968, the dominance of theSocial Democratic Party and 24 years of trailing the liberalPeople's Party among the opposition bloc had pushed the party to the edge of political relevance. Seeking to shed its conservative image, in 1969, the party changed its name to theModerate Coalition Party (Swedish:Moderata samlingspartiet, generally just referred to asModeraterna) or just the Moderate Party.
In 1970,Gösta Bohman was elected leader of the Moderate Party. During his leadership the party continued its gradual movement from nationalisttraditionalist conservatism towards internationalistliberal conservatism, calling for Swedish membership in theEEC since the 1960s and in practice adopting most policies affiliated withclassical liberalism. It also adopted a much more liberal social outlook, which was seen as a key factor in the foundation of theChristian Democratic Gathering in 1964, asocially conservative party. Bohman proved a successful leader, and helped lead the non-socialist opposition to victory in the 1976 election.
The Moderate Party joined the government underThorbjörn Fälldin, with Gösta Bohman as Minister of Economy. The non-socialist parties managed to remain in power until 1982 in different constellations, but the election of 1979 again made the Moderate Party become the second most popular after the Social Democrats, a position it has held since then. Gösta Bohman was in 1981 replaced byUlf Adelsohn.
In 1986,Carl Bildt was elected leader of the party. A son-in-law of Bohman, he managed to lead the party to anelection victory in 1991. The Moderate Party led a center-right coalition between 1991 and 1994, with Bildt serving as the first conservative Prime Minister sinceArvid Lindman. Thecabinet of Carl Bildt did much to reform the Swedish government: they cut taxes, cutpublic spending, introduced voucher schools, made it possible for counties to privatize health care, liberalised markets for telecommunications and energy, and privatised former publicly owned companies (further deregulations and privatisations were carried out by the following Social DemocraticCabinet of Göran Persson). The negotiations for membership with theEuropean Union were also finalized.
The party gained votes in 1994, but the governing coalition lost its majority. While Bildt stayed on as the Moderate Party leader, failing to unite with theGreens, the non-socialist parties failed to return to government after the election in 1998 as well.Bo Lundgren replaced him and led the party in the disastrousgeneral election of 2002, much owed to his allegedneoliberal stances, for which Lundgren continued to receive praise from younger members. Former head of the Moderate YouthFredrik Reinfeldt was elected as the new party leader in 2003.
Prior to the2006 general election, the Moderate Party adjusted its position in the political spectrum, moving towards thecentre-right. To reflect these changes, the party's unofficial name was altered to The New Moderates (Swedish:De Nya Moderaterna[dɔmˈnŷːamʊdɛˈrɑ̌ːtɛɳa]ⓘ).[16] This has included focus on proactive measures against unemployment, lower taxes combined with reforms to strengthen theSwedish welfare state. The Moderate Party has since 2006 used the slogan "the Swedish Workers' Party", a slogan formerly synonymous with theSocial Democrats.
In the2006 general election, the Moderate Party enjoyed its best result since 1928 with 26.2% of the votes. The Moderate Party had formed theAlliance for Sweden, apolitical and electoral alliance, along with theCentre Party, theLiberal People's Party and theChristian Democrats prior to this election. After the election, theAlliance for Sweden was able to form acoalition government. Party leaderFredrik Reinfeldt took office asPrime Minister of Sweden on 6 October 2006 along with hiscabinet. In the2010 general election, the Moderate Party performed their best results, since the introduction ofuniversal suffrage in 1919, with 30.1% of the votes. However, the minor parties in theAlliance performed relatively poorly, and theReinfeldt cabinet continued in office as aminority government.
He is the longest-serving non–Social Democrat Prime Minister sinceErik Gustaf Boström who left office in 1900.
In the2014 European elections, the Moderate Party came in third place nationally with 13.6% of the vote, returning three MEPs.
In the2014 general election, theRed-Green coalition outpolled Reinfeldt's incumbentAlliance coalition, prompting its resignation. The Social DemocratStefan Löfven became Prime Minister on 3 October 2014. The Moderate Party performed reasonably well also in the 2014 election, making Reinfeldt its most successful leader with three of their four best election results since 1932.[citation needed]Anna Kinberg Batra was elected to succeed Reinfeldt as party leader on 10 January 2015.Ulf Kristersson succeeded Kinberg-Batra on 1 October 2017.
The Moderate Party made its worst election result since 2002 in the2018 general election.[17] Ulf Kristersson announced that the party would "create a new Swedish Model" at the Moderate Party Congress on 5 April 2019 and also that the party would be phasing out the New Moderates name. The party also presented its new logo, the oldM logo which was used between 1972 and 2006 was adopted again.[18] The change in logo was seen by analysts as a way to show that the party breaks with Reinfeldt's policies.[19] Ulf Kristersson has also been critical ofmulticulturalism.[20]
Kristersson held a meeting in December 2019 withJimmie Åkesson, leader of theSweden Democrats, and said that he would cooperate with them in parliament. The anti-immigration party had previously been subject to acordon sanitaire by all other parties, with Kristersson himself ruling out dialogue with them ahead of the 2018 elections. According to Ann-Cathrine Jungar ofSödertörn University, this put Sweden in line with several other European countries in which the centre-right and nationalist-right parties cooperate.[12]
In October 2022, theTidö Agreement was formed, which led to the formation of theKristersson Cabinet as Sweden's government.[21] On 18 October 2022,Ulf Kristersson became the new Prime Minister of Sweden.[22] The Moderates formed a centre-right coalition with the Christian Democrats and the Liberals, backed by the Sweden Democrats.[23] Soon after his appointment as foreign minister,Tobias Billström of the Moderate Party, announced that Sweden will renounce "feminist foreign policy", implemented by the previous left-wing government.[24]
In 2024, new laws proposed by the Kristersson Cabinet to combat Sweden's criminality crisis took in effect including harder penalties against weapons offences, breach of the permit obligation for explosive goods, arms smuggling and smuggling of explosive goods.[25] Other laws gave increased opportunities to the police to use covert means of coercion to prevent and investigate serious crime, tougher border controls and extended power to security guards.[25] On 20 February 2024, the Kristersson cabinet sent the largest military support package toUkraine.[26] During Kristerssons Premiership, Sweden ended longstanding neutrality to become a NATO member on 7 March.[27]
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| Conservatism in Sweden |
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Commentators |
The Moderate Party states that its ideology is a mix ofliberalism andconservatism, and corresponds to what is calledliberal conservatism. As is common in Europeancentre-right[28][12] and conservative parties, the termliberalism in Sweden refers to the traditional meaning ofclassical liberalism rather thanprogressivism orsocial liberalism in countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom.
The party supportsfree markets andpersonal freedom and has historically been the essential force forprivatisation, deregulation, lowering tax rates, and a reduction of the public-sector growth rate.[29] Other issues emphasized by the party are such as actions against violent crime and sex crime, increasing and promoting the value of working, and quality in theeducational system. The party supportssame-sex marriage in Sweden and Sweden's membership in theEuropean Union. The Moderate Party considers itself as a "green-right" party.[30]
The party campaigned for changing currency to theeuro in the2003 referendum. As of 2013, the party was still in favor of the euro, but it expressed that the issue of a membership of theEconomic and Monetary Union of the European Union and theeurozone would not be relevant until the member states have met certain strict requirements set up by the party in regard to budget deficits.[31] In the 2024 EU elections, the Moderate Party proposed making abortion constitutionally protected in Europe.[32]
AfterFredrik Reinfeldt became leader, the party slowly moved further towards thepolitical centre and also adoptedpragmatic views. The party abandoned several of its old key features such as aproportional income tax and increased military spending. Criticism of the labour laws, its former characteristic which wasneoliberal, was changed towards conserving theSwedish model and a careful embracing of balance on the labour market.[33]
With the ascension ofAnna Kinberg Batra as party leader, the party adjusted its position in the political spectrum and moved back towards thepolitical right.[34] The party abandoned its previously liberal stance on immigration, notably manifested by Fredrik Reinfeldt's summer speech in 2014 in which he appealed for "open hearts" to meet theexpected migrant waves. The party supports border controls and tougher rules for immigrants, including temporary residence permits, stricter requirements for family reunification and cuts in welfare benefits.[35][36] Swedish values was a recurring subject in Anna Kindberg Batra's speech at theAlmedalen Week in 2016, and she said that immigrants should make efforts to learn theSwedish language and take part of Swedish societal orientation, or risk getting reduced benefits and harder to get permanent residence permits.[37] Since 2015, the party has taken up its demand for increased military spending, and has supported the re-introduction ofmandatory military service, inactivated in Sweden under Fredrik Reinfeldt in 2010.[38][39]
The party was in favour of Swedish membership ofNATO and supported Sweden's application for membership and later accession to the alliance.[40] The party expressed a wish that a membership was applied for together withFinland which is what happened in May 2022.[41]
Socio-economic group and gender of voters | Percentage of which voting for the Moderates | |||||
| Groups/Gender | 2002 | 2006 | 2010 | 2014 | 2018 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blue-collar workers | 7 | 16 | 19 | 13 | 14 | 14 |
| White-collar workers | 21 | 32 | 34 | 26 | 22 | 21 |
| Businessmen and farmers | 25 | 44 | 38 | 35 | 29 | 25 |
| Male | 16 | 31 | 32 | 25 | 21 | 21 |
| Female | 11 | 23 | 26 | 22 | 19 | 17 |
| Source: | [42] | |||||
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1911 | Gustaf Fredrik Östberg | 188,691 | 31.1 (#2) | 65 / 230 | Opposition | |
| Mar 1914 | Arvid Lindman | 286,250 | 37.7 (#1) | 86 / 230 |  21 | Opposition |
| Sep 1914 | 268,631 | 36.7 (#1) | 86 / 230 |  | Opposition(1914–1917) | |
| Minority(1917) | ||||||
| 1917 | 182,070 | 24.7 (#3) | 59 / 230 | 27 | Opposition | |
| 1920 | 183,019 | 27.9 (#2) | 70 / 230 | 11 | Opposition | |
| 1921 | 449,257 | 25.8 (#2) | 62 / 230 | 8 | Opposition(1921–1923) | |
| Minority(1923–1924) | ||||||
| 1924 | 461,257 | 26.1 (#2) | 65 / 230 | 3 | Opposition | |
| 1928 | 692,434 | 29.4 (#2) | 73 / 230 | 8 | Minority(1928–1930) | |
| Opposition(1930–1932) | ||||||
| 1932 | 576,053 | 23.1 (#2) | 58 / 230 | 15 | Opposition | |
| 1936 | Gösta Bagge | 512,781 | 17.6 (#2) | 44 / 230 | 9 | Opposition(1936–1939) |
| Coalition(1939–1940) | ||||||
| 1940 | 518,346 | 18.0 (#2) | 42 / 230 | 2 | Coalition | |
| 1944 | 488,921 | 15.8 (#2) | 39 / 230 | 3 | Coalition(1944–1945) | |
| Opposition(1945–1948) | ||||||
| 1948 | Fritiof Domö | 478,779 | 12.3 (#2) | 23 / 230 | 16 | Opposition |
| 1952 | Jarl Hjalmarson | 543,825 | 14.4 (#3) | 31 / 230 | 8 | Opposition |
| 1956 | 663,693 | 17.1 (#3) | 42 / 231 | 11 | Opposition | |
| 1958 | 750,332 | 19.5 (#2) | 45 / 233 | 3 | Opposition | |
| 1960 | 704,365 | 16.6 (#3) | 39 / 233 | 6 | Opposition | |
| 1964 | Gunnar Heckscher | 582,609 | 13.7 (#4) | 33 / 233 | 6 | Opposition |
| 1968 | Yngve Holmberg | 621,031 | 12.9 (#4) | 32 / 233 | 1 | Opposition |
| 1970 | 573,812 | 11.5 (#4) | 41 / 350 | 9 | Opposition | |
| 1973 | Gösta Bohman | 737,584 | 14.3 (#3) | 51 / 350 | 10 | Opposition |
| 1976 | 847,672 | 15.6 (#3) | 55 / 349 | 4 | Coalition(1976–1978) | |
| Opposition(1978–1979) | ||||||
| 1979 | 1,108,406 | 20.3 (#2) | 73 / 349 | 18 | Coalition(1979–1981) | |
| External support(1981–1982) | ||||||
| 1982 | Ulf Adelsohn | 1,313,337 | 23.6 (#2) | 86 / 349 | 13 | Opposition |
| 1985 | 1,187,335 | 21.3 (#2) | 76 / 349 | 10 | Opposition | |
| 1988 | Carl Bildt | 983,226 | 18.3 (#2) | 66 / 349 | 10 | Opposition |
| 1991 | 1,199,394 | 21.9 (#2) | 80 / 349 | 14 | Coalition | |
| 1994 | 1,243,253 | 22.4 (#2) | 80 / 349 | | Opposition | |
| 1998 | 1,204,926 | 22.9 (#2) | 82 / 349 | 2 | Opposition | |
| 2002 | Bo Lundgren | 791,660 | 15.1 (#2) | 55 / 349 | 27 | Opposition |
| 2006 | Fredrik Reinfeldt | 1,456,014 | 26.2 (#2) | 97 / 349 | 42 | Coalition |
| 2010 | 1,791,766 | 30.1 (#2) | 107 / 349 | 10 | Coalition | |
| 2014 | 1,403,630 | 23.3 (#2) | 84 / 349 | 23 | Opposition | |
| 2018 | Ulf Kristersson | 1,284,698 | 19.8 (#2) | 70 / 349 | 14 | Opposition |
| 2022 | 1,237,428 | 19.1 (#3) | 68 / 349 | 2 | Coalition |
| Election | List leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | EP Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | Staffan Burenstam Linder | 621,568 | 23.17 (#2) | 5 / 22 | New | EPP |
| 1999 | 524,755 | 20.75 (#2) | 5 / 22 | | EPP-ED | |
| 2004 | Gunnar Hökmark | 458,398 | 18.25 (#2) | 4 / 19 | 1 | |
| 2009 | 596,710 | 18.83 (#2) | 4 / 18 4 / 20 | | EPP | |
| 2014 | 507,488 | 13.65 (#3) | 3 / 20 | 1 | ||
| 2019 | Tomas Tobé | 698,770 | 16.83 (#2) | 4 / 20 | 1 | |
| 2024 | 736,079 | 17.53 (#2) | 4 / 21 | |
The party is organised on national, county and municipal level. Currently the party has around 600 local party associations and 26 county or city associations[43] Each county or city association sends delegates to theparty congress, which is held every third year.[44] The 200 congress delegates elect aparty chairman, two deputy party chairmen, and members of the party board.[44] The party board appoints aparty secretary.[44]
In February 2022, the party's reported membership is 49,768 people, the second largest membership count after theSocial Democrats.[45]
The Moderate Party has the following affiliated groups and organizations:
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