Mochi (/ˈmoʊtʃiː/MOH-chee;[1] Japaneseもち,餅[motɕi]ⓘ) is a Japaneserice cake made ofmochigome (もち米), a short-grainjaponicaglutinous rice, and sometimes other ingredients such as water, sugar, andcornstarch. The steamed rice is pounded into paste and molded into the desired shape. In Japan, it is traditionally made in a ceremony calledmochitsuki (餅搗き).[2] While eaten year-round, mochi is atraditional food for theJapanese New Year, and is commonly sold and eaten during that time.
Mochi is made up ofpolysaccharides,lipids,protein, and water. Mochi has a varied structure ofamylopectin gel,starch grains, and air bubbles.[3] In terms of starch content, the rice used for mochi is very low inamylose and has a highamylopectin level, producing a gel-like consistency.[4] The protein content of the japonica rice used to make mochi is higher than that of standard short-grain rice.
Mochi is similar todango, which is made withrice flour instead of pounded rice grains.[5]
Red rice was the original variant used in the production of mochi.[6]The cultural significance of mochi in Japan is unique, though it has elements in common with other auspicious foods in other Asian countries.[7] According to archaeological research, the homemade production of mochi increased beginning in the 6th century (Kofun period), when earthenware steamers became popular in every household, mainly in eastern Japan.[8]: 267
In theBungo no kuni fudoki, compiled in the late 8th century in theNara period, a legend concerning mochi was described. According to the book, when a rich man made a flat mochi from leftover rice and shot an arrow at it, the mochi transformed into a white bird and flew away, and after that, the man's rice field became desolate and barren. This legend shows that round white mochi was historically held to have spiritual power.[9]
In theHeian period (794–1185), mochi was often used inShinto events to celebrate childbirth and marriage. According to theŌkagami compiled in the 12th century, emperors and nobilities used to put mochi into the mouths of babies that were 50 days old.[10]: 30 In this period, it became customary in aristocratic society for the bride and groom to eat mochi together at the bride's house three days after the wedding.[11]
The first recorded accounts of mochi being used as a part of New Year's festivities are from the Heian period. The nobles of theImperial court believed that long strands of freshly made mochi symbolized long life and well-being, while dried mochi helped strengthen one's teeth. Accounts of it can also be found inThe Tale of Genji.[12]
The custom ofkagami mochi (mirror mochi) began among thesamurai class during theMuromachi period.Kagami mochi are composed of two spheres of mochi stacked on top of one another, topped with a bitter orange (daidai). In welcoming the New Year, samurai decoratedkagami mochi withJapanese armor andJapanese swords and would place them in thetokonoma (alcove in a traditional Japanese room where art or flowers are displayed) to pray for the prosperity of their families in the New Year. When people atekagami mochi after the New Year period, they avoided cutting it with ahōchō (knife) so as not to violate thekami, and smashed it with a wooden hammer after it naturally dried and cracked.[13]
To this point, most mochi was made without sweetner. This began to change in the 17th century as Western confections were introduced by the Portuguese, and over the following two centuries sweetened confections were adopted into the diets of Japan's social elite, who held high sugar content up as a status symbol. To accommodate the increased demand, domestic sugar production was increased beginning in the mid-18th century, and a century later the now more accessible sweetened mochi became popular among the general public. For those who could afford it, such mochi was made from white sugar; for the rest, brown sugar was used.[14]
Mochi continues to be one of the traditional foods eaten aroundJapanese New Year and is sold and consumed in abundance around this time. Akagami mochi is placed on family altars (kamidana) on December 28 each year.[15]
The cherry blossom (sakura) is a symbol of Japan and signifies the onset of full-fledged spring.Sakuramochi is a pink-colored mochi surrounding sweetred bean paste and wrapped in an edible, salted cherry blossom leaf; this dish is usually made during the spring.[17]
Children's Day is celebrated in Japan on May 5. On this day, the Japanese promote the happiness and well-being of children.Kashiwa-mochi andchimaki are made especially for this celebration.[17]Kashiwa-mochi is white mochi surrounding a sweet red bean paste filling with akashiwa oak leaf wrapped around it.[17]Chimaki is a variation of adango wrapped in bamboo leaves.[17]
Hishi mochi is a ceremonial dessert presented as a ritual offering on the days leading up toHinamatsuri, or "Girls' Day" in Japan, on March 3 every year.Hishi mochi is rhomboid-shaped mochi with layers of red, green, and white. The three layers are colored withjasmine flowers,water caltrop, andmugwort.[18]
Traditionally, mochi making is an important cultural event in Japan that involves members of a local community or family. Although less common today, the traditional process still exists in most rural areas, urban temples, shrines, and community spaces, especially in the days leading up to the new year.[19][20] The traditional process of mochi-pounding (calledmochitsuki (餅つき)) involves whole rice as the only ingredient and takes place in three basic steps:
The modern preparation of mochi uses a sweet flour of sweet rice (mochiko). The flour is mixed with water and cooked on a stovetop or in the microwave until it forms a sticky, opaque, white mass.[23] This process is performed twice, stirring the mass in between[24] until it becomes malleable and slightly transparent.[25]
With modern equipment, mochi can be made at home, with the technology automating the laborious dough pounding.[24] Household mochi appliances provide a suitable space where the environment of the dough can be controlled.
The assembly-line sections in mochi production control these aspects:
Varieties of glutinous and waxy rice are produced as major raw materials for mochi. The rice is chosen for its tensile strength and compressibility. One study found that inkantomochi rice 172 and BC3, amylopectin distribution varied and affected the hardness of mochi.Kantomochi rice produced harder, brittle, grainy textures, all undesirable qualities except for ease of cutting.[26] For mass production, the rice variety should be chewy, but easy to separate.
Generally, two types of machines are used for mochi production in an assembly line. One machine prepares the dough, while the other forms the dough into consistent shapes, unfilled or with filling. The first type of machine controls the temperature at which the rice gelatinizes. One study found that a temperature of 62 °C (144 °F) corresponds to the gelatinization of mochi. When the temperature fell below this point, the hardening was too slow. It was concluded that a processing temperature below 62 °C (144 °F) was unsuitable for dough preparation.[27]
Mochi is a variation of a low-calorie, low-fat rice cake. The cake has two essential raw materials: rice and water. Sticky rice (also called sweet rice,Oryza sativa var.glutinosa, glutinous sticky rice, glutinous rice, waxy rice, botan rice,biroin chal, mochi rice, pearl rice, andpulut),[28] whether brown or white, is best for mochi-making, as long-grain varieties will not expand correctly. Water is essential in the early stages of preparation. Other additives such as salt and other seasonings and flavorings are important for nutritive value and taste. However, additives can cause breakage of the mass, so they should not be added to the rice before the cake is formed. The balls of rice are then flattened and cut into pieces or shaped into rounds.[22] The machines for mass production are a hugely expensive investment, and the product should have the proper moisture to appeal to consumers.[citation needed]
While mochi can be refrigerated for a short storage period,[29] it can also "become hard and not usable."[30] The recommended preservation method is by freezing. The best method for freezing involves wrapping each mochi cake tightly in a sealed plastic bag. Although mochi can be kept in a freezer for almost one year, the frozen mochi may lose flavor and softness or get freezer-burned.[29]Food additives, such as modified tapioca starch, can also extend theshelf life of mochi.[31]
Mochi is relatively simple to make, as only a few ingredients are needed for plain mochi. The main ingredient is eithershiratamako ormochiko, Japanese sweet glutinous rice flour.[inconsistent] Bothshiratamako andmochiko are made frommochigome, a type of glutinous short-grain rice. The difference betweenshiratamako andmochiko comes from texture and processing methods.Shiratamako flour has been more refined and is a finer flour with a smoother, more elastic feel.[32]Mochiko is less refined and has a doughier texture.
Other ingredients may include water, sugar, and cornstarch (to prevent sticking).[33] Additional other ingredients can be added to create different variations/flavors.[citation needed]
Mochi isgluten- andcholesterol-free, as it is made from rice flour.
A single serving of 44.0 g (1.55 oz) has 96 calories (kilocalories), 1.0 g (0.035 oz) of fat, but no trans or saturated fat, 1.0 mg (0.015 gr) of sodium, 22.0 g (0.78 oz) of carbohydrates, no dietary fiber, 6.0 g (0.21 oz) of sugar, and 1.0 g (0.035 oz) of protein.[34]
Amylose andamylopectin are both components of starch and polysaccharides made from D-glucose units. The big difference between the two is that amylose is linear because it only has αlpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Amylopectin, though, is a branched polysaccharide because it has αlpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds with occasional αlpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds[35] around every 22 D-glucose units.[36] Glutinous rice is nearly 100%[37] composed of amylopectin and almost completely lacks its counterpart, amylose, in its starch granules. A nonglutinous rice grain contains amylose at about 10–30% weight by weight and amylopectin at about 70–90% weight by weight.[35]
Glutinous or waxy type of starches occur in maize, sorghum, wheat, and rice. An interesting characteristic of glutinous rice is that it stains red when iodine is added, whereas nonglutinous rice stains blue.[37] This phenomenon occurs wheniodine is mixed with iodide to form tri-iodide and penta-iodide. Penta-iodide intercalates between the starch molecules and stains amylose and amylopectin blue and red, respectively.[38] The gelation and viscous texture of glutinous rice is due to amylopectin being more hygroscopic[39] than amylose, thus water enters the starch granule, causing it to swell, while the amylose leaves the starch granule and becomes part of a colloidal solution.[40] In other words, the higher the amylopectin content, the higher the swelling of the starch granule.[41]
Though the amylopectin content plays a major role in the defined characteristic of viscosity in glutinous rice, factors such as heat also play a very important role in the swelling since it enhances the uptake of water into the starch granule significantly.[42]
The high amylopectin content of waxy or glutinous starches is genetically controlled by the waxy or wax gene. Its quality of greater viscosity and gelation is dependent on the distribution of the amylopectin unit chains.[35] Grains that have this gene are considered mutants, which explains why most of them are selectively bred to create a grain that is close to having or has a 0% amylose content.[37] The table below summarizes the amylose and amylopectin content of different starches, waxy and nonwaxy:
| Starch | Amylose % | Amylopectin % |
|---|---|---|
| Potato | 20 | 80 |
| Sweet potato | 18 | 82 |
| Arrowroot | 21 | 79 |
| Tapioca | 17 | 83 |
| Corn (maize) | 28 | 72 |
| Waxy maize | 0 | 100 |
| Wheat | 26 | 74 |
| Rice (long grain) | 22 | 78 |
The soaking of the glutinous rice is an elemental step in the preparation of mochi, either traditionally or industrially. During this process, glutinous rice decreases in protein content as it is soaked in water. The chemicals that make up the flavour of plain or "natural" mochi areethyl acetate,ethanol,2-butanol,2 methyl 1-propanol,1-butanol,isoamyl alcohol,1-pentanol and propane acid.[44]
Mochi is usually composed solely of glutinous rice, however, some variations may include the additions of salt, spices and flavorings such as cinnamon (cinnamaldehyde).[45] Food additives such assucrose,sorbitol orglycerol may be added to increase viscosity and therefore increase gelatinization. Additives that slow down retrogradation are not usually added since mochi has a very stable shelf life due to its high amylopectin content.[46]
Mochi's characteristic chewiness is due to the polysaccharides in it. The viscosity and elasticity that account for this chewiness are affected by many factors, such as the starch concentration, configuration of the swollen starch granules, the conditions of heating (temperature, heating period and rate of heating), as well as the junction zones that interconnect each polymer chain. The more junction zones the substance has, the stronger the cohesiveness of the gel, thereby forming a more solid-like material. The perfect mochi has the perfect balance between viscosity and elasticity so that it is not inextensible and fragile but rather extensible yet firm.[47]
Many tests have been conducted on the factors that affect the viscoelastic properties of mochi. As puncture tests show, samples with a higher solid (polysaccharide) content show an increased resistance and, thereby, a stronger and tougher gel. This increased resistance to the puncture test indicates that an increase in solute concentration leads to a more rigid and harder gel with an increased cohesiveness, internal binding, elasticity and springiness, which means a decrease in material flow or an increase in viscosity. These results can also be brought about by an increase in heating time.[citation needed]
Sensory assessments of the hardness, stickiness and elasticity of mochi and their relationship with solute concentration and heating time were performed. Similar to the puncture test results, sensory tests determine that hardness and elasticity increase with increasing time of heating and solid concentration. However, the stickiness of the samples increases with increasing time of heating and solid concentration until a certain level, above which the reverse is observed.[citation needed]
These relationships are important because too hard or elastic a mochi is undesirable, as is one that is too sticky and will stick to the walls of the container.[47]
Suffocation deaths are caused by mochi every year in Japan, especially among elderly people.[48][49][50] In 2015, it was reported that according to the Tokyo Fire Department – which responds to choking cases – more than 100 people were hospitalized per year for choking on mochi in Tokyo alone. Also, in Tokyo, between 2006 and 2009, there were 18 reported deaths resulting from choking on mochi. As a result of this risk, Japanese authorities put out yearly warnings advising people to cut mochi into small pieces before consumption.[48]
Mochi may be eaten alone as a major component of a main meal and is used as an ingredient in other prepared foods.
Many types of traditionalwagashi andmochigashi (Japanese traditional sweets) are made with mochi. For example,daifuku is a soft round mochi stuffed with sweet filling, such as sweetenedred bean paste (anko) or white bean paste (shiro an).[51]Ichigo daifuku is a version containing a wholestrawberry inside.[52]
Kusa mochi is a green variety of mochi flavored withmugwort (yomogi).[53][51] Whendaifuku is made withkusa mochi, it is calledyomogi daifuku.[54][55]
Small balls ofice cream are wrapped inside a mochi covering to makemochi ice cream. In Japan, this is manufactured by the conglomerateLotte under the nameYukimi Daifuku, "snow-viewingdaifuku".
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In Taiwan, a traditional Hakka and Hoklo pounded rice cake was calledteuchi ortauchi (Chinese:豆糍;pinyin:dòu cí) and came in various styles and forms just like in Japan. Traditional Hakka mochi is served as glutinous rice dough, covered with peanuts (粢粑;zī bā) or sesame powder. Not until theJapanese era was Japanese-style mochi introduced and gained popularity. A soft version similar todaifuku, often coming with bean paste fillings, is calledmoachi (Chinese:麻糍;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:moâ-chî) inTaiwanese Hokkien andmashu (Chinese:麻糬;pinyin:máshǔ) inTaiwanese Mandarin.
InChina,tangyuan is made from glutinous rice flour mixed with a small amount of water to form balls and is then cooked and served in boiling water.Tangyuan is typically filled withblack sesame paste orpeanut paste and served in the water that it was boiled in.
InHong Kong and otherCantonese regions, the traditionallo mai chi (Chinese:糯米糍;Jyutping:no6 mai5 ci4) is made of glutinous rice flour in the shape of a ball, with fillings such as crushed peanuts, coconut, red bean paste, and black sesame paste. It can come in a variety of modern flavors, such as green tea, mango, taro, strawberry, and more.
InPhilippines, a traditional Filipino sweet snack similar to Japanese mochi is calledtikoy (Chinese:甜粿;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:tiⁿ-kóe). There is also another delicacy calledespasol with a taste similar to Japanesekinako mochi, though made with roasted rice flour (notkinako, roasted soy flour). The Philippines also has several steamed rice snacks with very similar names to mochi, includingmoche,mache, andmasi. These are small steamed rice balls with bean paste or peanut fillings. However, they are not derived from the Japanese mochi but are derivatives of the Chinesejian dui (calledbuchi in the Philippines). They are also made with the nativegalapong process, which mixes ground, slightly fermented cookedglutinous rice withcoconut milk.
InKorea,chapssal-tteok (Hangul:찹쌀떡) varieties are made of steamed glutinous rice or steamed glutinous rice flour.
InIndonesia,kue moci is usually filled with sweet bean paste and covered withsesame seeds.Kue moci comes fromSukabumi,West Java andSemarang,Central Java.[65] Another Indonesian mochi isyangko, aYogyakarta mochi made from glutinuous rice.[66] InPontianak, mochi is covered with ground peanut powder and the dish namedkaloci.[67]
InMalaysia,kuih kochi is made from glutinous rice flour and filled with coconut filling andpalm sugar. AnotherChinese Malaysian variant,loh mai chi is made with the same ingredients, but their fillings are filled with crushed peanuts.[68] There is alsokuih tepung gomak [ms], which has similar ingredients and texture to mochi but the size is larger. The snack is quite popular in the east coast of Malaysia.[69][70]
InSingapore,muah chee is made from glutinous rice flour and is usually coated with either crushed peanuts or black sesame seeds.[71]
InHawaii, a dessert variety called "butter mochi" is made with mochiko, butter, sugar, coconut, and other ingredients and then baked to make a sponge cake of sorts.[72][73]
Similar foods in other countries, region:
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Adapted from 'We Are La Cocina: Recipes in Pursuit of the American Dream,' by Caleb Zigas and Leticia Landa.
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