Alabama's only saltwater port, Mobile is located on theMobile River at the head ofMobile Bay on the north-centralGulf Coast.[11] ThePort of Mobile has always played a key role in the economic health of the city, beginning with the settlement as an important trading center between theFrench colonists andNative Americans, and now to its current role as the 12th-largest port in theUnited States.[12][13] During theAmerican Civil War, the city surrendered to Federal forces on April 12, 1865,[14] afterUnion victories at two forts protecting the city.
Considered one of theGulf Coast's cultural centers, Mobile has several art museums, a symphony orchestra, professional opera, professional ballet company, and a large concentration of historic architecture.[15][16] Mobile is known for havingMardi Gras, the oldest organizedCarnival celebration in the United States.Alabama's French Creole population celebrated this festival from the first decade of the 18th century. Beginning in 1830, Mobile was home to the first organized Carnivalmystic society to celebrate with a parade in the United States.[17]
The city named after the Mobile tribe that the French colonists encountered living aroundMobile Bay.[18] Although it is debated by Alabama historians, they may have been descendants of the Native American tribe from the small fortress town,Mabila, in central Alabama.[19] The Mobile tribe became allies with the French colonists and suggested the location for the original town of Mobile and a river fort.[20] The tribe's language was the basis forMobilian Jargon, a Choctaw-derivedlingua franca widely used to facilitate trade among the various Gulf Coast peoples.[21] About seven years after the founding of the French Mobile settlement, the Mobile tribe, along with the Tohomé, gained permission from the colonists to settle near the fort.[22]
Colonial
A reconstructed bastion of the Fort Condé
In 1702, French colonists founded theOld Mobile Site south of existing Native American villages on the Mobile River. TheFort Louis de la Louisiane was built on a bluff that today is 27 miles (43 km) upriver from theMobile River's mouth. The original town of Mobile was built on lower ground just downriver from the fort.[21]French Canadian brothersPierre Le Moyne d'Iberville andJean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville founded the site to establish control over France's claims toLa Louisiane. From 1702 to 1711, it was the French colonial capital.[23] Mobile's Roman Catholic parish was established on July 20, 1703, byJean-Baptiste de la Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier,Bishop of Quebec, and was the first French Catholic parish established on theGulf Coast.[24] In 1704, the shipPélican delivered 23 Frenchwomen to the colony, but passengers had contractedyellow fever at a stop inHavana; though most recovered, many colonists and neighboring Native Americans contracted the disease and died. Africanslaves were transported to Mobile on a supply ship from the French colony ofSaint-Domingue in theCaribbean.[25]
Disease and flooding plagued French colonists at the Old Mobile Site.[26] The colony grew to 279 persons by 1708 but shrank to 178 persons two years later.[24] Bienville ordered the settlement to relocate downriver and Mobile moved to its present location at the confluence of theMobile River andMobile Bay in 1711.[26] According to anthropologist Greg Waselkov, French colonists burned the Old Mobile Site to the ground, likely to prevent their enemies from occupying it.[27] An earth-and-palisade Fort Louis was constructed at the new site.[28] The capital ofLa Louisiane was moved in 1720 toBiloxi,[28] and Mobile became a regional military and trading center. In 1723 the construction of a new brick fort with a stone foundation began[28] and it was renamed Fort Condé in honor ofLouis Henri, Duke of Bourbon.[29]
The British promised religious tolerance to the French colonists, and 112 French colonists remained in Mobile.[32] The first permanent Jewish settlers came to Mobile in 1763 as a result of the new British rule and religious tolerance; Jews were not allowed to officially reside in colonial French Louisiana due to theCode Noir. Most colonial-era Jews in Mobile were merchants and traders from Sephardic Jewish communities inSavannah, Georgia andCharleston, South Carolina.[33] By 1766, the town's population was estimated to be 860 people, although the borders were smaller than during the French colonial period.[32] During theAmerican Revolutionary War, West Florida and Mobile became a refuge forloyalists fleeing the other colonies.[34]
While the British were fighting rebellious colonists along the Atlantic coast, theSpanish entered the war in 1779.[35] The Spanish wished to eliminate any British threat to their Louisiana colony west of the Mississippi River, which they had received from France in the 1763 Treaty of Paris.[34]Bernardo de Galvez, the Spanish Governor of Louisiana,[35] captured Mobile during theBattle of Fort Charlotte in 1780. Their actions were condoned by the revolting American colonies, partially evidenced by the presence of Oliver Pollack, representative of the American Continental Congress. Due to strong trade ties, many residents of Mobile andWest Florida remained loyal to theBritish Crown.[34][35] The Spanish renamed the fort as Fortaleza Carlota, and held Mobile as a part of SpanishWest Florida until 1813, when it was seized by United States GeneralJames Wilkinson during theWar of 1812.[36]
19th century
AHABS photo of the Southern Hotel on Water Street in 1934. It was completed in 1837 and demolished soon after this photograph was taken.
When Mobile was included in theMississippi Territory in 1813, the population had dwindled to roughly 300 people. The territory was split in 1817, and the eastern half, including the Mobile Bay area, became theAlabama Territory for two years before being admitted to the union as the state of Alabama. Mobile's population had increased to 809 by that time.[37] Mobile was well situated for trade, as its location tied it to a river system that served as the principal navigational access for most of Alabama and a large part of Mississippi. River transportation was aided by the introduction ofsteamboats in the early decades of the 19th century.[38] By 1822, the city's population had risen to 2,800.[37]
TheIndustrial Revolution in Great Britain created shortages of cotton, increasing prices on world markets.[39] Much land well suited to growing cotton lies in the vicinity of theMobile River, and its main tributaries theTombigbee andAlabama Rivers. Aplantation economy using slave labor developed in the region and Mobile's population quickly grew.[37] From the 1830s onward, Mobile expanded into a city of commerce focused on the cotton and slave trades. Slaves were transported by ship in thecoastwise slave trade from the Upper South. Many businesses in the city were related to the slave trade, and the city's booming businesses attracted merchants from the North; by 1850 10% of its population was fromNew York City, which was deeply involved in the cotton industry.[40]
Mobile was the slave-trading center of the state until the 1850s, when it was surpassed byMontgomery.[41] The prosperity stimulated a building boom that was underway by the mid-1830s. This was cut short in part by thePanic of 1837 andyellow fever epidemics.[42] The waterfront was developed with wharves, terminal facilities, and fireproof brick warehouses. The exports of cotton grew in proportion to the amounts being produced in theBlack Belt; by 1840 Mobile was second only toNew Orleans in cotton exports in the nation.[37] Mobile slaveholders owned relatively few slaves compared to planters in the uplandplantation areas, but many households had domestic slaves, and many other slaves worked on the waterfront and on riverboats. The last slaves to enter the United States from the African trade were brought to Mobile on the slave shipClotilda, includingCudjoe Lewis, who was the last survivor of the slave trade.[43]
Steamboats bound for inland Alabama and Mississippi being loaded at Mobile's dockyards
By 1860 Mobile's population within the city limits had reached 29,258 people; it was the 27th-largest city in the United States and 4th-largest in what would soon be theConfederate States of America.[44] The free population in the whole of Mobile County, including the city, consisted of 29,754 citizens, of which 1,195 werefree people of color.[45] Additionally, 1,785 slave owners in the county held 11,376 people in bondage, about one-quarter of the total county population of 41,130 people.[45]
On May 25, 1865, the city suffered great loss when some three hundred people died as a result of anexplosion at afederalammunition depot on Beauregard Street. The explosion left a 30-foot (9 m) deep hole at the depot's location, and sank ships docked on the Mobile River; the resulting fires destroyed the northern portion of the city.[48]
FederalReconstruction in Mobile began after the Civil War and effectively ended in 1874 when the localDemocrats gained control of the city government.[49] The last quarter of the 19th century was a time of economic depression and municipal insolvency for Mobile. One example can be provided by the value of Mobile's exports during this period of depression. The value of exports leaving the city fell from $9 million in 1878 to $3 million in 1882.[50]
The turn of the 20th century brought theProgressive Era to Mobile. The economic structure developed with new industries, generating new jobs and attracting a significant increase in population.[51] The population increased from around 40,000 in 1900 to 60,000 by 1920.[51] During this time the city received $3 million in federal grants for harbor improvements to deepen the shipping channels.[51] During and after World War I, manufacturing became increasingly vital to Mobile's economic health, with shipbuilding and steel production being two of the most important industries.[51]
During this time, social justice and race relations in Mobile worsened.[51] The state passed a new constitution in 1901 thatdisenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites; and the white Democratic-dominated legislature passed other discriminatory legislation. In 1902, the city government passed Mobile's firstracial segregation ordinance, segregating the city streetcars. It legislated what had been informal practice, enforced by convention.[51] Mobile's African-American population responded to this with a two-month boycott, but the law was not repealed.[51] After this, Mobile'sde facto segregation was increasingly replaced with legislated segregation as whites imposedJim Crow laws to maintainsupremacy.[51]
In 1911 the city adopted a commission form of government, which had three members elected byat-large voting. Considered to be progressive, as it would reduce the power of ward bosses, this change resulted in the elite white majority strengthening its power, as only the majority could gain election of at-large candidates. In addition, poor whites and blacks had already been disenfranchised. Mobile was one of the last cities to retain this form of government, which prevented smaller groups from electing candidates of their choice. But Alabama's white yeomanry had historically favoredsingle-member districts in order to elect candidates of their choice.[52]
Warehouse district at the port, 1932
Thered imported fire ant was first introduced into the United States via the Port of Mobile. Sometime in the late 1930s they came ashore off cargo ships arriving from South America. The ants were carried in the soil used as ballast on those ships.[53] They have spread throughout the South and Southwest.[54]
TheSSHat Creek, aT2 tanker completed by Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company in 1943. The company built 102 of these oil tankers during WWII.
DuringWorld War II, the defense buildup in Mobile shipyards resulted in a considerable increase in the city's white middle-class and working-class population, largely due to the massive influx of workers coming to work in the shipyards and atBrookley Army Air Field.[55] Between 1940 and 1943, more than 89,000 people moved into Mobile to work for war effort industries.[55]
In May 1943, arace riot broke out between whites and blacks. ADDSCO management had long maintained segregated conditions at the shipyards, although the Roosevelt administration had ordered defense contractors to integrate facilities. That year ADDSCO promoted 12 blacks to positions as welders, previously reserved for whites; and whites objected to the change by rioting on May 24. The mayor appealed to the governor to call in theNational Guard to restore order, but it was weeks before officials allowed African Americans to return to work.[57]
Post-WWII
In the late 1940s, the transition to the postwar economy was hard for the city, as thousands of jobs were lost at the shipyards with the decline in the defense industry. Eventually the city's social structure began to become more liberal. Replacing shipbuilding as a primary economic force, the paper and chemical industries began to expand. No longer needed for defense, most of the old military bases were converted to civilian uses. Following the war, in which many African Americans had served, veterans and their supporters stepped up activism to gain enforcement of their constitutional rights and social justice, especially in theJim Crow South. During the 1950s the City of Mobile integrated its police force andSpring Hill College accepted students of all races. Unlike in the rest of the state, by the early 1960s the city buses and lunch counters voluntarily desegregated.[55]
The Alabama legislature passed the Cater Act in 1949, allowing cities and counties to set up industrial development boards (IDB) to issue municipal bonds as incentives to attract new industry into their local areas. The city of Mobile did not establish a Cater Act board until 1962.George E. McNally, Mobile's first Republican mayor since Reconstruction, was the driving force behind the founding of the IDB. The Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce, believing its members were better qualified to attract new businesses and industry to the area, considered the new IDB as a serious rival. After several years of political squabbling, the Chamber of Commerce emerged victorious. While McNally's IDB prompted the Chamber of Commerce to become more proactive in attracting new industry, the chamber effectively shut Mobile city government out of economic development decisions.[58]
In 1963, three African-American students brought a case against the Mobile County School Board for being denied admission toMurphy High School.[59] This was nearly a decade after the United States Supreme Court had ruled inBrown v. Board of Education (1954) that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. The federal district court ordered that the three students be admitted to Murphy for the 1964 school year, leading to the desegregation of Mobile County's school system.[59]
Thecivil rights movement gained congressional passage of theCivil Rights Act of 1964 andVoting Rights Act of 1965, which increased the percentage of black residents able to vote,[60] ended multiple forms of segregation, and allowed the NAACP to return to Mobile.[61] However, the city's commission form of government withat-large voting resulted in all positions being elected by the white majority, as African Americans could not command a majority for their candidates in the informally segregated city.[62] Many forms ofde facto segregation persisted for decades.[63]
Downtown in 2008, as seen from Cooper Riverside Park. Buildings include (L to R): The Renaissance Mobile Riverview Plaza Hotel,RSA–BankTrust Building, Arthur C. Outlaw Convention Center, and theRSA Battle House Tower.
In 1969, the Department of Defense closedBrookley Air Force Base, dealing a blow to Mobile's economy. It affected about 10% of workers in the city.[64] In total, 16,000 people lost their jobs.[65]
Mobile's city commission form of government was challenged and finally overturned in 1982 inCity of Mobile v. Bolden, which was remanded by theUnited States Supreme Court to the district court. Finding that the city had adopted a commission form of government in 1911 andat-large positions with discriminatory intent, the court proposed that the three members of the city commission should be elected fromsingle-member districts, likely ending their division of executive functions among them. Mobile's state legislative delegation in 1985 finally enacted amayor-council form of government, with seven members elected fromsingle-member districts. This was approved by voters.[52] As white conservatives increasingly entered the Republican Party in the late 20th century, African-American residents of the city have elected members of the Democratic Party as their candidates of choice. Since the change to single-member districts, more women and African Americans were elected to the council than under the at-large system.[52]
Beginning in the late 1980s, newly elected mayorMike Dow and the city council began an effort termed the "String of Pearls Initiative" to make Mobile into a competitive city.[66] The city initiated construction of numerous new facilities and projects, and the restoration of hundreds of historic downtown buildings and homes.[66] City and county leaders also made efforts to attract new business ventures to the area.[67]
Geography
Mobile is located in the southwestern region of the U.S. state of Alabama.[68]
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 180.07 square miles (466.4 km2), with 139.48 square miles (361.3 km2) of it being land, and 40.59 square miles (105.1 km2), or 22.5% of the total, being covered by water.[4] The elevation in Mobile ranges from 10 feet (3 m) on Water Street in downtown[6] to 211 feet (64 m) at the Mobile Regional Airport.[69]
Flooding at the federal courthouse on Saint Joseph Street, three blocks from the waterfront, duringHurricane Katrina in 2005
Mobile's geographical location on theGulf of Mexico provides a mildsubtropical climate (KöppenCfa), with hot, humid summers and mild, rainy winters. The record low temperature was −1 °F (−18 °C), which was set on February 13, 1899.[73] The record high temperature is 106 °F (41 °C), which was set on 26 August 2023.[74]
A 2007 study determined that Mobile is the wettest city in the contiguous 48 states, with 66.3 inches (1,680 mm) of average annual rainfall over a 30-year period.[75] Mobile averages 120 days per year with at least 0.01 inches (0.3 mm) of rain. Precipitation is heavy year-round. On average, July and August are the wettest months, with frequent and often-heavy shower and thunderstorm activity. October is slightly drier than other months.Snow is rare in Mobile. From 1996 to 2017, the city did not see snowfall.[76]The most recent snowfall event occurredJanuary 21, 2025, which produced record-breaking accumulations of up to 8.5 inches within the city and near-blizzard conditions.[77][78] The snowfall event previous to this one was on December 8, 2017.[79]
Mobile has been affected by major tropical storms and hurricanes.[16] The city suffered a major natural disaster on the night of September 12, 1979, whenCategory-3Hurricane Frederic passed over the heart of the city. The storm caused tremendous damage to Mobile and the surrounding area.[80] Mobile had moderate damage fromHurricane Opal on October 4, 1995, andHurricane Ivan on September 16, 2004.[81]
Mobile suffered millions of dollars in damage fromHurricane Katrina on August 29, 2005, which damaged many Gulf Coast cities. A storm surge of 11.45 feet (3.49 m), topped by higher waves, damaged eastern sections of the city with extensive flooding in downtown, theBattleship Parkway, and the elevatedJubilee Parkway.[82]
In 2020, on the 16th anniversary of Ivan,Hurricane Sally became the first Hurricane since Ivan to directly hit Alabama. Although aCategory-2, Sally moved slowly through Alabama causing significant damage in its path. While the area was still recovering from Sally, a month laterHurricane Zeta struck the area as aCategory-3.[83]
In December 2012, the city suffered two major tornadoes. One touched down on December 20, and the other five days later.[90] On December 20, an EF1 tornado touched down nearDavidson High School and took a path ending in Prichard.[91] On December 25, 2012, at 4:54 pm, a largewedge tornado touched down.[90] It rapidly intensified as it moved north-northeast at speeds of up to 50 mph (80 km/h), causing damage or destruction to at least 100 structures inMidtown. The heaviest damage to houses was along Carlen Street, Rickarby Place, Dauphin Street,Old Shell Road, Margaret Street, Silverwood Street, and Springhill Avenue.[90] The second tornado was classified as anEF2 tornado by theNational Weather Service on December 26.[90] As a result of the significant damage from the tornado,Murphy High School students were transferred to nearbyClark-Shaw Magnet School to finish out the school year as repairs were being made to Murphy High. This increased the student body at the Clark-Shaw campus from 700 students to almost 3,000 students.[92]
As of the2020 census, there were 187,041 people, 77,772 households, and 45,953 families residing in the city.[96] Thepopulation density was 1,341.0 inhabitants per square mile (517.8/km2).[97] There were 89,215 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 40.12% White, 51.06% Black or African American, 0.27% Native American, 1.80% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, and 3.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 3.23% of the population.[98] After annexing areas west of the city in July 2023, Mobile's population increased to 204,689 residents, making it thesecond-most populous city in Alabama with onlyHuntsville having a larger population.[99] The annexation shifted racial demographics; Mobile became amajority-minority city with Black or African American residents remaining the largest racial group.[100]
A racial distribution map of Mobile, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people:White,Black,Asian,Hispanic orOther (yellow).
According toAmerican Values Atlas data published in 2014, the majority of the population were Christians, with 36% identifying as white evangelical Protestant, 18% identifying as black Protestant, 13% asmainline Protestant, and 7% as Catholic. 14% of the population identified as unaffiliated with any religion.[101] According to the 2024American Community Survey estimates, 19.7% of the population was under 18. The median age was 38.6. The average family size was 3.13 people. Themedian household income in Mobile was $50,156, while the median income for a family was $73,717. 15.2% of the population were living below the poverty line.[102]
Mobile city, Alabama – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Aerospace, steel, ship building, retail, services, construction, medicine, and manufacturing are Mobile's major industries. After several decades of economic decline, Mobile's economy began to rebound in the late 1980s. Between 1993 and 2003 roughly 13,983 new jobs were created as 87 new companies were founded and 399 existing companies were expanded.[106]
In 2005, Mobile'sAlabama State Docks completed the largest expansion in its history, increasing its container processing and storage facility, and its container storage at the docks by over 1,000% at a cost of over $300 million.[116] Despite the expansion and addition of two massive new cranes, the port went from 9th largest to the 12th largest by tonnage in the nation from 2008 to 2010.[13][117]
Shipbuilding increased substantially in 1999 with the founding ofAustal USA,[118] expanding its production facility for United States defense and commercial aluminum shipbuilding onBlakeley Island in 2005.[119]Atlantic Marine operated a major shipyard at the former Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company site onPinto Island. It was acquired by British defense conglomerateBAE Systems in May 2010 and renamedBAE Systems Southeast Shipyards. The company operates the site as a full-service shipyard, employing approximately 600 workers.[107][120][121]
Airbus Mobile Engineering Center at the Brookley Aeroplex in Mobile
AnAirbus A320 family aircraft assembly plant, their first in the United States, was opened in Mobile in 2015 for the assembly of the A319, A320 and A321 aircraft. In 2017 it produced up to 50 aircraft per year.[124][125][126] In August 2019, the assembly plant began production on the Airbus A220 model.[127][128]
Top employers
Shelby Hall, College of Engineering and the School of Computer and Information Sciences, at theUniversity of South Alabama
According to the City's 2024 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the largest employers in the city are:[129]
Unlike other Alabama cities, Mobile's French and Spanish colonial history has given it a culture distinguished by French, Spanish,Creole, African, and Catholic heritage, in addition to later British and American influences. The annualCarnival celebration,Mardi Gras, is an example of its differences. Mobile has the longest history of celebratingMardi Gras in the United States, dating to the early 18th century during the French colonial period.[132] Carnival in Mobile evolved over 300 years from a sedate French Catholic tradition to a mainstream multi-week celebration.[133] Mobile's official cultural ambassadors are theAzalea Trail Maids, meant to embody the ideals ofSouthern hospitality.[134]
The Carnival season has expanded throughout the late fall and winter:balls in the city may be scheduled as early as November, with theparades beginning after January 5 and the Twelfth Day of Christmas or Epiphany on January 6.[135][136] Carnival celebrations end at midnight onMardi Gras, which falls on the Tuesday beforeAsh Wednesday.[137] During the Carnival season,mystic societies build floats, parade through downtown, and toss small gifts to spectators.[138] They also hold formalmasquerade balls, usually by invitation only.[136]
Knights of Revelry parade on Royal Street in 2010
Carnival was first celebrated in Mobile in 1703 when colonial French Catholic settlers carried out their traditional celebration at theOld Mobile Site.[17] Mobile's first Carnival society was established in 1711 with theBoeuf Gras Society (Fatted Ox Society).[139] In 1830 Mobile's Cowbellion de Rakin Society was the first formally organized and masked mystic society in the United States to celebrate with a parade.[17][137] The Cowbellions began their parade with rakes, hoes, and cowbells.[137] They introduced horse-drawn floats in 1840. TheStriker's Independent Society, formed in 1843, is the oldest surviving mystic society in the United States.[139] Carnival celebrations were canceled during theAmerican Civil War.[140]
Mardi Gras parades were revived byJoe Cain in the 1860s. He paraded as a fictional "undefeated Chickasaw chief" supported by a band of "Lost Cause Minstrels" in defiance ofUnion-led Reconstruction.[141] Founded in 2004, the Conde Explorers in 2005 were the first integrated Mardi Gras society to parade in downtown Mobile. The Explorers were featured in the documentary,The Order of Myths (2008), byMargaret Brown about Mobile's Mardi Gras.[142][143]
Archives and libraries
The Ben May Main Library on Government Street
TheNational African American Archives and Museum features the history of African-American participation in Mardi Gras, slavery-era artifacts, and portraits and biographies of famous African Americans.[144] The Doy Leale McCall Rare Book and Manuscript Library at the University of South Alabama are open to the public and house primary sources relating to the history of the university, Mobile, and southern Alabama.[145][146] The Mobile Municipal Archives contains the extant city records, dating from the Mississippi Territory period.[147] The Mobile Genealogical Society Library and Media Center features handwritten manuscripts and published materials that are available for use in genealogical research.[148]
TheMobile Public Library system serves Mobile and consists of eight branches across Mobile County. Its local history and genealogy division is located near theBen May Main Library on Government Street.[149] The Saint Ignatius Archives, Museum and Theological Research Library contains primary sources, artifacts, documents, photographs and publications that pertain to the history of Saint Ignatius Church and School, the Catholic history of the city, and the history of the Roman Catholic Church.[150]
Arts and entertainment
The Mobile Museum of Art in 2010
TheMobile Museum of Art features permanent exhibits that span several centuries of art and culture. The museum was expanded in 2002 to approximately 95,000 square feet (8,826 m2).[151] The Centre for the Living Arts is an organization that operates the historicSaenger Theatre and Space 301, a contemporary art gallery. The Saenger Theatre opened in 1927 as amovie palace. Today it is a performing arts center, a small concert venue, and home to theMobile Symphony Orchestra.[152] TheCrescent Theater in downtown Mobile has shownarthouse films since 2008.[153]
TheMobile Civic Center contains three facilities under one roof. The 400,000 sq ft (37,161 m2) building has an arena, a theater, and an exposition hall. It is the primary concert venue for the city and home to theMobile Opera and Mobile Ballet.[16] A variety of events are held at the Arthur C. Outlaw Convention Center.[154]
The city has hosted theGreater Gulf State Fair, each October since 1955.[155] The city hostedBayFest, an annual three-day music festival, from 1995–2015.[156] Mobile also holds the Ten Sixty Five free music festival.[157]
The Mobile Chamber Music hosts various chamber musicians at the Laidlaw Performing Arts Center on the campus of the University of South Alabama and the Central Presbyterian Church.[158][159]
The Mobile Theatre Guild is a nonprofitcommunity theatre that has served the city since 1947. It is a member of theMobile Arts Council,[160] an umbrella organization for the arts in Mobile.[161] Mobile is also host to the Joe Jefferson Players, Alabama's oldest continually running community theatre. The group debuted on December 17, 1947, and was named in honor of comedic actorJoe Jefferson, who spent part of his teenage years in Mobile.[162]
Museums
TheUSS Alabama atBattleship Memorial ParkThe Vincent-Doan House, home to the Mobile Medical Museum, is one of the oldest extant houses in the city.
Battleship Memorial Park is a military park on the shore of Mobile Bay. It features the World War II erabattleshipUSS Alabama, the World War II erasubmarineUSS Drum,Korean War andVietnam War Memorials, and historical military equipment.[163] The Fort of Colonial Mobile is a reconstruction of the city's original Fort Condé, built on the original fort's footprint. It serves as the official welcome center and a colonial-era living history museum.[28]
TheHistory Museum of Mobile showcases centuries of local history in theOld City Hall.[164] The Phoenix Fire Museum in the restored Phoenix Volunteer Fire Company Number 6 building covers fire companies dating to 1838.[165] The Mobile Police Department Museum chronicles the history of the city's law enforcement.[166] The Mobile Medical Museum in the French colonial-style Vincent-Doan House chronicles the history of medicine in the city.[167] TheMobile Carnival Museum houses the city'sMardi Gras history and memorabilia.[168]
TheGulf Coast Exploreum Science Center is a non-profit science center located in downtown.[173] TheDauphin Island Sea Lab is located south of the city, on Dauphin Island near the mouth ofMobile Bay.[174] On the University of South Alabama campus is the USA Archaeology Museum hosting artifacts from throughout the Gulf Coast region.[175] Airbus has an aerospace museum named Flightworks.[176] In the oldPress-Register building, there is the Alabama Contemporary Art Center, which contains artworks by living artists.[177][178]
The Carlen House is an example of the Creole cottage style found along the Gulf Coast
Mobile has surviving antebellum architectural examples of theCreole cottage,Greek Revival,Gothic Revival, andItalianate styles.[179] The earliest homes and fortifications were simple wooden structures, elevated onpilings driven into the frequently soaked soil. Early cottages, similar to those in other French settlements, were built as rows of two or three separate rooms each with a front and rear door that often opened onto an external porch running the length of the home. Kitchens were separate buildings. Some of these wooden structures rotted away in the 1700s.[180] Fires in 1827 and 1839 destroyed the city's remaining wooden colonial architecture.[181]
Mobile City Hospital was built in the Greek Revival style.
Wood continued to be used for nearly all homes in the 1800s, and the colonial cottages evolved into what became known as theCreole cottage in the 1840s. Creole cottages, such as theCarlen House, have front and rear porches covered by the roof. They run parallel to the street, often with a chimney at either end.[180] The 1827 fire and an economic boom in the 1830s allowed much of the city to be rebuilt, often in the optimistic and then-popularGreek Revival style. Structures like theMobile City Hospital were built on an imposing scale with rounddoric columns in their facades.[182] A simplified Gothic Revival style gained popularity in the 1850s, withcresting along some rooflines and simpletracery framing the windows.[183] TheItalianate style emerged before the Civil War and thrived after it. Italianate detailing can be seen in surviving examples such as theMartin Horst House, with itscast iron rails, elaborate exterior molding, bracketedeaves, andparapet around thehipped roof.[184] Italianate storefronts became common in downtown Mobile until they were surpassed by the Victorian style in the late 1800s.[185] Victorian cottages with board-and-batten siding also became popular in the late 1800s, but few survive.[186] The city's lone example of theEgyptian Revival style is theScottish Rite Temple, with Egyptian motifs, including obelisks and sphinxes.[187] Other architectural styles in the city includeshotgun houses,Colonial Revival,Tudor Revival,Spanish Colonial Revival, andBeaux-Arts.[179]
ThePincus Building in the Lower Dauphin Street Historic District
Football is the most popular spectator sport in the state.[194] Alabama has never had a top-level professional football team in theNFL,[195] but Mobile is one of several Alabama cities with a college football tradition.[196] Mobile has been home to theSenior Bowl since 1951, featuring the best college seniors inNCAA football.[197]
The68 Ventures Bowl, originally known as the Mobile Alabama Bowl and later the GMAC Bowl, GoDaddy.com Bowl, Dollar General Bowl, and LendingTree Bowl, has been played at Hancock Whitney Stadium since 2021. The game was originally played at Ladd–Peebles Stadium from 1999 to 2020. It features opponents from theSun Belt andMid-American conferences.[200] Since 1988, Ladd–Peebles Stadium has hosted the Alabama-Mississippi All-Star Classic. The top graduating high school seniors from their respective states compete each June.[201]
The University of South Alabama in Mobile established a football team in 2007, which went undefeated in its 2009 inaugural season. Their program moved to Division I/FBS in 2013 as a member of theSun Belt Conference. The team currently plays at Hancock Whitney Stadium, after playing at Ladd-Peebles Stadium prior to the start of the 2020 Season.[202]
Mobile has been home toMinor League Baseball teams from the late nineteenth century to 2019. ThreeSouthern League teams operated out of Mobile intermittently in the nineteenth century: the Swamp Angels, Blackbirds, and Bluebirds. In the twentieth century, several teams, each called the Bears, operated at different times.[203] Mobile'sHank Aaron Stadium was the home of the Minor LeagueMobile BayBears from 1997 to 2019.[204]
Entrance to the Mitchell Center at the University of South Alabama
South Alabama basketball is a mid-major team in the Sun Belt Conference. They play their home games at theMitchell Center.[205] The Archbishop Lipscomb Athletic Complex is home ofAFC Mobile, which is aNational Premier Soccer League team.[206] The public Mobile Tennis Center includes over 50 courts, all lighted and hard-court.[207]
Mobile is home to theAzalea Trail Run, which races through historic midtown and downtown Mobile. This 10k run has been an annual event since 1978.[210] The Azalea Trail Run is one of the premier 10k road races in the United States, attracting runners from all over the world.[211]
TheMobile Botanical Gardens feature a variety of flora spread over 100 acres (40 ha). It contains the Millie McConnellRhododendron Garden with 1,000 evergreen and native azaleas and the 30-acre (12 ha)Longleaf Pine Habitat.[212]Bellingrath Gardens and Home, located onFowl River, is a 65-acre (26 ha)botanical garden and historic 10,500-square-foot (975 m2) mansion that dates to the 1930s.[213] The 5 Rivers Delta Resource Center is a facility that allows visitors to learn about and access theMobile,Tensaw,Apalachee,Middle,Blakeley, andSpanish rivers.[214] It was established to serve as an easily accessible gateway to theMobile-Tensaw River Delta.[215] It offers boat and adventure tours, a small theater, an exhibit hall, meeting facilities, walking trails, and a canoe and kayak landing.[216]
Mobile has more than 45 public parks within its limits, with some that are of special note.[217]Bienville Square is a historic park in the Lower Dauphin Street Historic District. It assumed its current form in 1850 and is named for Mobile's founder, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville.[218] It was once the principal gathering place for residents, when the city was smaller, and remains popular today.Cathedral Square is a one-block performing arts park, also in the Lower Dauphin Street Historic District, which is overlooked by theCathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception.[219]
Spanish Plaza is a downtown park that honors the Spanish phase of the city between 1780 and 1813. It features theArches of Friendship, a fountain presented to Mobile by the city ofMálaga, Spain.[220]Langan Park, the largest of the parks at 720 acres (291 ha), features lakes, natural spaces, and contains theMobile Museum of Art, Azalea City Golf Course,Mobile Botanical Gardens and Playhouse in the Park.[217]
Government Plaza in Mobile, seat of government for the city and the county
Since 1985 the government of Mobile has consisted of a mayor and a seven-membercity council.[221] The council members are elected from each of the seven city councilsingle-member districts (SMDs). Asupermajority of five votes is required to conduct most council business.[222]
This form of city government was chosen by the voters after the previous form of government, which had three city commissioners, each elected at-large, was ruled in 1975 to substantially dilute the minority vote and violate theVoting Rights Act inBolden v. City of Mobile. The three at-large commissioners each required a majority vote to win. Due to appeals, the case took time to reach settlement and establishment of a new electoral system.[223] Municipal elections are held every four years and are nonpartisan.[224]
Mobile City Council districts District 1 District 2 District 3 District 4 District 5 District 6 District 7
Sam Jones was elected in 2005 as the first African-American mayor of Mobile. He was re-elected for a second term in 2009 without opposition.[225] His administration continued the focus on downtown redevelopment and bringing industries to the city. He ran for a third term in 2013 but was defeated bySandy Stimpson. Stimpson took office on November 4, 2013, and was re-elected on August 22, 2017 and again on August 24, 2021.[226][227]Spiro Cheriogotis was elected to become mayor when Stimpson's term ends on November 2, 2025.[228]
Mobile city has 2,167 employees. Of the property tax paid in the city, 11% goes to the city, 32% goes to the county, 10% goes to the state, and 47% goes to the school districts. The city has a 5% sales tax. For 2024, the city received $281.7 million in sales tax, $34.5 million in property tax, and $90.1 million dollars for services such as business licenses. The total revenue for the city was $514.3 million, and the total expenditures was $455.3 million for 2024.[229]
Public schools in Mobile are operated by theMobile County Public School System (MCPSS). MCPSS has an enrollment of approximately 52,000 students at 92 schools, employs approximately 7,200 public school employees,[230][231] and had a budget in 2024–2025 of $843 million.[232] The State of Alabama operates theAlabama School of Mathematics and Science on Dauphin Street in Mobile, which boards advanced Alabama high school students. It was founded in 1989 to identify, challenge, and educate future leaders.[233]
TheUniversity of South Alabama is a public,doctoral-level university established in 1963.[236]Faulkner University is a four-year privateChurch of Christ-affiliated university based inMontgomery, Alabama. Faulkner founded the Mobile campus in 1975 and offers bachelor's degrees[237] and associate degrees.[238]Spring Hill College, chartered in 1830, was the first Catholic college in the southeastern United States and is the third oldestJesuit college in the country.[239] Spring Hill College is a four-year private college with graduate programs[240] and undergraduate divisions.[241]
Mobile'sPress-Register is Alabama's oldest active newspaper, first published in 1813.[244] The paper focuses onMobile andBaldwin counties and the city of Mobile, but also serves southwestern Alabama and southeastern Mississippi.[244] Mobile's alternative newspaper is theLagniappe which was founded on the 24th of July 2002.[245]Visit Mobile is a marketing agency website that is focused on tourism in Mobile.[246]
A total of 43 FM radio stations and 12 AM radio stations are located around the Mobile area and provide signals sufficiently strong to serve Mobile.[249]FourteenFM radio stations transmit from Mobile:WAVH,WBHY,WBLX,WDLT,WHIL,WKSJ, WKSJ-HD2,WLVM,WMXC,WMXC-HD2,WQUA,WRKH,WRKH-HD2, andWZEW. NineAM radio stations transmit from Mobile:WBHY,WABF,WGOK,WIJD,WLPR,WMOB,WNGL,WNTM, andWXQW. The content ranges from Christian Contemporary toHip hop toTop 40.[250] In fall 2025,Nielsen ranked Mobile's radio market as the 101st in the US.[251]
The city was served byAmtrak'sSunset Limited passenger train service until 2005, when the service was suspended due to the effects ofHurricane Katrina.[254][255] However, efforts to restart passenger rail service between Mobile andNew Orleans were revived in 2019 by the 21-member Southern Rail Commission after receiving a $33 million Federal Railroad Administration grant in June of that year.[256] Louisiana quickly dedicated its $10 million toward the project, and Mississippi initially balked before committing its $15 million sum but GovernorKay Ivey resisted committing the estimated $2.7 million state allocation from Alabama because of concerns regarding long-term financial commitments and potential competition with freight traffic from thePort of Mobile.[257]
The Winter of 2019 was marked by repeated postponement of votes by the Mobile City Council as it requested more information on how rail traffic from the port would be impacted and where the Amtrak station would be built as community support for the project became more vocal, especially amongmillennials.[258] A day before a deadline in the federal grant matching program being used to fund the project, the city council committed about $3 million in a 6–1 vote.[259]
About $2.2 million was still needed for infrastructure improvements and the train station must still be built before service begins. Potential locations for the station include at the foot ofGovernment Street in downtown and in theMobile Aeroplex at Brookley, which was favored by thePort of Mobile.[260] Eventually, it was determined that a pocket track and a platform would be constructed for service to resume.[261] On July 1, 2025, Amtrak announced that the new train, dubbed theMardi Gras Service, would begin on August 18, 2025, with two daily return trips.[262]
Two majorinterstate highways and a spur converge in Mobile.Interstate 10 runs northeast to southwest across the city, whileInterstate 65 starts in Mobile at Interstate 10 and runs north.Interstate 165 connects to Interstate 65 north of the city inPrichard and joins Interstate 10 in downtown Mobile.[263] Mobile is well served by many major highway systems. US HighwaysUS 31,US 43,US 45,US 90, andUS 98 radiate from Mobile traveling east, west, and north. Mobile has three routes east across the Mobile River and Mobile Bay into neighboringBaldwin County. Interstate 10 leaves downtown through theGeorge Wallace Tunnel under the river and then over the bay across theJubilee Parkway toSpanish Fort andDaphne. US 98 leaves downtown through theBankhead Tunnel under the river, ontoBlakeley Island, and then over the bay across theBattleship Parkway into Spanish Fort. US 90 travels over theCochrane–Africatown USA Bridge to the north of downtown onto Blakeley Island, where it becomes co-routed with US 98.[263]
Mobile's public transportation is theWave Transit System which features buses with 18 fixed routes and neighborhood service.[264] Baylinc is a public transportation bus service provided by the Baldwin Rural Transit System in cooperation with the Wave Transit System that provides service between easternBaldwin County and downtown Mobile. Baylinc operates Monday through Friday.[265]Greyhound Lines provides intercity bus service between Mobile and many locations throughout the United States. Mobile is served by several taxi and limousine services.[266]
To leverage Mobile's waterways for recreational use, The Three Mile Creek Greenway Trail is being designed and implemented under the instruction of the City Council. The linear park will ultimately span seven miles, fromLangan (Municipal) Park to Dr. Martin Luther King Junior Avenue, and include trailheads, sidewalks, and bike lanes. The existing greenway is centered at Tricentennial Park.[267]
ThePort of Mobile has public deepwater terminals with direct access to 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of inland and intracoastal waterways serving theGreat Lakes, theOhio andTennessee river valleys (via theTennessee-Tombigbee Waterway), and theGulf of Mexico.[253] The Alabama State Port Authority owns and operates the public terminals at the Port of Mobile.[253] The public terminals handlecontainerized, bulk, breakbulk,roll-on/roll-off, and heavy-lift cargoes.[253] The port is also home to private bulk terminal operators, as well as a number of highly specialized shipbuilding and repair companies with two of the largest floating dry docks on the Gulf Coast.[253]
The city was a home port forcruise ships fromCarnival Cruise Lines.[269] The first cruise ship to call the port home was theHoliday, which left the city in November 2009 so that a larger and newer ship could take its place. TheCarnival Fantasy operated from Mobile from then on until theCarnival Elation arrived in May 2010.[270] In early 2011, Carnival announced that despite fully booked cruises, the company would cease operations from Mobile in October 2011. This cessation of cruise service left the city with an annualdebt service of around two million dollars related to the terminal.[271] In September 2015, Carnival announced that theCarnival Fantasy was relocating from Miami, Florida, to Mobile and would offer four- and five-night cruises to Mexico that started in November 2016 through November 2017.[272] Her first departure from Mobile left on November 9, 2016, on a five-night cruise to Cozumel and Progreso.Carnival Fascination will be replacingCarnival Fantasy in 2022.[273]<
Utilities
Big Creek Lake (left) and Mobile Bay (right) from space
Natural gas has been used in Mobile since 1836 when natural gas was used for lighting. Between 1933 and 2016 natural gas was provided byMobile Gas.[274] In 2016,Spire Inc. bought EnergySouth, Inc, the parent company of Mobile Gas and has been provide the service to the surrounding community since then.[275][276]
The water for Mobile is provided by Mobile Area Water and Sewer System (MAWSS). When MAWSS was founded in 1814, it used Three-Mile Creek to provide water to the city.[277] In 1952, MAWSS constructed a dam at Tanner Williams road to block Big Creek stream creatingBig Creek Lake, a water reservoir for the city and the surrounding area.[278]
In 1884 with the demonstration of an incandescent lightbulb, Mobile Electric Company began providing electricity to the city as an alternative lighting method. In 1925,Alabama Power bought the Mobile Electric Company.[279] Electricity is still available from Alabama Power to this day.[275] Alabama Power owns and operatesJames M. Barry Electric Generating Plant, fueled by coal and natural gas, and Theodore Cogen Facility, fueled by natural gas. These two power plants generate a total capacity of 3,519,870 kW for the surrounding communities.[280]
Healthcare
Mobile Infirmary Medical Center
Mobile serves the central Gulf Coast as a regional center for medicine.[281] The 200-year-old Mobile County Health Department (MCHD) provides education and preventive health services to Mobile and surrounding areas.[282] Infirmary Health is Alabama's largest nonprofit, non-governmental health care system. It includes their flagship hospital Mobile Infirmary, two emergency centers and three outpatient surgery centers. Mobile Infirmary is the largest nonprofit hospital in the state.[283][284]
USA Health Providence Hospital
University of South Alabama Health (USA Health) operates 30 locations in the Mobile area, including three hospitals:USA Health Providence Hospital, the Children's & Women's Hospital, and University Hospital.[283] Providence Hospital was founded in 1854 by theDaughters of Charity.[284] In 2023, USA Health acquired Providence Hospital from its private Catholic ownership.[285] The University of South Alabama Medical Center was founded in 1830 as the old city-ownedMobile City Hospital and associated medical school. A teaching hospital, it is designated as Mobile's onlylevel I trauma center by theAlabama Department of Public Health[284][286][287] and is also a regional burn center.[288] Children's & Women's Hospital is dedicated exclusively to the care of women and minors.[288] In 2008, the University of South Alabama opened the Mitchell Cancer Center Institute, which includes the first academic cancer research center in the central Gulf Coast region.[289]
BayPointe Hospital and Children's Residential Services is the city's only psychiatric hospital. It houses a residential unit for children, an acute unit for children and adolescents, and an age-segregated involuntary hospital unit for adults undergoing evaluation ordered by the Mobile Probate Court.[290] Springhill Medical Center was founded in 1975 and is Mobile's only for-profit facility.[288]
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^Turner-Neal, Chris (August 30, 2022)."Old Mobile".64 Parishes. Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities.
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^abcdeThomason, Michael (2001).Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp. 213–217.ISBN0-8173-1065-7.
^Bill Patterson, "The Founding of the Industrial Development Board of the City of Mobile: The Port City's Reluctant Use of Subsidies",Gulf South Historical Review 2000 15(2): 21–40,
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^Gould, Elizabeth Barrett (1988).From Fort to Port: An Architectural History of Mobile, Alabama, 1711–1918. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp. 57–60.
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