Mishloach manot (Hebrew:משלוח מנות[miʃˈlo.aχmaˈnot], literally, 'sending of portions'; also spelled and pronouncedmishloach manos), orsh(a)lach mones (Yiddish:שלח־מנותYiddish pronunciation:[ʃ(a)ɫaχˈmɔnəs]), also called aPurim basket, are gifts of food or drink that are sent to family, friends and others onPurim day. Themitzvah of giving mishloach manot derives from theBook of Esther. It is meant to ensure that everyone has enough food for the Purim feast held later in the day, and to increase love and friendship among Jews and their neighbors.
According to thehalakha, every Jew over the age ofBar and Bat Mitzvah should send a food gift consisting of two different types of food to at least one recipient.[1] The practice is a fairly prominent feature of Purim.
InIsrael, it is a fairly common practice to send mishloach manot toIsrael Defense Forces soldiers; it is usually done by the relatives of said soldiers, though children also send mishloach manot often to unrelated soldiers.
The mitzvah of giving mishloach manot is derived from theBook of Esther, which enjoins the Jewish people to observe the days of Purim "as days of feasting and gladness, and sending portions of food to one another, and gifts to the poor" (9:22). This verse refers to three different mitzvot: eating a Purim meal, the sending of two different, ready-to-eat foods and/or drinks to one friend (known by the Hebrew term,mishloach manot), and the distribution of two charitable donations (either money or food) to two poor people.
In actual practice, many individuals fulfill the first mitzvah themselves (by sending food gifts to friends, neighbors, relatives, etc.), and the second mitzvah by contributing to charitable organisations which distribute money or food to the poor on Purim day.[citation needed]
Poor people are also required to give mishloach manot. One who cannot afford to buy food for his friend may exchange his own food with that of his friend—this fulfills both their obligations.[2]
This mitzvah can only fulfilled by giving food. Money or other material items cannot suffice.[2]
The following halachot apply to the giving of mishloach manot:
Mishloach manot can include any food or beverage (except water) that is ready to eat or drink. A bottle of soft drinks or a bag of potato chips fulfills this criterion; raw meat or a package of uncooked grains does not.[3] Mishloach manot baskets typically include wine and pastries (especiallyhamentashen); alternatively, cooked dishes, canned foods, salads, snack foods, sweets and fruits may be sent. Though a common perception holds that the two foods of mishloach manot must carry differentbrachot (blessings), this has no source in halakha. One may give two different types of fruits, such as an apple and an orange, but not two of the same fruit, such as two apples.[3]
The amount of food in each mishloach manot package should reflect the standards of both the giver and the receiver. A wealthy person should send a nicer package to his recipients than would a poor person. Similarly, one should send a nicer portion to a wealthy person than to a poor person.[3]
Terumat Hadeshen ofIsrael Isserlein requires the foods to be fit for use at the festive Purim meal, held later in the day, as this is the purpose of mishloach manot. Some cite theManot Halevi ofShlomo Halevi Alkabetz, who states that the purpose is merely to "increase peace and friendship", as a defence to their sending foods such as candy, pretzels and similar treats to fulfill their requirement.Tzvi Pesach Frank asserts that the position of theManot Halevi is not to be taken as a counter to that of theTerumat Hadeshen, but rather in addition to it.
The sending of mishloach manot has also evolved into afundraising device by many Jewish organisations and institutions.Synagogues, Jewish schools and youth organizations run "Mishloach Manot Fundraisers" which coordinate the sending of food baskets to their various members, accompanied by a card listing the names of other members who contributed toward the gift. Each member submits a list of the names he wishes to send to, along with a set fee to the organisation for each name, thus netting the organisation a small profit. In this way, an individual can fulfill his social obligations to many fellow members without having to buy, wrap and deliver the food gift personally.
Other charitable groups collect outright donations and, in return, send the donor cards which he can send to his own recipients. A £10 donor might receive three cards, while a £20 donor receives six, etc. Donors sign and mail the pre-printed cards, which state, "In lieu of mishloach manot, a donation has been made in your name to such-and-such organisation." While such a donation does not qualify as fulfillment of the mitzvah of mishloach manot, it is used by many people as a solution to the challenge of having to give food baskets to all the people they know.
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