Miriam Defensor Santiago | |
|---|---|
.JPG) Defensor Santiago in 2015 | |
| Senator of the Philippines | |
| In office June 30, 2004 – June 30, 2016 | |
| In office June 30, 1995 – June 30, 2001 | |
| Judge of the International Criminal Court | |
| In office March 11, 2012 – June 4, 2014 | |
| Nominated by | Philippines |
| Appointed by | Assembly of States Parties |
| Succeeded by | Raul Pangalangan |
| Chair of theSenate Foreign Relations Committee | |
| In office July 22, 2013 – June 30, 2016 | |
| Preceded by | Loren Legarda |
| Succeeded by | Alan Peter Cayetano |
| 4th Secretary of Agrarian Reform | |
| In office July 20, 1989 – January 4, 1990 | |
| President | Corazon Aquino |
| Preceded by | Philip Ella Juico |
| Succeeded by | Florencio Abad |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Miriam Palma Defensor (1945-06-15)June 15, 1945 Iloilo City, Philippines |
| Died | September 29, 2016(2016-09-29) (aged 71) Taguig, Philippines |
| Resting place | Loyola Memorial Park, Marikina |
| Political party | People's Reform Party (1991–2016) |
| Spouse | |
| Children | Narciso III Alexander Robert |
| Education | University of the Philippines Visayas (BA) University of the Philippines Diliman (LLB) University of Michigan (LLM,SJD) Maryhill School of Theology (MA) |
| Signature |  |
| Website | Official website |
Miriam Palma Defensor-SantiagoGCSQSC (June 15, 1945 – September 29, 2016) was a Filipino scholar, academic, lawyer, judge, author, stateswoman, and politician who served in all three branches of thePhilippine government: judicial, executive, and legislative. Defensor Santiago was known for being a long servingsenator of the Philippines and an elected judge of theInternational Criminal Court. She is the sole female recipient of the Philippines' highest national honor, theQuezon Service Cross.
In 1988, Defensor Santiago was named laureate of theRamon Magsaysay Award for government service, with a citation for bold and moral leadership in cleaning up agraft-ridden government agency. After being appointed byPresident Corazon Aquino assecretary of agrarian reform from 1989 to 1990, she ran in the1992 presidential election but was defeated in events that involved a car crash injury and power outages during voting process. Defensor Santiago would then serve three terms in the Philippine Senate. After former presidentJoseph Estrada was arrested on April 25, 2001, she was among the politicians who spoke againstEDSA II at pro-Estrada rallies that preceded theMay 1 riot nearMalacañang Palace.
In 2012, Defensor Santiago was elected as a judge of theInternational Criminal Court. She later resigned the post, citingchronic fatigue syndrome. On October 13, 2015, Defensor Santiagodeclared her third candidacy forpresident of the Philippines in the2016 election after her doctors from the United States declared her cancer "stable" and "receded" but lost the election. She died from complications from her cancer on September 29, 2016, and was buried days later at Loyola Memorial Park inMarikina. In December 2018, the prestigiousQuezon Service Cross was posthumously conferred upon Defensor Santiago, making her the first woman and the sixth person ever to be awarded. Defensor Santiago was known as the "Iron Lady of Asia". She is colloquially known in Philippine pop culture as simply Miriam or MDS and is cited for her dedication to public service in the Philippine government.
Defensor Santiago was born Miriam Palma Defensor inIloilo City to Benjamin Defensor, a local judge, and Dimpna Palma, a college dean as the eldest of seven children on June 15, 1945. She was class valedictorian in grade school, high school, and undergraduate school.[1][2] She graduated high school in Iloilo Provincial High School.[a] In 1965, Defensor Santiago graduated with aBachelor of Arts degree in political science,magna cum laude from the thenUniversity of the Philippines College Iloilo. After graduation, she was elected to thePi Gamma Mu andPhi Kappa Phi honor societies.[3] She proceeded to theUniversity of the Philippines College of Law. There, she was champion in numerous oratorical contests, debates, and topped written examinations.[4] She became the first female editor of the student newspaper,The Philippine Collegian, and was twice appointedReserve Officers' Training Corps muse.[4][5] She graduated with aBachelor of Laws,cum laude, from theUniversity of the Philippines College of Law inDiliman.[4][6]
Defensor Santiago went on a fellowship to theUnited States and earned theMaster of Laws andDoctor of Juridical Science degrees at theUniversity of Michigan, studying there from 1974 to 1976.[3][4] Following her fellowship, she studied in numerous schools includingOxford.Harvard,Cambridge,The Hague Academy of International Law, and theSophia University.[4] In Oxford, she was a research fellow atSt. Hilda's College.[7] At Cambridge, she was a research fellow at the Lauterpacht Research Centre for International Law.[8] When she was already a senator, she earned the Master of Religious Studies degree at theMaryhill School of Theology.[4] Her inspiration to become a lawyer and legislator growing up wasArturo Tolentino; she gained experience by being mentored by him.[9]
Defensor Santiago served as a special assistant at theDepartment of Justice before themartial law under Ferdinand Marcos.[10] In the position, she served as one of Marcos' speechwriters.[4] Defensor Santiago served as Legal Officer of theUnited Nations High Commissioner for Refugees atGeneva, Switzerland. She was assigned to the Conferences and Treaties Section and gained experience at treaty negotiation and drafting. She resigned her position when her father developedprostate cancer.[11]
In 1983, Defensor Santiago was appointed judge of theRegional Trial Court (RTC) of Quezon City. She was the youngest judge appointed to Metro Manila, exempt from the rule for newcomers to be appointed to provinces outside Metro Manila. The Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation said she handled a record 50 cases a month by avoiding delays and postponements.[12][4] She also disposed of the highest number of cases in Metro Manila.[4]
Defensor Santiago's decision against martial law drew public attention. At that time, alleged illegal public assemblies were declared as crimes and were punishable by death. A group of activist students from the University of the Philippines and Ateneo, as well as activists in the film industry, staged a rally in a central business district, and denounced the First Lady for her excesses. This caused Marcos to issue an order which authorized the military to hold suspects indefinitely without bail. Defensor Santiago suspended hearings on all other pending cases and conducted whole-day trials. She eventually ordered the military to allow the students to post bail.[4]
After martial law ended, PresidentCorazon Aquino appointed Defensor Santiago as commissioner of theBureau of Immigration and Deportation in 1988.[4] According toThe New York Times, the BID was one of the most corrupt government agencies in Southeast Asia. Defensor Santiago declared the Philippines as "the fake passport capital of the world", and directed raids against criminal syndicates, including theYakuza. She filled the CID detention center with alien criminals and ordered construction of another detention center. She protected legal aliens from extortion by requesting President Aquino to issue an executive order that authorized the "alien legalization program".[13] She received serious death threats but proclaimed: "I eat death threats for breakfast".[4][14] A member of the House of Representatives, Laguna Rep. Nereo Joaquin delivered a privilege speech in 1992 and denounced her raids against pedophile communities in Central Luzon run by alien pedophiles. Defensor Santiago responded by calling him "fungus face".[14]
President Aquino promoted Defensor-Santiago to a member of her cabinet asSecretary of Agrarian Reform in 1989.[15] She eventually returned to private citizenship.[16] She served as the chair of the Presidential Agrarian Reform Council Executive Committee in 1989.[6]
Defensor Santiago's candidacy for President of the Philippines was confirmed on February 19, 1990.[17] She ran under thePeople's Reform Party (PRP) with a senatorial ticket of 16 candidates during the 1992 presidential campaign;[18]: 167 Ramon Magsaysay Jr. was her running mate.[19] Due to a lack of funding, she called on university students to campaignhouse-to-house for her. She had a large fanbase during her campaigns and rallies.[4] While campaigning on April 28, 1991, she was injured in a car crash, which she claimed was an assassination attempt. According to Cynthia Balana ofPhilippine Daily Inquirer, she was stationed at theV. Luna General Hospital.[20][21] She eventually went to theMetropolitan Hospital College of Nursing. At the hospital, a Catholic priest administered the last rites of the dying. Two months later, she recovered and continued campaigning. When she continued campaigning, numerous presidential surveys including ones from theSocial Weather Stations and theUniversity of Santo Tomas predicted her as the winner.[21] Since Defensor Santiago did not have funding, her youth supporters served as poll watchers in precincts. During the first televised presidential debates in the election, she won the award of "Best Debater".[4]
Defensor Santiago was leading the canvassing of votes for the first five days.[22] Following a string of power outages,[23] the tabulation concluded, and Ramos was declared president-elect with a vote count of 5,342,521, 23.6 percent of the votes. Defensor Santiago, on the other hand, gained a smaller 4,468,173 votes, 19.7 percent of the votes.[18]: 167 According to theSenate of the Philippines, 100 candidates from the PRP won; inWestern Visayas, her home region, she won 98 percent of the votes. Defensor Santiago filed a protest before the Supreme Court as electoral tribunal, citing the power outages during the counting of votes as evidence of massive fraud. Her election protest was eventually dismissed on a technicality.[4][24] Public outrage over the presidential results promptedNewsweek to feature her and her rival on the cover with the question: "Was the Election Fair?" In another cover story,Philippines Free Press magazine asked: "Who's the Real President?". The quote, "Miriam won in the elections but lost in the counting" became popularized due to her loss.[4]
Defensor Santiago was first elected senator in 1995. She was among the yearly topnotchers by the number of bills filed.[4] She ran in the1998 Philippine presidential election and did not field senatorial candidates. In the election, she gained 7th place out of 10 candidates with 797,206 votes, serving as 3 percent of the votes.[18][25] In 2000, she filed in the Senate the first version of the anti-discrimination bill which would later become theSOGIE Equality Bill.[26] She was one of the few senators who were against the opening of the second envelope—an envelope which allegedly contained evidence against then-PresidentJoseph Estrada—during Estrada's impeachment trial; he was her foe in the 1998 presidential elections. She said afterwards:[27]
At that time, I wanted to apply the rules of court technically. Since there is no allegation of wrongdoing in connection with the notorious second envelope, I voted that we should not open the second envelope until and after the complaint had already been amended [...] I was among those demonized because I voted against the opening of the second envelope –dahil ang paniwala ng taong bayan, kung ayaw namin buksan ang second envelopena 'yan, may tinatago kami. (transl. because in the belief of the masses if we don't want to open the envelope, then we are hiding something.)
— [27]
Estrada was ousted in theSecond EDSA Revolution in January 2001 and succeeded by Vice PresidentGloria Macapagal Arroyo, which Defensor Santiago considered illegal under the Philippine Constitution due to the lack of a formal resignation from Estrada.[28][29] In her support for Estrada, she once mentioned that she will jump off an airplane without a parachute if Estrada is arrested.[30][31] After Estrada's arrest on April 25, 2001, Defensor Santiago joined other politicians in attending and speaking at pro-Estrada rallies held in the succeeding days atEDSA Shrine, where she demanded the resignation of Arroyo and her entire cabinet and the reinstatement of Estrada as president lest the protesters stormMalacañang Palace.[32][33][34] The rallies she spoke in were soon followed by theMay 1 riots initiated by the rallyists going to Malacañang, where reporters from thePhilippine Daily Inquirer noted their attempts to storm the institution's premises being preceded by statements from Santiago the previous night that went: "I am bored. Let's not wait for the military and police. Let's do it, just us. Now!"[35] After the May 1 incident, Santiago remained defiant in her stance against the Arroyo presidency,[36] and was denounced by her cousin, GovernorArthur Defensor Sr. ofIloilo, for her rhetoric.[37] Defensor Santiago lost re-election to the Senate in the 2001 elections, gaining 15th place with 9,622,742 votes.[38]
Defensor Santiago ran for senator in 2004 and was elected[39] as a part of thePeople's Reform Party.[40] Estrada was pardoned by President Arroyo on October 26, 2007.[41] The Renewable Energy Act of 2008 mandated the government to shift the energy source of the country from coal and oil into solar, wind, and other renewable sources; Defensor Santiago included a proposal in the bill.[42] Senate Bill No. 2583, known as the Climate Change Act of 2009, was passed by the Senate on June 3, 2009, incorporating amendments from Defensor Santiago. The bill highlighted the action needed in solvingclimate change.[43]
She ran again for senator in 2010 and won, gaining third place with a vote count of 15,231,194 votes.[44] During this term, she served as the chair of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Commission on Appointments.[6] In 2011, Defensor Santiago was elected as a judge of theInternational Criminal Court (ICC), gaining 79 votes in the first round.[45] She was the first Asian from a third-world country to be elected to such a post.[46] She submitted her resignation on June 4, 2014, due to "personal reasons" according to the ICC; according to them, she did not assume her functions in the court.[47]
She was one of the three senators who voted against the conviction of Supreme Court Chief JusticeRenato Corona duringhis impeachment trial on May 29, 2012; Corona was ultimately found guilty of his failure to disclose to the public his statement of assets, liabilities and net worth.[48] On December 4, she exposed that the Senate president,Juan Ponce Enrile, used Senate funds to give away as cash gifts. Every senator, except Defensor Santiago and two others, received ₱2 million.[49][50] This led to thePriority Development Assistance Fund scandal, which charged the Senate president with charges of plunder from Defensor Santiago's live Senate hearings.[51]
On December 17, the Reproductive Health Act of 2012, which instilled reproductive health education throughout the nation, was passed. The law was created byPia Cayetano along with Defensor Santiago.[52] The Philippine Act on Crimes Against International Humanitarian Law proposed to safeguard human rights in the nation.[53] Defensor Santiago was the senator which filed the act.[54] She exposed and named numerousjueteng (illegal gambling) lords and illegal-logging lords throughout this term.[40] She was the first Filipino elected as a commissioner for theInternational Development Law Organization (IDLO) in 2016. Her role in the organization was advisory to the international law community.[55]
When she was in the Senate in September 2014, Defensor Santiago namedRodrigo Duterte,Gilbert Teodoro, andGrace Poe to be her potential running mates if she ran for president.[56] She hadlung cancer which developed in the years preceding the election.[57] In October 2015, Defensor Santiago announced her intention to run in the2016 Philippine presidential election after her cancer was deemed 'stable' and 'receded' by doctors from the United States.[58][59] She eventually confirmed that SenatorBongbong Marcos would serve as her running mate forvice president.[60] Her senatorial slate consisted ofJericho Petilla,Susan Ople,Francis Tolentino,Joel Villanueva,Dionisio Santiago, andEdu Manzano. An additional four people were also added in the slate, namelyRalph Recto,Martin Romualdez,Manny Pacquiao, andIsko Moreno.[61] She held her proclamation rally at theMariano Marcos State University inBatac on February 9.[62]
In an interview with ANC, Duterte said: 'If you want extraordinary competence and integrity, vote for Miriam [Defensor-Santiago]."[63] Her campaign focused on the youth sector, making use of social media.[64] She was a landslide winner in numerous polls conducted in various public and private universities and colleges in the country.[65] Despite this, she lost in the elections, gaining fifth place out of six candidates with 1,424,520 votes. Marcos fared better, gaining second place out of six candidates with 13,803,966 votes.[66] Despite her loss, she reacted positively, telling her followers to "cheer up".[67] Defensor Santiago was subsequently called "the greatest president we never had",[68][69] a title which had been associated with her prior to her presidential run.[70]
Defensor Santiago was placed in anIntensive care unit (ICU) on May 31 due to her cancer which developed the preceding years. According to her husband, she was "bearing well with her trademark sense of humor."[57] In September, her daughter-in-law said that she was still undergoing treatment for her cancer, but not at an ICU.[71]
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At the age of 71, Defensor Santiago died in her sleep at exactly 8:52 a.m.PHT (UTC+08:00) on September 29, 2016, while she was confined at theSt. Luke's Medical Center - Global City inTaguig from lung cancer.[72][73] Santiago's last words according to her husband were, "I accept this. I do not want to do anything heroic."[74] While her last wish was to remain only in the memory of her own family,[75] her bodylay in state at the Cathedral Grottos of theImmaculate Conception Cathedral inCubao the following day.[76] Following a Catholicfuneral Mass, she was interred at theLoyola Memorial Park inMarikina on October 2, beside the tomb of her son, Alexander, who died in 2003.[77][78][79] Santiago's hometown,Iloilo City, declared a day of mourning for Defensor Santiago[80] and flew the Philippine flag half-mast from September 29 to October 17, 2016. The local government said in an official statement that Defensor Santiago 'brought pride and honor to her hometown'.[81] SenatorFranklin Drilon described her as a "pillar" of the national justice system.[73]
In 1985, Defensor Santiago was awarded The Outstanding Young Men Award by the Philippine Jaycees. She was then awarded The Outstanding Women in the Nation's Service Award by thePhilippine Lions the next day.[6] Shortly after she was selected as the Immigration Commissioner in 1988, the Rockefeller Foundation named her a laureate of the Magsaysay Award for government service "for bold and moral leadership in cleaning up a graft-ridden government agency."[82] That same year, she was awarded the Most Outstanding Alumna in Law award by the University of the Philippines, the Gold Vision Triangle Award by YMCA Philippines, and the Republic Anniversary Award by the Civic Assembly of Women of the Philippines. In 1990, she was given the Golden Jubilee Achievement Award by theGirl Scouts of the Philippines. The next year, the Gintong Ina Awards Foundation gave her the Celebrity Mother Award.[6]
On November 30, 2007, the Spanish government gave Defensor Santiago the Grand Cross of theOrder of Civil Merit.[83] She was part of theGoogle Top 20 Most Influential Filipinas of 2010.[6] She was inducted in the Philippine Judges' Hall of Fame in 2015 by the Philippine Judges Association[84] and was branded a "Distinguished Icon of Legal Excellence and Public Service" by theUniversity of the Philippines in September 2016.[85]
She was awarded, posthumously, the "PUP Online Personality of the Year Award" by thePolytechnic University of the Philippines in November 2016.[86] In September 2017, SenatorGrace Poe nominated Defensor Santiago to be awarded the Quezon Service Cross, the highest honor in the entire Republic, subject for approval by PresidentRodrigo Duterte. On the same month, SenatorSonny Angara followed suit by filing another resolution nominating Defensor Santiago to become a laureate of the Quezon Service Cross, just days before the first anniversary of her death on September 29.[87] The president, through theMalacañang Palace, welcomed the proposal to bestow the award to Defensor Santiago once both houses of Congress have ratified the document conferring such award.[88] On December 5, 2017, the president officially nominated Defensor Santiago for the award.[89][90] On December 11, 2017, the Senate approved the bestowing of the award to Defensor Santiago.[91] On February 20, 2018, the House of Representatives also approved the bestowing of the award to her.[92] On December 3, 2018, theQuezon Service Cross was officially posthumously conferred upon Santiago, making her the sixth recipient and first and only woman to be included in the national award.[93] On October 12, 2023, Republic Act No. 11963 was enacted to jointly rename Agham Road and BIR Road inTriangle Park, Quezon City as Senator Miriam P. Defensor Santiago Avenue in her honor.[94]
Defensor Santiago was known as the Dragon Lady, the Platinum Lady, the Incorruptible Lady, the Impregnable Lady, Feisty Senator, The Doctor of All Laws, the Omniscient Woman and most popularly, the Iron Lady of Asia. She is colloquially known in Philippine pop culture as simply Miriam or MDS,[95][96] and is cited for her dedication to public service in the Philippine government.[97]
Defensor Santiago was not in favor offederalism[98] but was in favor of amending theConstitution of the Philippines.[99] Defensor Santiago publicly advocated for the passage of a divorce law in the Philippines.[100] Defensor-Santiago took a critical perspective ofabortion and supported maintaining laws against it.[101] She was a strong supporter of the Philippines'Reproductive Health Law[102] and supported the passage of theSOGIE Equality Bill. She was the first senator in Philippine history to push for the bill's legislation, filing it repeatedly since 2000.[103] Defensor Santiago favored thedeath penalty but limited it to heinous crimes.[104] Defensor Santiago vehemently opposed mining causing an interview conducted byHaribon Foundation during the 2016 Presidential campaign voting her as the "greenest" from all of the candidates.[105]
| Year | Office | Party | Votes received | Result | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | % | P. | Swing | |||||
| 1992 | President of the Philippines | PRP | 4,468,173 | 19.72% | 2nd | — | Lost | |
| 1998 | 797,206 | 2.96% | 7th | -16.76 | Lost | |||
| 2016 | 1,455,532 | 3.42% | 5th | +0.46 | Lost | |||
| 1995 | Senator of the Philippines | 9,497,231 | 36.90% | 6th | — | Won | ||
| 2001 | 9,622,742 | 32.65% | 15th | -4.25 | Lost | |||
| 2004 | 12,187,401 | 34.32% | 7th | +1.67 | Won | |||
| 2010 | 17,344,742 | 45.47% | 3rd | +11.15 | Won | |||
Defensor Santiago wrote at least 30 books, many of which are about law and social sciences.[4] Among her works is theCode Annotated Series Project 2000, a series of books about laws passed by the Philippine Congress and Supreme Court decisions. TheCode Annotated Series is the main part of Defensor Santiago's Legal Outreach Program.[106] These were published as the 2015 edition of herCode Annotated Series, by Rex Bookstore.[107] The doctoral dissertation she wrote for theUniversity of Michigan was published as a book:Political Offences in International Law.[108] She wrote two autobiographies,Inventing Myself[109] andCutting Edge: The Politics of Reform in the Philippines,[110] the latter being praised by UK Prime MinisterMargaret Thatcher.[111] She published a joke book in 2014,Stupid is Forever, a collection of jokes, comebacks, one-liners, and pick-up lines she used in speeches.[112] A sequel, titledStupid is Forevermore, was published a year later. Both books were published by ABS-CBN Publishing.[113] The former was named the best-selling book of 2014, selling about 110,000 copies in one month.[114]
Defensor Santiago grew up in a household with both parents having higher educational attainments.[2] She was married to Narciso "Jun" Santiago Jr.,[115] with whom she had two sons:[6] one of her sons, Alexander, committed suicide in 2003.[116] She and her husband renewed their wedding vows on their 40th wedding anniversary in 2011.[117] She has close relationships with actress and visual artist,Heart Evangelista, who she has mentored.[118] Defensor Santiago was featured in an episode of ABS-CBN's drama anthologyMaalaala Mo Kaya in 2016.[119] That same year,GMA Network's television drama anthologyWagas featured the story of Defensor Santiago and her husband Narciso, where she was played byHeart Evangelista.[120][121]
In general, Defensor Santiago had a complex relationship with religion, at times affirming her membership in the Catholic Church[122] while at other times heavily criticizing and even entertaining the nonexistence of theChristian god.[102] In 2012, she citedEcclesiastes as her favorite book in the Bible and had once considered becoming a nun.[123] In an interview withEsquire years after the death of her son who committed suicide, she said she was "clueless" about God, although the only thing she knew was that "God is inscrutable".[124] She stated in a separate interview in 2015 that she did not know why "God can be all love" yet inflict "pain" over people. She said that, if she were God, she would do a better job; she concluded that "God does not exist". In the same interview, she said that the country should be neutral to all religions, also stating that the Catholic Church is not the national religion.[102]
The new President, the country's 14th said she decided to take her oath even without Estrada's formal resignation after being informed by [Hilario] Davide [Jr.] that her succession was legal.
Santiago said Macapagal's succession climaxed by her oath-taking at the Edsa Shrine, was illegal under the present Constitution[...]
'If we can gather enough numbers to convince the administration that it is in (its) own best interest to voluntarily step down, then President Estrada will be restored to the presidency,' she told a press conference yesterday.
Santiago also called on the President, Vice PresidentTeofisto Guingona and her entire cabinet to step down, or the loyalists would be forced to storm Malacañang.
'I am not guilty; I spoke only twice at the week-long EDSA rally. I was not even in EDSA or Mendiola on the day the violent clashes occurred,' [Lacson] said.
I sponsored and defended the Reproductive Health Law, although I am a Catholic. In the Catholic church, a woman to avoid a pregnancy is allowed to resort to mathematics. Thank God, now Catholic women are allowed to resort to physics and chemistry!
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