TheMinotaur is a family of United States solid-fuel launch vehicles repurposed from retiredMinuteman andPeacekeeper modelintercontinental ballistic missiles. Built byNorthrop Grumman under the Space Force's Rocket Systems Launch Program, these vehicles are used for various space and test launch missions.

The Minotaur family consists of four main variants: theMinotaur I, primarily used for launching small satellites into low Earth orbit; theMinotaur II, primarily used as a suborbital target vehicle; theMinotaur IV, a small-lift launch vehicle; and theMinotaur V, capable of reaching higher orbits, includinggeostationary transfer orbit andtrans-lunar trajectories. Minotaur I and II are derived from the Minuteman missile, while Minotaur IV, V, and the cancelledMinotaur III are based on the Peacekeeper ICBM.

TheTaurus launch vehicle, later renamed^[1]Minotaur-C (for "Minotaur-Commercial"), was the first of the Minotaur vehicle family, and the first ground-launched orbital booster developed byOrbital Sciences Corporation (OSC), derived by adding a solid booster stage to the air-launchedPegasus rocket.

The first flight, sponsored byDARPA, was in 1994. After a series of failures between 2001 and 2011, the launch vehicle was rebranded as Minotaur-C in 2014. Due to laws against selling government equipment, the Minotaur-C is the only available Minotaur launch vehicle for commercial launches.^{[citation needed]}

The original Minotaur launch vehicle, consisting of an M55A1 first stage, SR19 second stage, Orion 50XL third stage,Orion 38 fourth stage, and optional HAPS fifth stage for velocity trim and multiple payload deployment. Payload 580 kg to a 185 km, 28.5° orbit fromCape Canaveral; or 310 kg to a 740 kmSun-synchronous orbit (SSO) fromVandenberg.^[2]

A suborbital target vehicle, essentially consisting of aMinuteman II with Orbital guidance and control systems. Consists of M55A1 first stage, SR19 second stage, and M57 third stage. Payload 460 kg on 6700 km suborbital trajectory.^[2]

A suborbital target vehicle, consisting of an SR118 first stage, SR119 second stage, SR120 third stage, and Super HAPS fourth stage. Payload 3060 kg on a 6700 km suborbital trajectory.^[2] The vehicle's development was cancelled and the Minotaur III was never flown.^{[citation needed]}

The Minotaur IV combines U.S. government-furnished solid rocket motors from decommissionedPeacekeeper ICBMs with technologies from other Orbital-built launch vehicles, including the Minotaur I,Pegasus, andTaurus. The Minotaur IV launch vehicle consists of an SR118 first stage, SR119 second stage, SR120 third stage, and Orion 38 fourth stage. Payload 1735 kg to a 185 km, 28.5° orbit from Cape Canaveral.

The first Minotaur IV was launched 22 April 2010 from Vandenberg Air Force Base inCalifornia.^[3] This vehicle is also being developed to accommodate the Conventional Prompt Global Strike (CPGS) mission for the Air Force.

TheMinotaur V is a five-stage version based on the Minotaur IV+. It has an additional upper stage for small geostationary transfer orbit (GTO), lunar, and interplanetary missions.

NASA'sLunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) mission was launched on the first Minotaur V, from theWallops Island,Virginia launch site at 03:27 UTC on 7 September 2013. The Minotaur launched the LADEE spacecraft into a highly elliptic orbit where it can phase and time its trajectory burn to the moon.^[4]

TheMinotaur VI is a five-stage launch vehicle proposed by Northrop Grumman that, as of 2025, has not flown. Minotaur VI is based on the Minotaur IV+, adding a second SR-118 first stage to increase performance.^[5] A further enhanced variant, Minotaur VI+, is also proposed for beyond low Earth orbit missions using an added Star 37FM sixth stage motor. For example, Minotaur VI+ can send up to 300 kilograms (660 lb) of payload to Mars.

• Dnepr, a converted Soviet ICBM often used for commercial satellite launches
• Modified Minotaur IV (Ascent Abort-2), Ascent Abort-2 (AA-2), was a suborbital flight to test the Launch Abort System (LAS) of NASA'sOrion spacecraft. The suborbital flight used a modified Minotaur IV, launched 2 July 2019, at 11:00 UTC from CCAFS SLC-46. The suborbital flight was a success.

• Minotaur I Rocket page
• Minotaur IV Rocket page
• NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Image of the September 2005 launch (28 September 2005)
• Encyclopedia Astronautix Entry for Minotaur

• Minotaur (rocket family)
• Northrop Grumman space launch vehicles
• Orbital Sciences Corporation space launch vehicles
• Expendable space launch systems
• Lists of rocket launches
• Rocket families
• Solid-fuel rockets

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