| Học Bộ (學部) (1907–1933) Bộ Quốc-dân Giáo-dục (部國民教育)[a][b] (1933–1945) Giáo-dục Mỹ-thuật Bộ (教育美術部) (1945) | |
.svg) Học Bộ chi ấn (學部之印) | |
.svg) Giáo dục Bộ ấn (教育部印) | |
_seal.svg) Giáo dục Mỹ thuật (教育美術) | |
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | 09-09-Duy Tân 1 (1907) |
| Preceding agency |
|
| Dissolved | 23 August 1945 |
| Superseding agency | |
| Type | Cabinet-level ministry of thegovernment of the Southern dynasty |
| Jurisdiction |  Nguyễn dynasty |
| Headquarters | Trụ sở trường Tôn Học,Huế |
| Agency executive |
|
| Parent agency | Nội các (1907–1934) Ngự tiền văn phòng (1934–1945) |
| Child agencies |
|
| Footnotes | |
| |
During theNguyễn dynasty period (1802–1945) ofVietnamese history itsMinistry of Education was reformed a number of times, in its first iteration it was called theHọc Bộ (chữ Hán: 學部;[a]French:Ministère de l'Instruction publique)[1] which was established during the reign of theDuy Tân Emperor (1907–1916) and took over a number of functions of theLễ Bộ, one of theLục Bộ. TheGovernor-General of French Indochina wished to introduce more education reforms, the Nguyễn court inHuế sentCao Xuân Dục andHuỳnh Côn, theThượng thư of theHộ Bộ, toFrench Cochinchina to discuss these reforms with the French authorities. After their return theHọc Bộ was established in the year Duy Tân 1 (1907) with Cao Xuân Dục being appointed to be its firstThượng thư (minister).[2] Despite nominally being a Nguyễn dynasty institution, actual control over the ministry fell in the hands of the FrenchCouncil for the Improvement of Indigenous Education in Annam.[3]
TheHọc Bộ also included a number of agencies like theQuốc sử quán (國史館), the official state history office.[4] And theQuốc tử giám (國子監), the national academy.
During this period the country saw a transition of the traditionalConfucian-based system ofimperial examinations to the multi-field and specialised educational system that was being used in the West. Educational reformers who were educated in France rose to prominent positions and reformed the Nguyễn dynasty's education system from within.
In the yearBảo Đại 8 (1933) theHọc Bộ was reformed into the moreFrench-styleMinistry of National Education (Vietnamese:Bộ Quốc dân Giáo dục;Hán-Nôm: 部國民教育;French:Ministère de l'Éducation nationale). The Bảo Đại Emperor wanted to remove the old ministers who were solely educated in Confucianism and replace them with well-known academics and officials calling forWesternising reforms.[5] The firstThượng thư of the Ministry of National Education wasPhạm Quỳnh, the editor-in-chief of theNam Phong magazine.[6]
In the year Bảo Đại 17 (1942) the Ministry of National Education would also become responsible for the organising youth activities andsports events with the creation of the Department of Youth and Sports. Expanding the scope of the Ministry and its duties.
During theTrần Trọng Kim cabinet of theEmpire of Vietnam it was renamed theMinistry of Education and Fine Arts (Vietnamese:Bộ Giáo dục và Mỹ thuật; Hán-Nôm: 部教育𡝕美術)[b] and was headed by ministerHoàng Xuân Hãn. The Empire of Vietnam's Ministry of Education and Fine Arts would launch a national Vietnamese-language curriculum and try to Vietnamise the country's education system at every level to reduce the influence of the French language on Vietnam's education system. It was abolished during theAugust Revolution when theIndochinese Communist Party staged a nationwide revolution that ended the 143-year reign of the Nguyễn dynasty over Vietnam. On 28 August 1945 theDemocratic Republic of Vietnam would set upits own Ministry of National Education taking over the functions in Vietnamese society of the old imperial institution.[7] The reforms introduced in 1945 proved successful and would influence the education systems of Vietnam long after the fall of the Nguyễn dynasty.
After ascending to the throne theGia Long Emperor adopted the organisational structure of theRevival Lê dynasty's government.[8] From 1802 until 1906 the ministries of thegovernment of the Nguyễn dynasty consisted of theMinistry of Personnel (吏部,Lại Bộ),Ministry of Revenue (戶部,Hộ Bộ),Ministry of Rites (禮部,Lễ Bộ),Ministry of War (兵部,Binh Bộ),Ministry of Justice (刑部,Hình Bộ), and theMinistry of Public Works (工部,Công Bộ), these were known together as theLục Bộ (六部).[9][8] During the reign of theDuy Tân Emperor, the operation of the Lục Bộ was gradually changed;[9] the number of ministries and names of some of them changed.[9] Furthermore, the mode of operation of the ministries would also change.[9]
The Ministry of Rites was responsible for the rituals, culture, and education of the court.[10] It was the Ministry of Rites that organised the Confucian Hương exams and the Hội exams, and to organise the ceremony to announce the names of those who passed the examination and would becometiến sĩ (進士).[10] The head of the education related tasks of the Ministry of Rites was theTy Tân hưng.[8]
Following theFrench conquest of Vietnam and the establishment ofFrench Indochina the French would introduce a lot of reforms to the Vietnamese education system.[10] During the French period theConfucian-oriented education system was slowly being replaced with a localised version of theFrench education system.[11][12] Prior to French domination teachers were held in high regard in the Confucian system and as such one of the traditional values of the Vietnamese people is the promotion of learning and to have high respect for educators.[11][12] In this old system teachers were deemed to be "Only lower than the King" (Emperor) according to a 2010 report by theWorld Bank.[11][12] The Confucian education system is mainly based on theFour Books and Five Classics, which leads to people only studying literature and scriptures to become amandarin rather than any practical courses related to administration.[13]
The goals of the French "mission civilisatrice" (civilising mission) were to share the ideals of anegalitarian society and educate the indigenous populations of theFrench colonies through progress provided to them by education, culture, and science.[14] This model saw the culture produced by French civilisation as "unique, universal, and superior".[15][14] If the native population advanced to a certain level of civilisation they would be able to reach the French republican values ofLiberté, égalité, fraternité (liberty, equality, and fraternity).[14] However, in practice the French colonial educational and medical systems were primarily intended for the French colonists and a handful of indigenous elites residing in the main cities.[14] In reality the vast majority of the indigenous populations of the Nguyễn dynasty would continue to be educated in Confucian village schools and a small number of some Catholic parish schools and seminaries.[14]
In 1898Governor-General of French IndochinaPaul Doumer decreed that theThi Hương (試鄉) examination department of theNam Định province should open an additionalFrench exam.[13] By 1905 the Annamese and Tonkinese education systems were still heavily focused on Confucianism, but had already added a number of subjects like French,Chữ quốc ngữ, andmathematics.[13] By this time two French-Annamese schools (Trường Pháp Việt) existed in Huế, namely theTrường tiểu học Pháp-Việt Đông Ba and theQuốc Học.[13] The Quốc Học was established for the children of mandarins and the imperial family, in if students would study French, vernacular Vietnamese, and Classical Chinese simultaneously for 6 years.[13]
On 16 May 1906 the Governor-General of French IndochinaJean Baptiste Paul Beau issued a decree establishing the "Council for the Improvement of Indigenous Education in Annam" (French:Conseil de Perfectionnement de l’Enseignement indigène en Annam; Vietnamese:Hội đồng Hoàn thiện giáo dục Bản xứ Trung Kỳ; Hán-Nôm: 會同完善教育本處中圻).[9] This organisation would oversee the French policies surrounding the education of theindigenous population of theFrench protectorate of Annam.[9] It was established alongside similar French Indochinese councils for indigenous educations forCambodia,Cochinchina,Tonkin, andLaos to "study educational issues related to each place separately."; On 30 October 1906, France issued a decree on "establishing a French-Vietnamese educational programme in Annam".[16] These organisations would all fall under the federalDirection de l’Instruction Publique de l’Indochine (Nha Học Chính Đông Pháp).[17]
According to researcher Nguyễn Đắc Xuân, in 1907, the imperial court of the Nguyễn dynasty sentCao Xuân Dục andHuỳnh Côn, theThượng thư of theHộ Bộ, to French Cochinchina to "hold a conference on education" (bàn nghị học chính) with the French authorities on the future of the Annamese education system.[10] This meeting was also recorded in the workHoàng Việt Giáp Tý niên biểu written byNguyễn Bá Trác.[8] The creation of a ministry of education was orchestrated by the French to reform the Nguyễn dynasty's educational system to match French ambitions in the region more.[8]
On the 9th day of the 9th month of the 1st year of the reign of the Duy Tân Emperor theHọc Bộ was established by imperial decree (諭,Dụ) to take over the functions relating to education from the Ministry of Rites.[8]
_statement_of_asking_for_the_staff%2527s_promotion_(Duy_T%25C3%25A2n_7_-_1913)_02.jpg)
TheEncyclopedic Dictionary of Vietnam explains that the ministry the Nguyễn court established theHọc Bộ by splitting off all education related tasks from the Ministry of Rites.[8] The organisation of both examinations in the capital and the provinces was to be provided by theHọc Bộ.[8] TheQuốc sử quán (國史館) and theQuốc tử giám (國子監) agencies of the Ministry of Rites were also transferred to theHọc Bộ.[8]
Since theThành Thái period, new innovative ways of learning have been imported from abroad and a large number of new schools were established in the territory of the Nguyễn dynasty.[8] When the Ministry of Education was established, all the examinations, schools, student selection processes, and educational institutions of the Southern dynasty changed.[8] While in the past onlyConfucianism was seen as vital for the learning process, and to study one had to knowConfucian script (𡨸儒,Chữ Nho), study ancient texts, ancient poems, learn about ancient regimes, expressions, and read ancient books, during the Thành Thái period a large number of newer ways of learning entered the country.[18][8] By the time that theHọc Bộ was created these newer ways of learning had to be integrated into the institution education system of the country.[8] As explained by theResident-Superior of AnnamErnest Fernand Lévecque "Its creation is to better suit the times as more opportunities to study" opened up in the South to which this new ministry was best suited to help this transition.[8]
The headquarters of theHọc Bộ were located in the old headquarters of the old thetrường Tôn Học.[10]
In terms of organisational structure, theHọc Bộ, like other ministries, was headed by aThượng thư and below him aTham Tri (orThị lang / 侍郎, Vice Minister).[10][8] Further subordinate offices included theViên ngoại lang,Lang trung,Chủ sự, andTư vụ.[8] Compared to the Lục Bộ established under Gia Long theHọc Bộ had less administrators to fulfill its duties.[8] These officials are all issuedBài (plaques) with their positions on them and theThượng thư andTham tri were both givenquan phòng (關防) type seals.[8]
The firstThượng thư of theHọc Bộ was selected to be Cao Xuân Dục.[10] Before being appointed to the position of Minister of Education, Cao Xuân Dục had held many official positions in the government of the Nguyễn dynasty after passing the exam to become acử nhân (舉人) in 1876.[10]
According to a document made on 09-01-Duy Tân 2 it was reported that theHọc Bộ didn't have its own seals yet, so the Ministry of Education, Cao Xuan Duc, asked for aquan phòng seal for his office, 1quan phòng seal for theTham tri.[8] The ministry considers that the documents presented are in compliance with the implementation rules.[8] The seals were made by theHữu ty and were made ofbronze.[8] TheBộ ấn (部印) had the inscriptionHọc Bộ chi ấn (學部之印) inseal script and was 9,0 cm x 9,0 cm.[19][8] Meanwhile, thekiềm ấn had the inscriptionHọc Bộ (學部) in script and was 2,7 cm x 2,7.[19][8] The big seal was used to stamp the date while the smaller seal was used to close in important positions and erasing characters, among other tasks.[8]
While theHọc Bộ was nominally a part of the Nguyễn dynasty's administrative apparatus, actual control was in the hands of the FrenchCouncil for the Improvement of Indigenous Education in Annam, which dictated its policies.[9] All work done by the ministry was according to the plans and the command of the FrenchDirector of Education of Annam (監督學政中圻,Giám đốc Học chính Trung Kỳ).[8] The French administration in Annam continuously revised the curriculum to be taught in order to fit the French system.[8]
Governor-General of French Indochina Jean Baptiste Paul Beau's reforms to the education systems of Annam and Tonkin did not abolish theimperial examination system, it simply added the added more French subjects to the existing framework.[13] It wasn't until the reforms of Governor-General of French IndochinaAlbert Sarraut's reforms that introduced a new education system that trained multi-skilled, multi-field civil servants.[13] During this period, France set up a school service throughout French Indochina where the education was provided by aService de L’Enseignement Local (Sở Giáo Dục Cho Người Bản Xứ) headed by aChef de Service (Chánh Sở).[17] These educational institutions were all directly below the Resident-Superior of Annam.[17] All appointments, transfers, promotions, and disciplining of teachers was done under the direction of the Resident-Superior.[17]
The last Confucian imperial examinations were held in 1919, after which only the method of selecting officials used in France was used by the government of the Southern dynasty.[17]
Initially the French wanted to institute a programme of assimilation, but this was quickly abandoned and replaced with a new policy in favour of "association" rather than assimilation where the French would respect the local culture.[14] The association programme was only intended for a small number of elites that had attended Franco-Indigenous schools and enjoyed a modern French education.[14] The people educated in these Franco-Indigenous schools would become what was termed the "new collaborators" and they would help perpetuate the idea of a shared "Franco-Annamite community" of a more Westernised indigenous people.[14]
In 1922Thân Trọng Huề was appointed to the position ofThượng thư Bộ Học.[13] Thân Trọng Huề was one of the first three people from the realm of the Nguyễn dynasty after the protectorates were established sent to Francs to study at a special school for colonial subjects alongsideHoàng Trọng Phu andLê Văn Miến.[13] Thân Trọng Huề had previously been a vocal supporter of replacing the Confucian court examination system with a Western-style examination system like they had in France.[13]
"One side is constantly returning to the past, silently opposing reforms ofWestern origin; The other side is based on the past but looks forward to and prepares for the changes of the country."
(OriginalVietnamese)
"Một bên thì không ngừng quay về với quá khứ, âm thầm chống đối những cải cách có nguồn gốc phương Tây; một bên dựa trên quá khứ nhưng lại hướng về và chuẩn bị cho những đổi thay cuả đất nước."
Thân Trọng Huề wanted to reform the education system to teachscientific learning in primary, secondary, and tertiary schools so "the light of civilisation will penetrate the villages" and hoped that the entire population would becomeliterate.[13] Thân Trọng Huề had first worked for 15 years in the French protectorate of Tonkin before joining the Southern Court in Huế where he hoped to promote reformers in theexecutive branch of the government and to "rectify the bureaucracy" (Chấn chỉnh quan trường).[13]
During his time in office, Thân Trọng Huề fought corruption as he argued that mandarins should be exemplary in their duties as mandarins are seen as "the parents of the people" (父母之民,phụ mẫu chi dân) in Nguyễn dynasty society.[13]
Prior to 1932 the funding of schools in rural villages (communal and inter-communal schools) were funded through "competitive funds", which were a kind of provincialcommon fund financed through special taxes imposed on the villages, and were managed in a centralised manner at the capital of the province.[20] Starting in 1932 theHọc Bộ changed its policy to make the financing of these schools the responsibility of the villages themselves.[20] However, thedecentralisation policy proved to be unsuccessful as the freedom left to the villages for the maintenance of these schools and the payment of the teachers risked compromising the development of communal education, the teachers ended up often being underpaid compared to earlier and an investigation by theHọc Bộ revealed numerous abuses in this area.[20]
In 1933 the Bảo Đại Emperor issued a series of reforms, among them he reformed the affairs of the court, such as rearranging internal affairs and administration.[21] He also gave up a number of customs that the previous Nguyễn dynasty Emperors had set forth such that subjects now did no longer have to bow down and could look up at the Emperor whenever he went somewhere and instituted thatmandarins would have toshake hands with the Emperor instead of bowing down.[21]
Among these reforms was an imperial edict signed on 8 April 1933 that reshuffled the cabinet, as the Bảo Đại Emperor decided to govern himself and ordained five new well-known ministers from the academic and administrative circles.[21] He retiredNguyễn Hữu Bài of the Ministry of Personnel (Bộ Lại),Tôn Thất Đàn of the Ministry of Justice (Bộ Hình),Phạm Liệu of the Ministry of War (Bộ Binh),Võ Liêm of the Ministry of Rites (Bộ Lễ),Vương Tứ Đại of the Ministry of Public Works (Bộ Công).[22][21] The Học Bộ became the Ministry of National Education (Bộ Quốc gia Giáo dục) which existed alongside the Ministry of Personnel (Bộ Lại), theMinistry of Ceremonies and Fine Arts (Bộ Lễ nghi - Mỹ thuật),Ministry of Finance and Social Relief (Bộ Tài chính và Cứu tế Xã hội), Ministry of Justice (Bộ Tư pháp), and the Ministry of Public Works (Bộ Công chính).[21]
The Bảo Đại Emperor officially signed an imperial decree (dụ) on 2 May 1933 establishing the Ministry of National Education.[16]
The roles and responsibilities of the Ministry of National Education during its establishment include:[23]
The first head (Thượng thư) of the new Ministry of National Education wasPhạm Quỳnh.[24][21] When theHọc Bộ became the Ministry of National Education the former Governor-General of French IndochinaJean-François dit Eugène Charles was presided over the founding ceremony on 7 August 1933 in Huế.[16]
In his memoirsLe Dragon d’Annam Bảo Đại wrote: “In order to rejuvenate the mandarin apparatus and promote new people, it was Charles who suggested that I replace Mr. [Nguyễn Hữu] Bài with Phạm Quỳnh. I sent this man over and told him my intention to reform the country with young people. Phạm Quỳnh is from the North,self-taught, a writer, and a journalist, he's only 35 years old. Very honest, he presented a position that resonated with me very well. I immediately appointed him to the position ofĐổng lý of theNgự tiền văn phòng and the rank ofThượng thư. It was the first time that a person who had never had been an official was appointedThượng thư at the Huế court."[16] Phạm Quỳnh was installed byDụ số 29 and despite what the Bảo Đại Emperor wrote in his memoirs he was actually 39 years old at the time of his appointment as the Minister of National Education.[16]
Phạm Quỳnh's family attempted to convince the French administration to concede to the government of the Southern dynasty the right to manage primary schools within its territory, to which the Ministry of National Education was given the rights to manageprimary education within the territory ofTrung Kỳ (Annam) under the oversight of the French Resident-Superior.[17]
The school system in French Indochina had 3 levels with a 13-year curriculum.Primary schools (小學,Tiểu Học) had a 6-year curriculum.[17] After completing primary school attendees received a certificate entitled theCertificat d’Études Primaire Franco-Indigène (CEPFI).[17] Students were required to be in possession of this certificate to be admitted to universities.[17] The next level of theTiểu Học was theBậc Cao Đẳng Tiểu Học, which were known in French as aCollège, and had 4-year long programme.[17] After completing 4 years of study students received aDiplôme d’Étude Primaire Supérieurs Franco-Indigène (Bằng Cao Đẳng Tiểu Học) which were required to go intosecondary education.[17]
In 1933 the Ministry of National Education re-centralised the budgets of rural schools in Annam to get the necessary funds for the payment of communal teachers and the maintenance of communal schools after an earlier attempt at decentralisation proved disastrous.[20]
During the period of 12 May 1942 to 19 March 1945 the Minister of National Education wasTrần Thanh Đạt, also known asTrần Công Toại.[16]
In 1942 the Bảo Đại Emperor signed the 147th edict on 28 December 1942 (Dụ số 147 ngày 28/12/1942) establishing the Department of Youth and Sports (Nha Thanh niên và Thể thao) of the government of the Southern dynasty.[25] The Department of Youth and Sports was responsible for the physical education, sports, and achievements of the country's youth and fell under the administration of the Ministry of National Education.[25]
.jpg)
Following theJapanese coup d'état in French Indochina, the Bảo Đại Emperor issued an imperial edict revoking theprotectorate treaty of 1884 restoring Vietnamese independence from France, but in reality theEmpire of Vietnam was aJapanese puppet state.[21]Trần Trọng Kim, a renowned historian and scholar, was chosen to lead the government as itsprime minister.[21]
Trần Trọng Kim's government strongly emphasised educational reform, focusing on the development of technical training, particularly the use of romanised script (Chữ quốc ngữ) as the primary language of instruction.[26] After less than two months in power, the Trần Trọng Kim cabinet organised the first primary examinations inVietnamese, the language he intended to use in the advanced tests.[26] Education ministerHoàng Xuân Hãn strove to Vietnamise public secondary education.[26] His reforms took more than four months to achieve their results, and have been regarded as a stepping stone for the successorViệt Minh government's launch of compulsory mass education.[26] On June 3, 1945, the Bảo Đại Emperor issued Edict No. 67 (dụ số 67) officially giving up French as the main language of education and applying the educational programme of Hoàng Xuân Hãn nationwide.[27] As a result, the firstbaccalaureate exam in the Vietnamese language was in the 1944-1945 school year.[27] The total number of schools nationwide includes 4952 primary schools (284,341 students, primary school diploma), 25 elementary colleges (2,000 students, college diploma exam) and 4 high schools (500 students, Baccalaureate exam) has long used French to teach, now it has changed to Vietnamese.[27]
In June 1945 the Ministry of Education and Fine Arts opted to abolish its Department of Youth and Sports and transfer its duties to the newly establishedMinistry of Youth Affairs, which would also create regional youth councils throughout Vietnam.[25]
In July 1945, when the Japanese decided to grant Vietnam full independence and territorial unification, Kim's government was about to begin a new round of reform, by naming a committee to create a new national education system.[26] The Education Reform Council had 18 members, which included notable people such as Hoàng Xuân Hãn, Hoàng Thị Nga,Nguyễn Mạnh Tường, Hoàng Minh Giám, Bùi Kỷ, Ngụy Như Kontum, Ưng Quả, and Hồ Văn Ngà.[28]
After theAugust Revolution and theabolition of the Nguyễn dynasty theDemocratic Republic of Vietnam would have a newMinistry of National Education headed byVũ Đình Hòe of theDemocratic Party of Vietnam.[29]
The education programme created by the Empire of Vietnam's Ministry of Education and Fine Arts was also the foundation for the education programme of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the education of theRepublic of Vietnam later.[27] Vietnamese also would be used as an administrative language to record papers and for the writing of books.[27]
The headquarters of the Nguyễn dynasty's Ministry of Education were located next to the flower garden of theCourt of the Imperial Clan, east of and just outside of theImperial Citadel of Huế, just a short distance from Hiển Nhơn gate.[16] In the 1933 articleLa Citadelle de Hué – onomastiques (Kinh thành Huế – địa danh) by Léopold Cadière published in theBulletin des Amis du Vieux Hué it is noted that the building was formerly the private residence of theDục Đức Emperor.[16] After that it became a meeting place of theViện cơ mật and during the reign of theThành Thái Emperor it was converted into the Tôn Học School, a school for princes and princesses.[16] During the beginning of the Duy Tân period it would become the headquarters of theHọc Bộ.[16]
The former headquarters of the Nguyễn dynasty's Ministry of Education was converted into Thành Nội High School from 1955 to 1957, which later changed its name to theHàm Nghi High School.[16] Afterwards the building became the headquarters of theNha Học chánh Trung phần (Trung phần School District).[16]
After 1975, the former headquarters of the Nguyễn period Ministry of Education area was used as the headquarters of the Department of Education ofBình Trị Thiên province of theRepublic of South Vietnam and later theSocialist Republic of Vietnam.[10]
As of December 2016 the former headquarters are located at the đường Hàn Thuyên (Hàn Thuyên Street), Đinh Tiên Hoàng, phường Thuận Thành (Thuận Thành ward) in the city ofHuế,Thừa Thiên Huế province.[10] The entrance to the building houses a gate inscribed with the fourTraditional Chinese charactersHọc Bộ đường môn (學部堂門).[10][16] The building now (as of 2016) serves as the headquarters of the Thừa Thiên Huế Books and School Equipment Company.[10]
| Number | Portrait | Name | chữ Hán | Title | Term of office |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |  | Cao Xuân Dục[10] | 高春育 | Học Bộ Thượng thư (學部尚書)[d] | 1907–1913 |
2 |  | Hồ Đắc Trung[10] | 胡得忠 | Học Bộ Thượng thư (學部尚書) | 1913–1922 |
3 | _01.jpg) | Thân Trọng Huề[10] | 申仲𢤮 | Học Bộ Thượng thư (學部尚書) | 1922–1925 |
4 | _02.jpg) | Phạm Quỳnh[21] | 范瓊 | Quốc dân Giáo dục Bộ Thượng thư (國民教育部尚書)[e] | 1933–1942 |
5 | .jpg) | Trần Thanh Đạt[30] | 陳清達 | Quốc dân Giáo dục Bộ Thượng thư (國民教育部尚書) | 12 May 1942 – 19 March 1945 |
6 | _-_1945.jpg) | Hoàng Xuân Hãn[26] | 黃春瀚 | Bộ trưởng Bộ Giáo dục Mỹ thuật (部長教育美術部) | 17 April 1945–23 August 1945 |
In theSouth Vietnamese bookHoàng Việt Giáp Tý niên biểu written by Nguyễn Bá Trác and published by theSouth Vietnamese Ministry of National Education inSaigon in 1963 it explains on its page 358: "In early 1907, the Huế court sent two great ministers Cao Xuân Dục and Huỳnh Côn to lead the delegation to French Cochinchina to "discuss the subject of education" with the French. At the end of the year, they returned to Huế, right after that the government 'established the Ministry of Education.'" (Đầu năm 1907, triều đình Huế cử hai đại thần Cao Xuân Dục và Huỳnh Côn cầm đầu phái đoàn vào Nam kỳ để “bàn nghị học chính” với Pháp, cuối năm về Huế, ngay sau đó “thiết lập Bộ Học”).[8]
Part 1 of theEncyclopedic Dictionary of Vietnam writes that "The state agency of the Nguyễn court during the French colonial period, specialising in studying and taking exams, was separated from the Ministry of Rites in 1907, during the reign of sovereign Duy Tân." (Cơ quan nhà nước của triều đình nhà Nguyễn thời thuộc Pháp, chuyên coi việc học hành, thi cử, được tách ra từ Bộ Lễ vào năm 1907, thời vua Duy Tân).[8]
However, the 2001 bookĐịa danh thành phố Huế published by theNxb Văn hoá dân tộc inHanoi explains on its page 339: "The Ministry of Education was established during theBảo Đại period after abolishing the Ministry of War in 1932" (Bộ Học thành lập thời Bảo Đại sau khi bỏ Bộ Binh vào năm 1932).[8]
Researcher Nguyễn Thu Hường of theState Records and Archives Department of Vietnam notes that the 1907 date is correct as the archival record shows an imperial edict establishing the ministry in 1907.[8]
On 6 April 2012 Hồ Vĩnh of theVietnam National Museum of History published an article discussing a photograph of a document issued by the Nguyễn dynasty period Ministry of National Education published byTạp chí Sông Hương Online (tapchisonghuong.com.vn).[9] Hồ Vĩnh explained that the name of the ministry on the document isQuốc dân giáo dục bộ (國民教育部), so it should be referred to as theBộ Quốc dân giáo dục, but that theEncyclopedic Dictionary of Vietnam writes: "Sau cải tổ Nam triều năm 1933, Bộ Học đổi thànhBộ Quốc gia giáo dục" (After the reform of the Southern Dynasty in 1933, the Ministry of Education was changed to theMinistry of National Education).[9]
Hồ Vĩnh notes that this common misconception might be because of theBộ Quốc gia giáo dục established by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945, which did useQuốc gia instead ofQuốc dân.[9]
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